Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578356
H. Quelle, J. Boucher, W. Pieczynski
1. Abstract Our work deals with the unsupervised statistical segmentation of SAR images. However the method here developped is a general parameter estimation technique and can be used for most types of images. We adopt a contextual method in which each pixel is classified from the measurements taken in its neighborhood. In this approach the previous statistical problem is the estimation of components of a distribution mixture. We showed in some previous studies that the SEM is well adapted to the problem in this frame, when stationary random fields are considered. In this paper we present a new distribution mixture estimator in which priors can depend on the position of the considered pixel. This makes it valid in the non-stationary case. We describe some situations, based on synthetic images sampled by stationary or non stationary random fields, in which the contextual method based on parameters estimated by our algorithm is more efficient than the same method based on parameters estimated by the SEM algorithm.
{"title":"Local Parameter Estimation and Unsupervised Segmentation of Sar Images","authors":"H. Quelle, J. Boucher, W. Pieczynski","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578356","url":null,"abstract":"1. Abstract Our work deals with the unsupervised statistical segmentation of SAR images. However the method here developped is a general parameter estimation technique and can be used for most types of images. We adopt a contextual method in which each pixel is classified from the measurements taken in its neighborhood. In this approach the previous statistical problem is the estimation of components of a distribution mixture. We showed in some previous studies that the SEM is well adapted to the problem in this frame, when stationary random fields are considered. In this paper we present a new distribution mixture estimator in which priors can depend on the position of the considered pixel. This makes it valid in the non-stationary case. We describe some situations, based on synthetic images sampled by stationary or non stationary random fields, in which the contextual method based on parameters estimated by our algorithm is more efficient than the same method based on parameters estimated by the SEM algorithm.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115396927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578389
D. Hoekman, J. J. van der Sanden, G. Rijckenberg
In August 1989 the NASNJPL multiband (P,L,C) polarimetric SAR acquired data over the FlevolandNeluwe test site in The Netherlands. During the commissioning phase of ERS-1 this test area has been observed every three days by the SAR. Trees, as opposed to agricultural crops, exhibit some characteristic polarimetric backscattering properties. These may be caused by the branch structure and branch orientation as well as by the trunk -ground interaction. Empirical relations between polarimetric data and forest characteristics, covering a wide range of species, will be presented in a systematic way. These include results of polarimetric classification of forest stands using maximum contrasts, classification of scattering behaviour, degree of polarization, the HH-VV phase difference and relations between radar backscatter properties and forest biomass and forest soil moisture content. A simulation of the temporal behaviour of ERSl SAR backscatter for a poplar stand will be discussed.
{"title":"Analysis of Forest Radar Backscatter Using Airborne Polarimetric Data and Multi-Temporal Ers-1 Sar Data","authors":"D. Hoekman, J. J. van der Sanden, G. Rijckenberg","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578389","url":null,"abstract":"In August 1989 the NASNJPL multiband (P,L,C) polarimetric SAR acquired data over the FlevolandNeluwe test site in The Netherlands. During the commissioning phase of ERS-1 this test area has been observed every three days by the SAR. Trees, as opposed to agricultural crops, exhibit some characteristic polarimetric backscattering properties. These may be caused by the branch structure and branch orientation as well as by the trunk -ground interaction. Empirical relations between polarimetric data and forest characteristics, covering a wide range of species, will be presented in a systematic way. These include results of polarimetric classification of forest stands using maximum contrasts, classification of scattering behaviour, degree of polarization, the HH-VV phase difference and relations between radar backscatter properties and forest biomass and forest soil moisture content. A simulation of the temporal behaviour of ERSl SAR backscatter for a poplar stand will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123591823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578423
D.L. Williams, V. I. Kharuk, V.M. Jhirin, B. Rock, K. Ranson, C. Wessman, B. Curtiss
The field experiment described took place in the Sayani Mountains of Siberia. The purpose of the joint field campaign was to observe and exchange methodologies with Russian scientists with regard to the development of remote sensing techniques for the early detection and assessment of forest decline damage believed to be associated with atmospheric deposition and/or insect and disease infestations. Several types of passive and active remote sensing measurements were made in conjunction with biophysical measurements on vegetative samples collected from four study sites representing a strong elevational gradient. Relatively cloud-free SPOT data were also acquired over the study area. Moderate canopy damage was recorded at the mid-elevation site (3400 ft/1037 m). The lowest levels of damage were recorded at the lowest elevation site (2300 ft/701 m.) At all sites, east versus west flagging of the canopy was noted (i.e., full canopy on the west-facing side of the canopy, significantly less foliage on the east-facing side).
{"title":"Sayani '91: A Joint United States / Commonwealth of Independent States Field Campaign to Investigate Forest Decline Damage in the Krasnoyarsk Region of Southcentral Siberia","authors":"D.L. Williams, V. I. Kharuk, V.M. Jhirin, B. Rock, K. Ranson, C. Wessman, B. Curtiss","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578423","url":null,"abstract":"The field experiment described took place in the Sayani Mountains of Siberia. The purpose of the joint field campaign was to observe and exchange methodologies with Russian scientists with regard to the development of remote sensing techniques for the early detection and assessment of forest decline damage believed to be associated with atmospheric deposition and/or insect and disease infestations. Several types of passive and active remote sensing measurements were made in conjunction with biophysical measurements on vegetative samples collected from four study sites representing a strong elevational gradient. Relatively cloud-free SPOT data were also acquired over the study area. Moderate canopy damage was recorded at the mid-elevation site (3400 ft/1037 m). The lowest levels of damage were recorded at the lowest elevation site (2300 ft/701 m.) At all sites, east versus west flagging of the canopy was noted (i.e., full canopy on the west-facing side of the canopy, significantly less foliage on the east-facing side).","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121080082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576824
J. Norman, N. Goel, J. Ghen, S.F. Sun
Plant water status is only one of many factors that affect canopy temperature, but it is one of the most important because of its direct effect on vegetation vitality and energy exchanges between the vegetated surface and the atmosphere. which is based on a detailed soil-plant-atmosphere model that predicts directional infrared temperature (IRT) along with carbon, water and energy budgets, provides a means of assessing the likelihood of successfully inverting models to obtain water stress predictions from remote thermal observations. Sensitivity testing.
{"title":"Relating Directional Infrared Canopy Temperatures To Plant Water Stress","authors":"J. Norman, N. Goel, J. Ghen, S.F. Sun","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576824","url":null,"abstract":"Plant water status is only one of many factors that affect canopy temperature, but it is one of the most important because of its direct effect on vegetation vitality and energy exchanges between the vegetated surface and the atmosphere. which is based on a detailed soil-plant-atmosphere model that predicts directional infrared temperature (IRT) along with carbon, water and energy budgets, provides a means of assessing the likelihood of successfully inverting models to obtain water stress predictions from remote thermal observations. Sensitivity testing.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"107 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122643862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576728
J. Moreira
We explore the extraction of the motions errors of an aircraft platform from the signum-coded Synthetic Aperture Radar raw signal (SC-SAR data). The SC-SAR has a one bit representation infact it only provides information about the zero crossing of the SAR recorded data. Displacement from the line-of-sight (LOS) direction and forward velocity of the SAR platform are extracted from this signal by using the Reflectivity Displacement Method (RDM) [l]. Comparison is made between the motion parameters extracted from the original and from the SC-data.
{"title":"Motion Error Extraction From The Signum-coded SAR Raw Data","authors":"J. Moreira","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576728","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the extraction of the motions errors of an aircraft platform from the signum-coded Synthetic Aperture Radar raw signal (SC-SAR data). The SC-SAR has a one bit representation infact it only provides information about the zero crossing of the SAR recorded data. Displacement from the line-of-sight (LOS) direction and forward velocity of the SAR platform are extracted from this signal by using the Reflectivity Displacement Method (RDM) [l]. Comparison is made between the motion parameters extracted from the original and from the SC-data.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125139979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578529
L. Ulander, J. Askne, B. O. Johannessen
Radar backscatter signatures of Arctit ice during advanced melt and freeze-up conditions are presented. The backscatter coefficients were determined from ERS-1 SAR images, and the different ice types were classified based on helicopter video and field observations. During advanced melt only two main classes were observed: old ice and open water leads. The contrast between the two classes is dependent on the wind speed and direction, but in the studied case open water appeared brighter than the ice. The open water signature differed from empirical ocean backscatter models suggesting that the wave spectrum is different in wind-roughened leads as compared with the open ocean. During freeze up, new ice, nilas and young ice were also encountered. These ice types showed a less stable backscatter signature, probably due to the variable characteristics of frost flowers, saline snow, frazil ice, and deformation features which were observed. The old and young ice showed little contrast or even ambiguous backscattering coefficients, implying that texture, context and temporal changes will be important for a correct classification.
{"title":"Calibrated Ers-1 Sar Signatures and Video Underlights Over Artic Ice","authors":"L. Ulander, J. Askne, B. O. Johannessen","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578529","url":null,"abstract":"Radar backscatter signatures of Arctit ice during advanced melt and freeze-up conditions are presented. The backscatter coefficients were determined from ERS-1 SAR images, and the different ice types were classified based on helicopter video and field observations. During advanced melt only two main classes were observed: old ice and open water leads. The contrast between the two classes is dependent on the wind speed and direction, but in the studied case open water appeared brighter than the ice. The open water signature differed from empirical ocean backscatter models suggesting that the wave spectrum is different in wind-roughened leads as compared with the open ocean. During freeze up, new ice, nilas and young ice were also encountered. These ice types showed a less stable backscatter signature, probably due to the variable characteristics of frost flowers, saline snow, frazil ice, and deformation features which were observed. The old and young ice showed little contrast or even ambiguous backscattering coefficients, implying that texture, context and temporal changes will be important for a correct classification.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125365980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576741
A. Carrerasl, A. Ochadlick, J. Mornson, L. Zeitz
To quantify the physical processes responsible for features in synthetic aperture radar ( S A R ) images of the ocean, the Naval Air Development Center (NADC) SAR aircraft imaged an ocean area off of Cape Hatteras. During September 1991, six data collection flights were made over regions in the Gulf Stream and coastal waters. Simultaneous high resolution ocean truth data were collected by heavily instrumented vessels on the surface (USNS Bartlett and R/V Oceanus). Other remote sensing data were collected by an NRL aircraft, OSCR, and ERS-1. The NADC SAR aircraft collected data at different frequencies (X,C,and L-band) and polarizations. A catalog of the NADC SAR data collected in September 1991 containing a wide spectrum of features is presented. During periods of sustained low winds, slick-like features were observed in our SAR
{"title":"NADC SAR Imagery Of Coastal Waters And The Gulf Stream","authors":"A. Carrerasl, A. Ochadlick, J. Mornson, L. Zeitz","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576741","url":null,"abstract":"To quantify the physical processes responsible for features in synthetic aperture radar ( S A R ) images of the ocean, the Naval Air Development Center (NADC) SAR aircraft imaged an ocean area off of Cape Hatteras. During September 1991, six data collection flights were made over regions in the Gulf Stream and coastal waters. Simultaneous high resolution ocean truth data were collected by heavily instrumented vessels on the surface (USNS Bartlett and R/V Oceanus). Other remote sensing data were collected by an NRL aircraft, OSCR, and ERS-1. The NADC SAR aircraft collected data at different frequencies (X,C,and L-band) and polarizations. A catalog of the NADC SAR data collected in September 1991 containing a wide spectrum of features is presented. During periods of sustained low winds, slick-like features were observed in our SAR","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129961347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578452
R. Solberg
Under the North Sea Agreement, Norway is obliged to reduce the discharge of nutrient salts from agricultural fields with 50% by 1995. In order to determine whether the policy have the desired effect, optical remote sensing will probably be used for monitoring the agricultural areas. However, the weather conditions in Norway in the late autumn makes it difficult to obtain cloud-free images, and is thus a limiting factor. In the paper an experiment is described that was carried out to determine whether S A R imagery can be used to detect late tillage in the autumn. The results of classifying images which have been speckle reduced, show that ploughed and stubble fields can be discriminated with a high degree of confidence when the soil moisture level is high. The best result is obtained using a field by field classification method. The experiments have also shown that radiometric and geometric correction of the image data using a terrain model is necessary to obtain the required accuracy.
{"title":"Monitoring Soil Erosion in Agricultural Fields by Ers-1 Sar","authors":"R. Solberg","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578452","url":null,"abstract":"Under the North Sea Agreement, Norway is obliged to reduce the discharge of nutrient salts from agricultural fields with 50% by 1995. In order to determine whether the policy have the desired effect, optical remote sensing will probably be used for monitoring the agricultural areas. However, the weather conditions in Norway in the late autumn makes it difficult to obtain cloud-free images, and is thus a limiting factor. In the paper an experiment is described that was carried out to determine whether S A R imagery can be used to detect late tillage in the autumn. The results of classifying images which have been speckle reduced, show that ploughed and stubble fields can be discriminated with a high degree of confidence when the soil moisture level is high. The best result is obtained using a field by field classification method. The experiments have also shown that radiometric and geometric correction of the image data using a terrain model is necessary to obtain the required accuracy.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129264248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576652
S. D. Holland
The Electronic Still Camera project was conceived out of the necessity to get high-resolution, high-quality imaging from piloted space systems to Earth in near real time. The system, while being developed originally for Space Station, has been implemented in its first form for Space Shuttle operations. The system was used first on mission STS-48, September 1991, resulting in a large amount of interest from diversified groups, including the Earth observations community. Since then the Electronic Still Camera (ESC) has flown on Shuttle mission STS-42 and is planned to fly on STS-45, STS-49, and STS-53. The following paper describes the ESC system and details t!ie features and purpose of this new space-based tool.
{"title":"The Nasa Electronic Still Camera System","authors":"S. D. Holland","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576652","url":null,"abstract":"The Electronic Still Camera project was conceived out of the necessity to get high-resolution, high-quality imaging from piloted space systems to Earth in near real time. The system, while being developed originally for Space Station, has been implemented in its first form for Space Shuttle operations. The system was used first on mission STS-48, September 1991, resulting in a large amount of interest from diversified groups, including the Earth observations community. Since then the Electronic Still Camera (ESC) has flown on Shuttle mission STS-42 and is planned to fly on STS-45, STS-49, and STS-53. The following paper describes the ESC system and details t!ie features and purpose of this new space-based tool.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129453922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578354
V.S. Kluth, H. Henning, M. Sharp, D. Winsand
{"title":"Detecting Man-made Objects In Low Resolution Sar Using Fractal Texture Discriminators","authors":"V.S. Kluth, H. Henning, M. Sharp, D. Winsand","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578354","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129501611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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