Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578399
Y. Kawata, A. Hatakeyama, T. Kusaka, S. Ueno
There are three basic radiances impinging on a gound target point in mountainous terrain, namely, 1) direct solar radiance, 2) diffusely transmitted radiance, and 3) diffusely reflected radiance by adjacent slopes. These radiances were evaluated quantitatively for various ,sun positions and target slope orientations by using the backward Monte Cdo method. Especially, the evaluation of adjacency effect due to multiple reflections of light by surrounding slopes for realistic topographic conditions was, for the first time, given here. A backward Monte Carlo technique was used to shorten the computer time. We found that the effect of adjacent slope radiance (the adjacency effects) on the observed radiance at satellite level is significant and should not be ignored when the solar elevation angle is less than 40 degrees, whereas it is negligible when that angle is larger than 50 degrees. Both Lambertian reflection model and non-Lambertian model (Minnaert model) were examined in this study.
{"title":"The Evaluation of Various Radiance Components in Mountainous Terrain","authors":"Y. Kawata, A. Hatakeyama, T. Kusaka, S. Ueno","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578399","url":null,"abstract":"There are three basic radiances impinging on a gound target point in mountainous terrain, namely, 1) direct solar radiance, 2) diffusely transmitted radiance, and 3) diffusely reflected radiance by adjacent slopes. These radiances were evaluated quantitatively for various ,sun positions and target slope orientations by using the backward Monte Cdo method. Especially, the evaluation of adjacency effect due to multiple reflections of light by surrounding slopes for realistic topographic conditions was, for the first time, given here. A backward Monte Carlo technique was used to shorten the computer time. We found that the effect of adjacent slope radiance (the adjacency effects) on the observed radiance at satellite level is significant and should not be ignored when the solar elevation angle is less than 40 degrees, whereas it is negligible when that angle is larger than 50 degrees. Both Lambertian reflection model and non-Lambertian model (Minnaert model) were examined in this study.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115375388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578644
L. Orwig, D. Held
United Technologies’ Norden Systems is now fielding a threeaperture interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), flying on a Gulfstream I1 (GII) corporate aircraft. Realtime functions include SAR ground map and enhanced moving target indication (MTI), among others. The MTI function uses interferometric data to compute the Doppler displacement of radially moving targets. Based on that information it overlays symbology at the true target locations on the SAR ground map. Recorded flight data are processed offline to produce interferometric ground maps, displaying intensity and phase information in false color. This paper presents a sampling of results obtained near the Hebrides and Sleat Sound, Scotland, during joint US-UK ocean mapping experiments in July 1991. Examples to be shown will include interferometrically enhanced swells, wind waves and similar features, ship wakes, axd surf breaking along the coastline. Data were collected at ranges of 10 to 50 nm.
{"title":"Interferometric Ocean Surface Mapping and Moving Object Relocation with a Norden Systems K/sub u/-band Sar","authors":"L. Orwig, D. Held","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578644","url":null,"abstract":"United Technologies’ Norden Systems is now fielding a threeaperture interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), flying on a Gulfstream I1 (GII) corporate aircraft. Realtime functions include SAR ground map and enhanced moving target indication (MTI), among others. The MTI function uses interferometric data to compute the Doppler displacement of radially moving targets. Based on that information it overlays symbology at the true target locations on the SAR ground map. Recorded flight data are processed offline to produce interferometric ground maps, displaying intensity and phase information in false color. This paper presents a sampling of results obtained near the Hebrides and Sleat Sound, Scotland, during joint US-UK ocean mapping experiments in July 1991. Examples to be shown will include interferometrically enhanced swells, wind waves and similar features, ship wakes, axd surf breaking along the coastline. Data were collected at ranges of 10 to 50 nm.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116768855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576656
M. W. Snyder, D. E. Pius
{"title":"Analysis Of Video Imagery Of The Reentry And Breakup Of The Sts-31 External Tank","authors":"M. W. Snyder, D. E. Pius","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576656","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117100952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576612
F. Zagofsfri, J.P. Gsstellu-Etchegorry, G. Marty, G. Giordano
The ISM instrument is an airborne spectrometer that operates in the near infrared and middle infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum with 128 spectral channels between 0.8pm and 3.2pm. It has a ut" off-nadir capability with 12' instantaneous field of view. The first ISM campaign led to the survey of The Landes study area, South West France, on June 1991, in combination with AVIRIS and TMS data acquisition during the 1991 NASA/JPL European campaign. The ISM swey was intended to test the capability of this instrument for studying biophysical parameters of local vegetation; i.e. pine forest and agricultural plots, with a special emphasis on the middle infrared region for water content analyses. In-situ reflectance data were derived from the various airborne data, whereas vegetation samples were collected for further laboratory analysis of biophysical parameters such as water content, nitrogen and cellulose content, vegetation structure, ... Geometrically corrected reflectance data are being computed and co-registered with locally avdilable vegetation data base. Preliminary results are presented and discussed.
{"title":"Preliminary Results Of The ISM Campaign - The Landes, South West France","authors":"F. Zagofsfri, J.P. Gsstellu-Etchegorry, G. Marty, G. Giordano","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576612","url":null,"abstract":"The ISM instrument is an airborne spectrometer that operates in the near infrared and middle infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum with 128 spectral channels between 0.8pm and 3.2pm. It has a ut\" off-nadir capability with 12' instantaneous field of view. The first ISM campaign led to the survey of The Landes study area, South West France, on June 1991, in combination with AVIRIS and TMS data acquisition during the 1991 NASA/JPL European campaign. The ISM swey was intended to test the capability of this instrument for studying biophysical parameters of local vegetation; i.e. pine forest and agricultural plots, with a special emphasis on the middle infrared region for water content analyses. In-situ reflectance data were derived from the various airborne data, whereas vegetation samples were collected for further laboratory analysis of biophysical parameters such as water content, nitrogen and cellulose content, vegetation structure, ... Geometrically corrected reflectance data are being computed and co-registered with locally avdilable vegetation data base. Preliminary results are presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121045560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576676
C. Estreguil, J.P. Malingreauo, F. Achard
Coarse resolution satellite data are increasingly used for monitoring the tropical forest cover at regional to global scales. Given the nature of the data, new approaches have to be devised for classifying forest types. They rely mainly upon three types of discriminants: those based upon spectral constrasts, temporal changes and, to a lesser degree textural patterns. This paper examines the problem of identifying and characterizing spectral contrasts between the evergreen rain forest, the seasonal mixed decidous forest and various forms of secondary or degraded formations in various parts of Southeast Asia. For that purpose, time series of NOAA AVHRR Local Area Coverage (LAC) and Hight Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) of the 1989-1990 period have been processed. The analysis is based mainly upon radiometric transects in the five channels (visible, near-infrared and thermal) of the AVHRR across neighbouring vegetation cover types. The problem of establishing a typology of forest-non forest interfaces as seen at the low AVHRR resolution is also discussed and illustrated using a series of examples. The steps of the analysis described in the paper are considered essential to carry out a systematic monitoring of the tropical forest cover over large areas using the AVHRR instrument.
{"title":"Spectral Constrasts Associated With Forest Types In Tropical Areas As Seen On AVHRR Data","authors":"C. Estreguil, J.P. Malingreauo, F. Achard","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576676","url":null,"abstract":"Coarse resolution satellite data are increasingly used for monitoring the tropical forest cover at regional to global scales. Given the nature of the data, new approaches have to be devised for classifying forest types. They rely mainly upon three types of discriminants: those based upon spectral constrasts, temporal changes and, to a lesser degree textural patterns. This paper examines the problem of identifying and characterizing spectral contrasts between the evergreen rain forest, the seasonal mixed decidous forest and various forms of secondary or degraded formations in various parts of Southeast Asia. For that purpose, time series of NOAA AVHRR Local Area Coverage (LAC) and Hight Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) of the 1989-1990 period have been processed. The analysis is based mainly upon radiometric transects in the five channels (visible, near-infrared and thermal) of the AVHRR across neighbouring vegetation cover types. The problem of establishing a typology of forest-non forest interfaces as seen at the low AVHRR resolution is also discussed and illustrated using a series of examples. The steps of the analysis described in the paper are considered essential to carry out a systematic monitoring of the tropical forest cover over large areas using the AVHRR instrument.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127477230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578484
R. Yokoyama, S. Tanba, T. Watanabe
In t h e sea s u r f a c e temperature (SST) estimation by t h e window method f o r AVHRR da ta , two kinds of s t r u c t u r e are popularly assumed in t h e regression analysis. DVF: Y = (c-b)X4 + b(X4-X5) + a SWF: Y = X 4 + g ( x 4 X ~ ) + d where Y , X 4 and X 5 are t h e est imated SST. t h e br ightness tanmatures of ch. 4 and ch. 5 , respectively. The degree of freedom in the coeff ic ient of DVF is two, bu t t h a t of SWF is one. In many empirical resu l t s , however, DVF has similar coeff ic ients t o those in SWF. In th i s paper, t h e s imilar i ty of coeff ic ients i s investigated and showed t h a t i t comes from t h e specif ic charac te r i s t ics of t h e d a t a set provided by t h e split-windows. The assertion was confirmed by t h e simulation by using Mutsu Bay match-up d a t a set. 1 I " X 1 0 N The split-window method is known as an excellent algorithm f o r the correct ion of t h e atmospheric e f f e c t s in t h e sea s u r f a c e tempera ture (SST) estimation. Ch. 4 and ch. 5 of AVHRR occupy t h e ad jacent thermal in f ra red bands in t h e atmospheric window. The SST i s es t imated by a l inear function of those br ightness temperatures . For t h e purpose, two typical s t r u c t u r e s have been used, i. e., DVF (dcuble variable function): Y = cX4 bX5 + a SWF (split-window functicn) : = ( c b ) X ~ + b(X4-X.) + a Y = X 4 + g ( x 4 X ~ ) + d where Y i s t h e estimated SST, and X I and X 5 are t h e brightness tempera tures of ch. 4 and ch. 5, respectively. The s t r u c t u r e of SWF comes f rom t h e anlysis to t h e rad ia t ive t r a n s f e r equation. That is, t h e re lat ion between ( Y x , ) and ( X 4 X 5 ) can be approximated to be linear (Maclain 1981. McMillin and Crosby 1984) . Y i s meant t h e s e a t r u t h SST. There are o t h e r dis turbances in t h e SST estimation. Then DVF is introduced as a generalized s t r u c t u r e of SWF. Both DVF and SWF are linear functions, bu t they have d i f fe ren t degrees of freedom in the coefficients. DVF has of two f o r b and c. but SWF has of one f o r g only. The higher degree of freedom can be more flexible t o compensate collaborating e r r o r s totally. The coeff ic ients of SST estimation funct ions a r e usually calculated by applying the regression analysis t o match-up sets of Y. X 4 and X 5 observed direct ly o r indirectly. Table I is a l is t of SST estimation functions proposed by various authors . Both DVF and SWF exis t in the list , but i t is very interest ing that the var iat ions of the i r coeff ic ients remain v e r y small. That is. (1 ) ( c b ) remains near ly eqlual t o one, (2) b and g are r e s t r i c t e d in a narrow range, and (3) a and d are r e s t r i c t e d in a narrow range. Those s imilar i t ies have been understood as a supplementary proof of t h e e f fec t iveness of t h e split-window method (McMillin and Crosby 1 9 8 4 ) . 2 (XIEFFcms WE To m m m ANALYSIS Asaune that a set of mat&-ups IS = { ( Y , , x4 ,.
在利用AVHRR资料的窗口法估算海表温度(SST)的过程中，回归分析中一般假设两种类型的海表温度(SST)。DVF: Y = (c-b)X4 + b(X4- x5) + a SWF: Y = X4 + g (X4 X ~) + d，其中Y、X4和X5为最测得的海表温度。这是第4和第5波段的亮度温度。DVF系数中的自由度为2，而SWF系数中的自由度为1。然而，在2008年的许多实证结果中，DVF具有与主权财富基金相似的系数。本文研究了该方法的相似之处，并证明了该方法来自于该方法的特定特性，该方法是由该方法提供的一组分窗。利用Mutsu Bay配对模型进行了模拟，验证了这一结论。分窗法被认为是一种很好的方法，它可以准确地估计大气温度，而不是海洋温度，这是估计海洋温度的最佳方法。AVHRR的第4和第5波段占据了大气窗口的近红外波段。海温是用这些亮度温度的线性函数来模拟的。t h e的目的,两个典型t r u c t u r e年代已经使用,即DVF (dcuble变量函数):Y = cX4 bX5 +一个SWF (split-window functicn): = (c b) X ~ + b (X4-X) + Y = X 4 + g (X 4 X ~) + d、我在哪里Y s t h e估计海温和X, X 5 t h e亮度温度的ch。4和ch。5,分别。SWF的s = r = r，而s = r = r则来自于对s = r方程的分析。也就是说，(Y x，)和(x 4 x 5)之间的关系可以近似为线性关系(Maclain 1981)。麦克米林和克罗斯比1984)。它的意思是说，它的意思是，它的意思是，它的意思是，它的意思是，它的意思是，它的意思是，它的意思是，它的意思是。在海表温度估计中不存在任何干扰。然后将DVF作为广义的广义广义函数引入到SWF中。DVF和SWF都是线性函数，但它们的系数有5个自由度。DVF有2个b和c，而SWF只有1个g。更高的自由度可以更灵活地补偿协作，或者完全补偿协作。海表温度估计函数的系数通常是通过对Y. X 4和X 5的直接或间接观测配对集进行回归分析来计算的。表1是各作者提出的海表温度估计函数的l和t。DVF和SWF都在列表中，但非常有趣的是，它们的变化仍然非常小。这是。(1) (c b)与1保持接近相等，(2)b和g在较窄的范围内与1相等，(3)a和d在较窄的范围内与1相等，(3)a和d在较窄的范围内与1相等。这些相似的方法被认为是对分窗法的有效性和有效性的补充证明(McMillin and Crosby 1994)。2 (1) m m m m n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n其中，y、、x 4、x5为y、x I、x5在某一时刻的观测值，x I、x5在某一时刻的观测值。i是识别号，N是配对的总次数。对于一般变量V和w，将它们的协方差和相关系数分别描述为SV w和RV w。分别。但是为了方便起见，我们将这些描述简化如下。Sx4。x4 4 S。4 ． 5。X 4 S 5 5, Y 4 S w, X 4, X 5 4 S 5。x 4 4 s, x 4 s, x 4 s, x 4 s, x 4 s。R y。x 4 4 Rv4, R u。下一个公式是很明显的，从这个公式可以看出这是一个理论。S45 = r4 5 E X E, Sv4 = r4 / X X T， (1)
{"title":"On the characteristics of Coefficients in SST Estimation Functions by Split-Window Method","authors":"R. Yokoyama, S. Tanba, T. Watanabe","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578484","url":null,"abstract":"In t h e sea s u r f a c e temperature (SST) estimation by t h e window method f o r AVHRR da ta , two kinds of s t r u c t u r e are popularly assumed in t h e regression analysis. DVF: Y = (c-b)X4 + b(X4-X5) + a SWF: Y = X 4 + g ( x 4 X ~ ) + d where Y , X 4 and X 5 are t h e est imated SST. t h e br ightness tanmatures of ch. 4 and ch. 5 , respectively. The degree of freedom in the coeff ic ient of DVF is two, bu t t h a t of SWF is one. In many empirical resu l t s , however, DVF has similar coeff ic ients t o those in SWF. In th i s paper, t h e s imilar i ty of coeff ic ients i s investigated and showed t h a t i t comes from t h e specif ic charac te r i s t ics of t h e d a t a set provided by t h e split-windows. The assertion was confirmed by t h e simulation by using Mutsu Bay match-up d a t a set. 1 I \" X 1 0 N The split-window method is known as an excellent algorithm f o r the correct ion of t h e atmospheric e f f e c t s in t h e sea s u r f a c e tempera ture (SST) estimation. Ch. 4 and ch. 5 of AVHRR occupy t h e ad jacent thermal in f ra red bands in t h e atmospheric window. The SST i s es t imated by a l inear function of those br ightness temperatures . For t h e purpose, two typical s t r u c t u r e s have been used, i. e., DVF (dcuble variable function): Y = cX4 bX5 + a SWF (split-window functicn) : = ( c b ) X ~ + b(X4-X.) + a Y = X 4 + g ( x 4 X ~ ) + d where Y i s t h e estimated SST, and X I and X 5 are t h e brightness tempera tures of ch. 4 and ch. 5, respectively. The s t r u c t u r e of SWF comes f rom t h e anlysis to t h e rad ia t ive t r a n s f e r equation. That is, t h e re lat ion between ( Y x , ) and ( X 4 X 5 ) can be approximated to be linear (Maclain 1981. McMillin and Crosby 1984) . Y i s meant t h e s e a t r u t h SST. There are o t h e r dis turbances in t h e SST estimation. Then DVF is introduced as a generalized s t r u c t u r e of SWF. Both DVF and SWF are linear functions, bu t they have d i f fe ren t degrees of freedom in the coefficients. DVF has of two f o r b and c. but SWF has of one f o r g only. The higher degree of freedom can be more flexible t o compensate collaborating e r r o r s totally. The coeff ic ients of SST estimation funct ions a r e usually calculated by applying the regression analysis t o match-up sets of Y. X 4 and X 5 observed direct ly o r indirectly. Table I is a l is t of SST estimation functions proposed by various authors . Both DVF and SWF exis t in the list , but i t is very interest ing that the var iat ions of the i r coeff ic ients remain v e r y small. That is. (1 ) ( c b ) remains near ly eqlual t o one, (2) b and g are r e s t r i c t e d in a narrow range, and (3) a and d are r e s t r i c t e d in a narrow range. Those s imilar i t ies have been understood as a supplementary proof of t h e e f fec t iveness of t h e split-window method (McMillin and Crosby 1 9 8 4 ) . 2 (XIEFFcms WE To m m m ANALYSIS Asaune that a set of mat&-ups IS = { ( Y , , x4 ,.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"2022 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125778063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576795
J. V. Van Zyl, R. Carande, Y. Lou, T. Miller, K. Wheeler
The NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (JPL AIRSAR) system has now completed four flight campaigns. The authors describe the current state of this system and provide insight into how flight seasons are planned for this instrument. The data processors and data products are described. A table containing relevant system parameters is provided.
{"title":"The NASA/JPL Three-frequency Polarimetric Airsar System","authors":"J. V. Van Zyl, R. Carande, Y. Lou, T. Miller, K. Wheeler","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.576795","url":null,"abstract":"The NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (JPL AIRSAR) system has now completed four flight campaigns. The authors describe the current state of this system and provide insight into how flight seasons are planned for this instrument. The data processors and data products are described. A table containing relevant system parameters is provided.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126030741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578518
S. K. Yim, T. Seliga, D. Giuli, A. Toccafondi, G. B. Gentili, Angelo Freni
Monitoring the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall events is essential to the prevention and mitigation of natural hazards such as flash floods and landslides. Other applications include developing a database from which climatological behavior of storm information might be determined for improved understanding of storm dynamics of cloud physics, effects on radio Propagation links and rainfield statistics for rainfall prediction. Presently, spatial interpolation of point raingage measurements or weather radar rainfall estimates are employed for these purposes. However, these methods have limitations (such as low spatial and temporal resolution attained when using raingage networks or the loss of spatial coverage when using radar in complex terrain) which hamper their unconditional reliability. Alternatively, increasing reliability via denser raingage telemetry networks can lead to exorbitant costs associated with system complexity, maintenance and operation. Tomographic reconstruction algorithms have been prevalently used in the medical imaging field wherein a series of one-dimensional measurements or projections are transformed into a two-dimensional cross sectional image. The potential high resolution attained using these methods, coupled with their non-invasive nature, have made tomographic imaging attractive to widely diverse applications such as geophysical imaging, nondestructive testing in industrial manufacturing, and most recently, imaging ground-level rain intensities [ 11. Repeated over time, tomographic im-g of rainfall can monitor both spatial and temporal characteristics as rain events develop. For certain applications, this method possesses a significant advantage over current methods which use either raingages or weather radar, as it allows the observation of rain events in real-time (or near real-hf) with relatively high resolution over a reasonably large area (e.g. 500 km ). The original work by Giuli et al. [l] proved the feasibility of implementing tomographic imaging of rainfall fields using one-way specific attenuation measurements over a small fixed network. However, the use of specific attenuation measurements alone for tomographic reconstruction is not without limitation. Besides affirming the original techniques developed by Giuli et al. this paper explores the following issues: 1) transmitter and receiver siting as it affects accumulated and lnstantaneo us image formation; 2) inmduction of multi-parameter propagation observables (such as specific differential phase shift and specific differential attenuation) and their role in practical system implementation; 3) basis function selection in deference to physical storm Characteristics; and 4) the ability of the tomographic imaging process to adapt to different types and intensities of storms.
{"title":"Effect of Reconstruction Parameters on Tomographic Imaging of Rainfall Fields from Multi-Parameter Microwave Observables","authors":"S. K. Yim, T. Seliga, D. Giuli, A. Toccafondi, G. B. Gentili, Angelo Freni","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578518","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall events is essential to the prevention and mitigation of natural hazards such as flash floods and landslides. Other applications include developing a database from which climatological behavior of storm information might be determined for improved understanding of storm dynamics of cloud physics, effects on radio Propagation links and rainfield statistics for rainfall prediction. Presently, spatial interpolation of point raingage measurements or weather radar rainfall estimates are employed for these purposes. However, these methods have limitations (such as low spatial and temporal resolution attained when using raingage networks or the loss of spatial coverage when using radar in complex terrain) which hamper their unconditional reliability. Alternatively, increasing reliability via denser raingage telemetry networks can lead to exorbitant costs associated with system complexity, maintenance and operation. Tomographic reconstruction algorithms have been prevalently used in the medical imaging field wherein a series of one-dimensional measurements or projections are transformed into a two-dimensional cross sectional image. The potential high resolution attained using these methods, coupled with their non-invasive nature, have made tomographic imaging attractive to widely diverse applications such as geophysical imaging, nondestructive testing in industrial manufacturing, and most recently, imaging ground-level rain intensities [ 11. Repeated over time, tomographic im-g of rainfall can monitor both spatial and temporal characteristics as rain events develop. For certain applications, this method possesses a significant advantage over current methods which use either raingages or weather radar, as it allows the observation of rain events in real-time (or near real-hf) with relatively high resolution over a reasonably large area (e.g. 500 km ). The original work by Giuli et al. [l] proved the feasibility of implementing tomographic imaging of rainfall fields using one-way specific attenuation measurements over a small fixed network. However, the use of specific attenuation measurements alone for tomographic reconstruction is not without limitation. Besides affirming the original techniques developed by Giuli et al. this paper explores the following issues: 1) transmitter and receiver siting as it affects accumulated and lnstantaneo us image formation; 2) inmduction of multi-parameter propagation observables (such as specific differential phase shift and specific differential attenuation) and their role in practical system implementation; 3) basis function selection in deference to physical storm Characteristics; and 4) the ability of the tomographic imaging process to adapt to different types and intensities of storms.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123396275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578342
L. Pierce, K. Sarabandi, F. Ulaby
Abstract Owing to their recent success in other inversion tasks, application of an artificial neural network to the development of an inversion algorithm for radar scattering from vegetation canopies is considered. Because canopy scattering models are complicated functions of the desired biophysical parameters (vegetation biomass, leaf area index, soil moisture content, etc.), the development of an effective inversion algorithm is not a straightforward task. The Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering (MIMICS) model, which has shown remarkable success in predicting the radar response to vegetation canopies, was used, as were measured polarimetric backscatter values. Hence, the radiative transfer simulation code, MIMICS, was used to produce some of the training data. The inputs to the neural network were the expected polarimetric backscatter values from specific canopies, while the outputs were the desired parameters, such as tree heights, crown thickness, leaf density, etc. Two special cases were examined: (...
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Pub Date : 1992-05-26DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578467
D. Nichol
This paper gives an overview of a program to automatically extract ship positions and sizes from a satellite image. This is based on the extraction and classification of objects in the image which may correspond to ships and the sea surface. Shiplike objects which are enclosed by sealike objects are extracted and catalogued as ships-underway. To extract the ship and sea objects rule based processing of the binary object forest representation of the image is used, The example shown is a noisy low contrast SPOT panchromatic image showing several small ( 10-20m) boats, some of which are in a manna and some in both deep and shallow water. Its is shown that detection rates of greater than 70% (without false alarms) can be obtained for the smaller boats and considerably higher for the larger boats.
{"title":"Automatic Extraction and Analysis of Shipping Patterns from Visible Satellite Imagery","authors":"D. Nichol","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1992.578467","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives an overview of a program to automatically extract ship positions and sizes from a satellite image. This is based on the extraction and classification of objects in the image which may correspond to ships and the sea surface. Shiplike objects which are enclosed by sealike objects are extracted and catalogued as ships-underway. To extract the ship and sea objects rule based processing of the binary object forest representation of the image is used, The example shown is a noisy low contrast SPOT panchromatic image showing several small ( 10-20m) boats, some of which are in a manna and some in both deep and shallow water. Its is shown that detection rates of greater than 70% (without false alarms) can be obtained for the smaller boats and considerably higher for the larger boats.","PeriodicalId":441591,"journal":{"name":"[Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115221443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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