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From Machine to Musical Instrument 从机器到乐器
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1525/jm.2021.38.3.329
Stephanie Probst
Media histories of music often frame technological innovation in the early twentieth century within a general zeal for automated musical reproduction. The engineering efforts of the Aeolian Company and its Pianola counter such narratives by fostering active music-making rather than passive listening. As a pneumatically powered attachment to a piano, the Pianola was initially limited to reproducing strictly mechanical renditions of music from perforated paper rolls. But the invention of the Metrostyle in 1903, a hand lever to achieve tempo-specific effects, significantly refined the musical capacities of the instrument. It allowed for inscribing onto the music rolls authoritative performance instructions that could be enacted by the player. Revisiting the various places that the Metrostyle Pianola inhabited, from the manufacturing site to the concert hall and the bourgeois living room, I illuminate the different sociocultural relationships and musical experiences that it mediates. By relegating certain tasks of conventional piano-playing to the mechanical workings inside the instrument, the Pianola was marketed as facilitating simplified music-making in ever wider parts of society. The Metrostyle annotations served as a pedagogical device for instructing novice players in principles of nuanced and tasteful interpretation. My analysis exposes the reciprocal relationships between the instrument and its human players, from attempts to adapt the physical interface to human physiologies, to the ways in which the instrument, in turn, imposes certain mechanistic affordances on its players.
音乐的媒体历史常常把二十世纪初的技术革新框框在对自动音乐复制的普遍热情之中。伊奥利亚公司(Aeolian Company)及其自动钢琴公司(Pianola)的工程努力,通过培养主动的音乐创作,而不是被动的倾听,来对抗这种说法。作为一种气动驱动的钢琴附件,piano最初仅限于从穿孔的纸卷上复制严格的机械音乐。但是1903年Metrostyle的发明,一种实现特定节奏效果的手动杠杆,极大地改进了乐器的音乐能力。它允许在音乐卷上刻下可以由玩家执行的权威表演指令。从生产基地到音乐厅和中产阶级客厅,我重新审视了大都会风格钢琴所居住的各个地方,阐明了它所调解的不同社会文化关系和音乐体验。通过将传统钢琴演奏的某些任务下放到乐器内部的机械工作中,自动钢琴的市场定位是在更广泛的社会领域促进简化音乐制作。Metrostyle注释作为一种教学设备,用于指导新手玩家进行细致入微和有品位的解释。我的分析揭示了乐器和人类演奏者之间的相互关系,从试图使物理界面适应人类生理,到乐器反过来对演奏者施加某些机械启示的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Texts, Drugs, and Rock ’n’ Roll 短信、毒品和摇滚乐
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1525/jm.2021.38.3.296
J. Lee
Of all the New Hollywood films, Easy Rider (1969) perhaps most effectively demonstrates the potential complexity of the rock compilation soundtrack. Drawing on concepts from film studies, film musicology, and literary theory, this article discusses how Easy Rider demonstrates the compilation soundtrack’s potential to generate meanings both inter- and intratextually. The intertextual method of interpreting pop compilation soundtracks looks deeply into the intersection of image, sound, and narrative on a vertical axis, considering the relationship between dialogue/image/plot point and song lyrics/musical style, the ways that the songs on these soundtracks communicate to audiences the thematic or diegetic significance of a given moment, and how these synthetic meanings apply to various characters/situations in the diegesis. Intratextual readings work horizontally to show the cyclical relationships between audiovisual set-pieces and the ways that these relationships clarify or enhance narrative themes. Attention to the intratextual function shows that despite the frequent concern that popular songs can disrupt the integrity of a filmic narrative, popular music soundtracks can in fact feature their own modes of large-scale, structural function. This film’s soundtrack allows viewers to experience Easy Rider in dual registers; narrative threads connect to other narrative threads, musical set-pieces connect to musical set-pieces, and all of the elements together comprise one audiovisual complex.
在所有新好莱坞电影中,《逍遥骑士》(1969)可能最有效地展示了摇滚配乐的潜在复杂性。本文借鉴了电影研究、电影音乐学和文学理论的概念,讨论了《逍遥骑士》如何展示了合集原声带在文本间和文本内产生意义的潜力。解读流行音乐合集配乐的互文方法在垂直轴上深入研究图像、声音和叙事的交叉点,考虑对话/图像/情节点与歌词/音乐风格之间的关系,这些配乐中的歌曲向观众传达特定时刻的主题或叙事意义的方式,以及这些综合意义如何应用于叙事中的各种角色/情境。文本内阅读横向工作,以显示视听片段之间的周期性关系,以及这些关系阐明或加强叙事主题的方式。对文本内功能的关注表明,尽管人们经常担心流行歌曲会破坏电影叙事的完整性,但流行音乐配乐实际上可以表现出自己的大规模结构功能模式。这部电影的原声让观众在双重音域中体验《逍遥骑士》;叙事线索与其他叙事线索相连,音乐片段与音乐片段相连,所有元素共同构成一个视听综合体。
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引用次数: 0
The Scribe of W1 and His Scottish Context W1的抄写员和他的苏格兰背景
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1525/jm.2021.38.3.364
K. Steiner
This article examines W1 (Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, cod. Guelf. 628 Helmstad.) as a source of musical identity in St Andrews through a “new philological” approach. Challenging the current view on the production of W1, it argues that a single singer-scribe, whose work spanned his association with at least two different bishop’s communities, was responsible for copying the manuscript’s entire contents. New archival assessments suggest that the manuscript was compiled for the community of secular clerics in St Andrews, who may have been taught by the scribe. Parisian polyphony, both in its written form and in performance, thus directly influenced the local production of liturgical polyphony, including a unique collection of polyphony for the Lady mass, at St Andrews Cathedral through the scribe of W1.
本文考察了W1 (wolfenbttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, cod)。Guelf. 628 Helmstad.)通过“新语言学”方法作为圣安德鲁斯音乐身份的来源。它挑战了目前对W1的看法,认为一个单独的歌手抄写员,他的工作跨越了他至少两个不同的主教社区,负责抄写手稿的全部内容。新的档案评估表明,手稿是为圣安德鲁斯的世俗神职人员社区编写的,他们可能是由抄写员教授的。巴黎复调,无论是在书面形式还是在表演上,都直接影响了当地的礼仪复调,包括在圣安德鲁斯大教堂通过W1的抄写员为女士弥撒收集的独特的复调。
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引用次数: 0
Handel’s Transformative Compositional Practices 亨德尔的变革性作曲实践
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/jm.2021.38.4.479
David Ross Hurley
In recent decades singers of Handel’s music have made great strides in recapturing the art of embellishing his music, thus breathing new life into forms such as the da capo aria. Yet Handel’s own “variations”—his development and transformation of musical material in his vocal music, important for understanding his compositional practice with borrowed as well as (presumably) original music—are not yet fully explored or appreciated. Admittedly, scholars have discussed musical procedures such as inserting, deleting, and reordering musical materials, as well as other Baroque combinatorial practices in Handel’s arias, but the musical transformations I discuss here are closer to a specifically Handelian brand of developing variation. To my knowledge, the concept of developing variation has never before been applied to early eighteenth-century music. I explore the relation of developing variation to drama (also rarely done) in two of Handel’s arias, providing a close examination of “Ombre, piante” from the opera Rodelinda and new thoughts about “Lament not thus,” originally intended for the oratorio Belshazzar. Although these arias belong to different genres and different stages of Handel’s career, they both exhibit material that undergoes a kind of progressive variation process that has tangible musical and dramatic ramifications, of interest to opera specialists and performers. Furthermore, both arias have a complicated compositional history; I offer fresh insights into the aesthetic qualities of each version, thereby throwing light on Handel’s possible compositional intentions. This article also discloses for the first time some recurring musical passages shared between “Lament not thus” and other pieces that could influence the listener’s interpretation of certain musico-dramatic gestures.
近几十年来,演唱亨德尔音乐的歌手们在重新把握美化他的音乐的艺术方面取得了长足的进步,从而为诸如天顶咏叹调这样的形式注入了新的活力。然而,亨德尔自己的“变化”——他在声乐中对音乐材料的发展和转变,对于理解他对借来的以及(可能)原创音乐的作曲实践很重要——尚未得到充分的探索或欣赏。诚然,学者们已经讨论过诸如插入、删除和重新排列音乐材料等音乐过程,以及亨德尔咏叹调中的其他巴洛克式组合实践,但我在这里讨论的音乐转换更接近于亨德尔特有的发展变奏品牌。据我所知,十八世纪早期的音乐中从未出现过发展变奏的概念。我在亨德尔的两首咏叹调中探索了发展变奏与戏剧的关系(也很少这样做),对歌剧《罗德林达》(Rodelinda)中的“Ombre, piante”进行了仔细研究,并对原本打算为清唱剧《伯沙撒》(Belshazzar)创作的《悲歌并非如此》(Lament not thus)进行了新的思考。虽然这些咏叹调属于不同的流派和亨德尔职业生涯的不同阶段,但它们都展示了经历了一种渐进变化过程的材料,这种变化具有切实的音乐和戏剧影响,歌剧专家和表演者对此感兴趣。此外,这两首咏叹调都有复杂的创作历史;我对每个版本的美学品质提供了新的见解,从而揭示了亨德尔可能的作曲意图。本文还首次披露了《悲歌不如此》和其他作品之间反复出现的一些音乐段落,这些段落可能会影响听者对某些音乐戏剧姿态的解释。
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引用次数: 1
“Behind the Sounds” “声音背后”
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/jm.2021.38.4.401
Michael A. Figueroa
In this article I explore the aesthetics and political valence of shirei meshorerim (SM), a body of Israeli sung poetry that emerged out of a series of radio programs, festivals, and recording projects beginning in the 1970s and drawing on long-standing local practices in both Palestine/Israel and contemporary Mediterranean sung-poetry movements. I argue that the development of SM was characterized by an aesthetic distinction, wherein the high cultural register of poetry—a value produced by both the domestic discourse on art vis-à-vis politics and the broader global discourse in which the local field was embedded—and an associated move to cosmopolitanize music production contributed to the “cultural accreditation” of post-1967 pop-rock in Israel. This article explores what poetry meant for song, and vice versa, in Israel during the 1970s and 1980s through sociopolitical analysis and close listening to the text-setting practices and stylistic affinities of two musicians strongly identified with SM: Matti Caspi and Shlomo Gronich.
在这篇文章中,我探讨了shirei meshorerim (SM)的美学和政治价值,这是一种以色列歌唱诗歌,从20世纪70年代开始的一系列广播节目、节日和录音项目中出现,并借鉴了巴勒斯坦/以色列和当代地中海歌唱诗歌运动中长期存在的当地实践。我认为SM的发展是以美学上的区别为特征的,其中诗歌的高度文化记录——一种由国内关于艺术与-à-vis政治的话语和嵌入当地领域的更广泛的全球话语所产生的价值——以及将音乐制作世界化的相关举措,促成了1967年后以色列流行摇滚的“文化认可”。本文通过社会政治分析和仔细聆听两位强烈认同SM的音乐家马蒂·卡斯皮(Matti Caspi)和什洛莫·格罗尼奇(Shlomo Gronich)的文本设置实践和风格亲和性,探讨了20世纪70年代和80年代以色列的诗歌对歌曲的意义,反之亦然。
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引用次数: 0
Music for Martyrs 烈士音乐
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/jm.2021.38.4.436
Kimberly Beck Hieb
This article interrogates sacred repertoire produced in late seventeenth-century Salzburg as a reflection of a local Catholic piety that centered on sacrifice, especially the ultimate sacrifice of martyrdom. As an individual principality that was subject to both the Papal court in Rome and the Holy Roman Emperor, Salzburg provides a meaningful case study in the heterogeneous regional post-Tridentine Catholic practices that musicologists and historians alike have only begun to explore. Compositions by Andreas Hofer (1629–84) and Heinrich Biber (1644–1704) present a prime example of sacred music’s ability to manifest a region’s distinct piety. Supported by their patron Prince-Archbishop Maximilian Gandolph von Kuenburg (r. 1668–87), Hofer and Biber left behind musical evidence of this exceptional Catholicism in the feasts they elaborated with substantial concerted compositions as well as the distinct texts they set, which do not align with prescribed liturgies and likely reflect persistent local practices that resonated with the prince-archbishop’s Counter-Reformation agenda. Printed liturgical books and emblems celebrating Maximilian Gandolph further support the claim that throughout the seventeenth century liturgical practice and sacred music in Salzburg maintained a local flavor that concentrated on themes of sacrifice and martyrdom.
这篇文章探讨了17世纪晚期萨尔茨堡产生的神圣曲目,作为当地天主教虔诚的反映,以牺牲为中心,尤其是殉难的最终牺牲。萨尔茨堡作为一个独立的公国,既服从于罗马教皇法庭,也服从于神圣罗马帝国皇帝,它为音乐学家和历史学家都刚刚开始探索的异质地区后特伦丁天主教实践提供了一个有意义的案例研究。安德烈亚斯·霍弗(Andreas Hofer, 1629-84)和海因里希·比伯(Heinrich Biber, 1644-1704)的作品是神圣音乐表现一个地区独特虔诚的能力的主要例子。在他们的赞助人大主教马克西米利安·甘多夫·冯·昆堡(1668-87年)的支持下,霍弗和比伯在他们精心制作的节日中留下了这种特殊天主教的音乐证据,他们精心制作了大量协调一致的作品,以及他们设置的独特文本,这些文本与规定的礼拜仪式不一致,可能反映了与大主教的反宗教改革议程产生共鸣的持续的当地习俗。印刷的礼仪书籍和纪念马克西米连·甘道夫的标志进一步支持了这样一种说法,即在整个17世纪,萨尔茨堡的礼仪实践和神圣音乐保持了一种集中在牺牲和殉道主题上的当地风味。
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引用次数: 0
The Musical Ineffable Revisited 《不可言喻的音乐》重访
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/jm.2021.38.4.419
Rolf J. Goebel
Inherited from Romantic metaphysics, the musical ineffable is a contested category; denoting something in musical experience that largely escapes verbal articulation, it also leads to diverse philosophical assessments of its validity as an analytic category. Its contested status, however, can be given clearer, historically embedded contours if it is related to Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic register of the Real across historically changing modes of media-technological reproducibility. This connection gives us new insights into the interface between sensuous immediacy, verbal articulation, and sonic media characteristic of the auditory imagination.
从浪漫主义形而上学继承下来,音乐的不可言说是一个有争议的范畴;它表示音乐体验中的一些东西,在很大程度上逃脱了口头表达,它也导致了对其作为分析范畴的有效性的各种哲学评估。然而,它有争议的地位,如果它与雅克·拉康的精神分析记录有关,那么它可以被赋予更清晰的,历史上嵌入的轮廓,跨越历史上不断变化的媒介-技术再现模式。这种联系使我们对感官直接性、言语表达和听觉想象的声音媒介特征之间的界面有了新的认识。
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引用次数: 1
Music Psychology of the Piano-Playing Hands in Historical Discourse 历史话语中钢琴演奏手的音乐心理
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/JM.2021.38.1.32
Y. Kim
Music-making hands have drawn considerable scholarly attention, featuring prominently in recent investigations in biomechanics, paleoanthropology, and cognitive sciences. Yet already in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, piano pedagogy theories were evolving not only in response to changing musical styles but also to scientific conceptualizations of the human body. Taking piano-playing hands as a platform for human/machine interaction, this article analyzes the historical discourse on piano-playing hands in relation to the contemporary scientific context and via the framework of cognitive science. In this process, these scientific and pedagogical writings, which have been previously discussed only dispersedly and marginally, emerge as more than didactic instruction. This historical discourse on music psychology of piano-playing hands points to music cognition that is extended beyond the body, situated in activity, and distributed beyond the individual.
在最近的生物力学、古人类学和认知科学的研究中,音乐制作手已经引起了相当多的学术关注。然而,早在19世纪末和20世纪初,钢琴教学法理论就已经在不断发展,不仅是为了响应不断变化的音乐风格,也是为了响应对人体的科学概念化。本文将钢琴手作为人机交互的平台,结合当代科学语境,通过认知科学的框架来分析钢琴手的历史话语。在这个过程中,这些科学和教学著作,以前只被分散和边缘化地讨论过,不仅仅是说教性的指导。这种对钢琴弹奏手的音乐心理的历史论述,指向了一种超越身体、位于活动之中、分布于个体之外的音乐认知。
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引用次数: 1
“Exactly engrav’d by Tho “一字不差地刻着
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-07-10 DOI: 10.1525/JM.2020.37.3.305
Rebecca Herissone
Thomas Cross Jr. was the first music printer to capitalize on the growth of public musical performances in late seventeenth-century England by producing cheap, single-sheet editions of the newest and most popular songs, especially those from the latest theater productions, for audience members and others in fashionable society to buy. As England’s first specialist music engraver, he was able to produce his simple prints of individual songs unusually quickly and to sell them at a fraction of the price of the larger movable-type anthologies that remained the mainstay of established London music stationers in this period. In the absence of intellectual property laws, Cross was free to print any music he could acquire, and he soon came to be seen as a threat by composers and music stationers alike. He clearly did not enjoy good relationships with contemporary composers, and we can safely assume that they did not supply him with his source materials. Given that his prints were nearly always the first published editions of the theater songs to appear in print, how did he obtain his musical texts? This article examines the hypothesis that Cross’s engravings may have derived directly from the stage performances of the singers he names in the titles of his editions, and that they may reflect the singers’ interpretations of the music “exactly engrav’d,” as Cross claimed. Comparison of the variants in Cross’s editions with readings preserved in sources that have known connections to contemporary performance demonstrates that his prints—despite their not undeserved reputation for inaccuracy—probably preserve contemporary performing practices more closely than has hitherto been acknowledged. Their significance as sources thus needs to be reevaluated, which raises broader questions about the criteria that scholars use when making judgments about the relative authority of sources from this period.
小托马斯·克罗斯是第一个利用17世纪后期英国公共音乐表演增长的音乐印刷商,他生产廉价的、单页的最新和最流行的歌曲,特别是那些来自最新戏剧作品的歌曲,供观众和时尚社会的其他人购买。作为英国第一个专业的音乐雕刻师,他能够以异常快的速度制作出个人歌曲的简单版画,并以比大型活字选集更低的价格出售,而大型活字选集在这一时期仍是伦敦老牌音乐文具商的主要产品。在没有知识产权法的情况下,克罗斯可以自由地印刷他所能获得的任何音乐,他很快就被作曲家和音乐文具商视为威胁。很明显,他与同时代的作曲家关系不太好,我们可以有把握地假设,他们没有为他提供原始材料。考虑到他的版画几乎总是最先出版的戏剧歌曲,他是如何获得他的音乐文本的呢?本文检验了这样一种假设,即克罗斯的版画可能直接来源于他在版本标题中命名的歌手的舞台表演,并且它们可能反映了歌手对“精确雕刻”的音乐的解释,正如克罗斯所说的那样。将克罗斯版本的变体与已知与当代表演有联系的资料中保存的阅读材料进行比较,可以发现他的版画——尽管它们因不准确而名声不佳——可能比迄今为止公认的更密切地保留了当代表演实践。因此,它们作为资料来源的重要性需要重新评估,这就引发了更广泛的问题,即学者们在判断这一时期资料来源的相对权威时所使用的标准。
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引用次数: 1
The German Connection 德国的联系
IF 0.5 1区 艺术学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/jm.2020.37.1.94
Louis K. Epstein
In 1930 the French composer Darius Milhaud achieved a major career milestone: his ambitious opera Christophe Colomb received its premiere at Berlin’s Staatsoper Unter den Linden. The premiere was the most prestigious of a surprisingly large number of performances of Milhaud’s music in Germany in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Even as he found success in Germany, many French critics dismissed Milhaud’s music as frivolous or incomprehensible, and in 1930 the Paris Opéra had yet to stage one of Milhaud’s works. In the wake of the Berlin premiere, however, the specter of German cultural dominance provoked calls in Paris for reevaluation of Milhaud’s work. In response, the director of the Paris Opéra, Jacques Rouché, quickly secured the right to stage Milhaud’s next opera, Maximilien, and Milhaud subsequently received a string of state commissions. After years of struggle with French critics and institutions, Milhaud’s success abroad finally precipitated official recognition at home. Milhaud owed his popularity in Germany and the subsequent transformation in his French reception to his relationship with the Viennese music publisher Universal Edition. Unpublished correspondence and contracts reveal how the firm orchestrated Milhaud’s success in Germany through a network of affiliated conductors, composers, and institutions. Universal Edition and its director, Emil Hertzka, played crucial but largely unrecognized roles in advancing Milhaud’s early career, and Milhaud’s letters demonstrate his keen appreciation for the advantages that working with Universal brought, both to his finances and to his international reputation. The transnational collaboration that enabled Milhaud’s German reception and facilitated his path to official recognition ultimately offers a thought-provoking counterexample to the historiography of chauvinism and antipathy that otherwise dominates narratives of interwar Franco-German musical relations.
1930年,法国作曲家达利斯·米约取得了一个重要的职业生涯里程碑:他雄心勃勃的歌剧《克里斯托夫·科隆》在柏林林登国家歌剧院首演。在20世纪20年代末和30年代初,米约的音乐在德国的大量演出中,首演是最负盛名的。即使他在德国取得了成功,许多法国评论家仍认为米约的音乐是轻浮或难以理解的,1930年巴黎歌剧协会还没有上演米约的任何一部作品。然而,在柏林首演之后,德国文化主导地位的幽灵在巴黎激起了重新评价米约作品的呼声。作为回应,巴黎歌剧院的导演雅克·鲁舍尔迅速获得了米约下一部歌剧《马克西米利安》的演出权,米约随后收到了一连串的国家委托。经过与法国评论家和机构多年的斗争,米约在国外的成功最终促成了国内的官方认可。米约把他在德国的受欢迎程度以及随后在法国受到的转变归功于他与维也纳音乐出版商环球版的关系。未公开的通信和合同揭示了该公司如何通过其下属的指挥家、作曲家和机构网络精心策划了米约在德国的成功。环球影业及其董事埃米尔·赫茨卡(Emil Hertzka)在米约早期事业的发展中发挥了至关重要的作用,但在很大程度上没有被认识到。米约的信件表明,他对与环球影业合作所带来的好处——无论是在财务上还是在国际声誉上——深表赞赏。这种跨国合作使得米约的作品在德国受到欢迎,并为他获得官方认可铺平了道路,最终为沙文主义和反感的历史编纂提供了一个发人深省的反例,否则,沙文主义和反感在两次世界大战期间法德音乐关系的叙述中占主导地位。
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引用次数: 1
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JOURNAL OF MUSICOLOGY
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