Abstract This article examines the private diplomatic efforts of Olof Lamm. A Swedish Jewish ex-diplomat and businessman, he used his personal network to protest against Nazi persecution of the Jews in Germany, and informally lobbied the United States to increase its immigration quotas. Shedding light on these informal back-channel diplomatic networks, the author provides examples of the attitudes and obstacles Lamm faced when dealing with individuals, and reveals how those he petitioned justified their defense of Nazi ideology and actions and their own restrictive immigration policies.
{"title":"“May God have mercy on his black soul”: Consul General Olof Lamm’s Private Diplomatic Efforts to Save Jews from Nazi Persecution","authors":"Pontus Rudberg","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the private diplomatic efforts of Olof Lamm. A Swedish Jewish ex-diplomat and businessman, he used his personal network to protest against Nazi persecution of the Jews in Germany, and informally lobbied the United States to increase its immigration quotas. Shedding light on these informal back-channel diplomatic networks, the author provides examples of the attitudes and obstacles Lamm faced when dealing with individuals, and reveals how those he petitioned justified their defense of Nazi ideology and actions and their own restrictive immigration policies.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136279468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract How did Swedish diplomats report the persecution and killing of European Jewry by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and during the Second World War? What did the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs do with reports on the Holocaust during the war, and to what extent did such reports affect policy? This article shows that Swedish diplomats provided their superiors with reliable, if at times unverifiable, information about the different phases of the Holocaust from 1933 until the end of 1942, and argues that awareness of the transition from persecution to mass murder did not alter Swedish refugee policies. The author thus details the process whereby knowledge of the annihilation of the European Jews seeped out from eastern Europe by examining Swedish diplomatic reports on the Holocaust. Furthermore, he sheds new light on the history of Swedish refugee policies and Swedish German relations during the Nazi period.
{"title":"Swedish Diplomats and Holocaust Knowledge","authors":"Olof Bortz","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How did Swedish diplomats report the persecution and killing of European Jewry by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and during the Second World War? What did the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs do with reports on the Holocaust during the war, and to what extent did such reports affect policy? This article shows that Swedish diplomats provided their superiors with reliable, if at times unverifiable, information about the different phases of the Holocaust from 1933 until the end of 1942, and argues that awareness of the transition from persecution to mass murder did not alter Swedish refugee policies. The author thus details the process whereby knowledge of the annihilation of the European Jews seeped out from eastern Europe by examining Swedish diplomatic reports on the Holocaust. Furthermore, he sheds new light on the history of Swedish refugee policies and Swedish German relations during the Nazi period.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136341969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Established at the end of August 1941 in the region then known as Transnistria, the Zhmerinka ghetto was exceptional for several reasons. Though historians have portrayed it as a "model ghetto" or "miniature state" given its organization, maintenance of Jewish community life, and higher survival rate, the individual experiences of the ghetto inmates, particularly those of children, have been largely excluded from historical scholarship. Drawing on survivor accounts, this article addresses the everyday lives of Ukrainian-Jewish children in Zhmerinka's unique environment. By examining family dynamics and gender roles in various settings, this study explores how the artificial "normality" of the ghetto included for children new roles and responsibilities, forced labor and violence, and survival strategies that helped them cope with these distorted realities.
{"title":"Daily Life of Ukrainian Jewish Children in the Zhmerinka Ghetto during the Holocaust in Transnistria","authors":"Lilia Tomchuk","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Established at the end of August 1941 in the region then known as Transnistria, the Zhmerinka ghetto was exceptional for several reasons. Though historians have portrayed it as a \"model ghetto\" or \"miniature state\" given its organization, maintenance of Jewish community life, and higher survival rate, the individual experiences of the ghetto inmates, particularly those of children, have been largely excluded from historical scholarship. Drawing on survivor accounts, this article addresses the everyday lives of Ukrainian-Jewish children in Zhmerinka's unique environment. By examining family dynamics and gender roles in various settings, this study explores how the artificial \"normality\" of the ghetto included for children new roles and responsibilities, forced labor and violence, and survival strategies that helped them cope with these distorted realities.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"22 5 1","pages":"105 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78005809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Before Joseph Wulf gained renown as a pioneering Holocaust historian in postwar Germany, he attempted to establish himself as a Holocaust historian in the Yiddish-speaking community of postwar France. In 1952, however, he left Paris and the world of his fellow survivors to settle in Berlin. Of the Holocaust survivors who turned to writing the Jewish history of the Holocaust in Yiddish immediately after World War II, only one—Wulf—turned yet again to become a German-language historian of the Nazis. The question is why. In addition to well-known personal factors, a close reading of Wulf's Yiddish writings from 1946 to 1952 reveals the scholarly impetus for his departure: his approach to writing Holocaust history diverged in every significant respect from the already evolving norms of Yiddish Holocaust historiography—and pointed instead toward the new beginning he created for himself in Berlin. This article proposes, for the first time, to recover and discuss Wulf's postwar Yiddish writings in the context of his contemporaries' historical works in Yiddish.
{"title":"Joseph Wulf and the Path Not Taken: The Turn from Writing Jewish History in Yiddish to Writing Nazi History in German","authors":"Mark L Smith","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Before Joseph Wulf gained renown as a pioneering Holocaust historian in postwar Germany, he attempted to establish himself as a Holocaust historian in the Yiddish-speaking community of postwar France. In 1952, however, he left Paris and the world of his fellow survivors to settle in Berlin. Of the Holocaust survivors who turned to writing the Jewish history of the Holocaust in Yiddish immediately after World War II, only one—Wulf—turned yet again to become a German-language historian of the Nazis. The question is why. In addition to well-known personal factors, a close reading of Wulf's Yiddish writings from 1946 to 1952 reveals the scholarly impetus for his departure: his approach to writing Holocaust history diverged in every significant respect from the already evolving norms of Yiddish Holocaust historiography—and pointed instead toward the new beginning he created for himself in Berlin. This article proposes, for the first time, to recover and discuss Wulf's postwar Yiddish writings in the context of his contemporaries' historical works in Yiddish.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"37 1","pages":"125 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84972570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Holocaust and trauma studies have significantly relied on survivors' autobiographical writing. Countless survivors have felt morally compelled to bear witness, even though raising their voices constantly triggered traumatic memories. Consistent research throughout the decades, however, has revealed that Holocaust trauma is not only limited to survivors, but an ongoing event affecting their children as well. Many second-generation survivors, as their parents, have experienced the urge to write about the Holocaust. This article analyzes the earliest poetry collection of Australian author Lily Brett, who was born to Polish survivors. The Auschwitz Poems provides an outstanding framework from which to reflect not only on the legacy of Holocaust trauma, but also on its direct connections with poetic expression, and, simultaneously, the underlying dimension of gender relationships bonding both generations.
{"title":"Intergenerational Transmission of Holocaust Trauma: Lily Brett's The Auschwitz Poems, an Insight into the Unique Female Concentrationary Experience","authors":"Laura Miñano Mañero","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Holocaust and trauma studies have significantly relied on survivors' autobiographical writing. Countless survivors have felt morally compelled to bear witness, even though raising their voices constantly triggered traumatic memories. Consistent research throughout the decades, however, has revealed that Holocaust trauma is not only limited to survivors, but an ongoing event affecting their children as well. Many second-generation survivors, as their parents, have experienced the urge to write about the Holocaust. This article analyzes the earliest poetry collection of Australian author Lily Brett, who was born to Polish survivors. The Auschwitz Poems provides an outstanding framework from which to reflect not only on the legacy of Holocaust trauma, but also on its direct connections with poetic expression, and, simultaneously, the underlying dimension of gender relationships bonding both generations.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"38 1","pages":"25 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80152592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In summer 1937, approximately four hundred to six hundred German descendants of Allied soldiers of color born in post-World War I Rhineland were forcedly sterilized. The Nazis vilified the children, referring to them as Rheinlandbastarde ("Rhineland bastards"). We still know relatively little about the fates of individual victims and the role of local perpetrators. This article uses anthropologist Wolfgang Abel's 1933 study of biracial Besatzungskinder ("occupation children") from Wiesbaden to shed fresh light on the interplay between local and national dynamics in the coming of the 1937 sterilization campaign. Drawing on many hitherto unexplored archival sources, the article traces the lives of several biracial children. The case of the Rhenish children shows that Nazi leaders worried that "racial difference" often was invisible. A key goal thus focused on constructing the children's racial visibility. Officials, physicians, and teachers embedded in local communities often played a crucial role in ferreting out biracial children and marking them as racial "Others." Simultaneously, the case of Wiesbaden suggests that instances where local actors contested important elements of ascriptions of racial "Otherness" to biracial Besatzungskinder may have hardened Nazi leaders' resolve to pursue the children's sterilizations outside existing legal norms and procedures.
{"title":"Constructing Racial Visibility: Biracial \"Occupation Children\" in the Third Reich, 1933–1937","authors":"Julia Roos","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In summer 1937, approximately four hundred to six hundred German descendants of Allied soldiers of color born in post-World War I Rhineland were forcedly sterilized. The Nazis vilified the children, referring to them as Rheinlandbastarde (\"Rhineland bastards\"). We still know relatively little about the fates of individual victims and the role of local perpetrators. This article uses anthropologist Wolfgang Abel's 1933 study of biracial Besatzungskinder (\"occupation children\") from Wiesbaden to shed fresh light on the interplay between local and national dynamics in the coming of the 1937 sterilization campaign. Drawing on many hitherto unexplored archival sources, the article traces the lives of several biracial children. The case of the Rhenish children shows that Nazi leaders worried that \"racial difference\" often was invisible. A key goal thus focused on constructing the children's racial visibility. Officials, physicians, and teachers embedded in local communities often played a crucial role in ferreting out biracial children and marking them as racial \"Others.\" Simultaneously, the case of Wiesbaden suggests that instances where local actors contested important elements of ascriptions of racial \"Otherness\" to biracial Besatzungskinder may have hardened Nazi leaders' resolve to pursue the children's sterilizations outside existing legal norms and procedures.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"53 1","pages":"2 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91390962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article explores the ways in which timelessness affected prisoners in Nazi concentration camps and how some prisoners attempted to track time. By depriving prisoners of timekeeping methods, the Schutzstaffel (SS) sought to deprive them of a sense of future and therefore hope. Going against the idea that the SS achieved absolute power, however, is the evidence that some prisoners managed to keep track of time, albeit in unconventional ways. This research looks at the material records of timekeeping from the camps, from graffiti writing to recovered personal possessions, in conjunction with survivor testimony to understand exactly how prisoners were able to track time. The ability to keep time was of material and emotional benefit to many prisoners, allowing them to intercept food parcels, avoid beatings, mentally sustain themselves during difficult hours and days, connect through religion, and plan for the future. By opening a window into how prisoners were able to track time, this research contributes to the literature on daily life in the camps and demonstrates the value of integrated studies of prisoner life, showing how prisoner groups communicated and how their communication affected prisoner hierarchies, power, and survival.
{"title":"The Struggle against Timelessness: Prisoner Experiences of Time in Nazi Concentration Camps","authors":"Jennifer Putnam","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article explores the ways in which timelessness affected prisoners in Nazi concentration camps and how some prisoners attempted to track time. By depriving prisoners of timekeeping methods, the Schutzstaffel (SS) sought to deprive them of a sense of future and therefore hope. Going against the idea that the SS achieved absolute power, however, is the evidence that some prisoners managed to keep track of time, albeit in unconventional ways. This research looks at the material records of timekeeping from the camps, from graffiti writing to recovered personal possessions, in conjunction with survivor testimony to understand exactly how prisoners were able to track time. The ability to keep time was of material and emotional benefit to many prisoners, allowing them to intercept food parcels, avoid beatings, mentally sustain themselves during difficult hours and days, connect through religion, and plan for the future. By opening a window into how prisoners were able to track time, this research contributes to the literature on daily life in the camps and demonstrates the value of integrated studies of prisoner life, showing how prisoner groups communicated and how their communication affected prisoner hierarchies, power, and survival.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"2 1","pages":"43 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74479490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article uses qualitative content analysis, historical archival data, and interviews with Holocaust survivors to examine artwork created during the Third Reich. It argues that these works are visual narratives that hold important empirical data about social conditions and structures during the Third Reich. These narratives, whether developed in prisons, camps, or ghettos, or in the aftermath of National Socialism, are key to understanding the victims' perspectives. Many works disclose intimate aspects of daily life that only victims saw and experienced. Thus, this artwork is an extremely valuable source for understanding prisoners' lives during the Third Reich. The article focuses on four examples: Karl Schwesig's prewar experiences illustrated in a series of prints that tell about his torture and the torture of other German Communists in a Düsseldorf jail; Malvina Schalekova's 1942–1944 drawings and paintings that expose daily life in the Terezin Ghetto; Fredrick Terna's postwar recollections about the camp at Dachau near the end of World War II; and Yehuda Bacon's 1945 retrospective of Auschwitz.
{"title":"Artwork That Helps Frame History: Toward a Visual Historical and Sociological Analysis of Works Created by Prisoners from the Terezin Ghetto","authors":"Willa M. Johnson","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcac065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcac065","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article uses qualitative content analysis, historical archival data, and interviews with Holocaust survivors to examine artwork created during the Third Reich. It argues that these works are visual narratives that hold important empirical data about social conditions and structures during the Third Reich. These narratives, whether developed in prisons, camps, or ghettos, or in the aftermath of National Socialism, are key to understanding the victims' perspectives. Many works disclose intimate aspects of daily life that only victims saw and experienced. Thus, this artwork is an extremely valuable source for understanding prisoners' lives during the Third Reich. The article focuses on four examples: Karl Schwesig's prewar experiences illustrated in a series of prints that tell about his torture and the torture of other German Communists in a Düsseldorf jail; Malvina Schalekova's 1942–1944 drawings and paintings that expose daily life in the Terezin Ghetto; Fredrick Terna's postwar recollections about the camp at Dachau near the end of World War II; and Yehuda Bacon's 1945 retrospective of Auschwitz.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"70 1","pages":"106 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84100549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:The first Israeli youth journey to Poland took place in 1965. Fredka Mazia, a Holocaust survivor, initiated, organized, and led the group. Following a positive public response, the Ministry of Education and Culture organized their own journey in 1966. In 1967, after Poland severed relations with Israel, the government suspended further journeys until the 1980s. In time, they have become a tradition and the focus of several research studies; however, these studies largely ignore both the initial journeys of the 1960s and the woman who initiated them. This article describes Mazia's pioneering role in this project, and the program's impact on the lives of Israeli youths, perceptions of the Holocaust, and Holocaust commemoration.
{"title":"From a Holocaust Survivor's Initiative to a Ministry of Education Project: Fredka Mazia and the First Israeli Youth Journeys to Poland 1965–1966","authors":"Sharon Geva","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcac060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcac060","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The first Israeli youth journey to Poland took place in 1965. Fredka Mazia, a Holocaust survivor, initiated, organized, and led the group. Following a positive public response, the Ministry of Education and Culture organized their own journey in 1966. In 1967, after Poland severed relations with Israel, the government suspended further journeys until the 1980s. In time, they have become a tradition and the focus of several research studies; however, these studies largely ignore both the initial journeys of the 1960s and the woman who initiated them. This article describes Mazia's pioneering role in this project, and the program's impact on the lives of Israeli youths, perceptions of the Holocaust, and Holocaust commemoration.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"49 1","pages":"140 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75874168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:In recent years, a number of studies have explored the unique legal phenomenon of the Israeli court cases that applied the Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law of 1950. The defendants were Jewish kapos or members of the Jewish police, themselves Holocaust survivors, who were considered to be collaborators with the Nazis. Most of these studies point out how these trials blurred the lines between criminal law and moral judgment, focusing on either the legislators, the defendants, or the court. In contrast, the present article examines the trials through the lens of one individual who was central to shaping and implementing the law: Joseph Lamm. Lamm's contribution stemmed from three different positions: from his experience as a prisoner in the Dachau camp, as a legislator who formulated the 1950 law, and as a judge in two criminal proceedings based on the law (which ended in opposite legal outcomes). The article argues that Lamm's personal experiences shaped his perceptions of the dual function of the law as both practical and declarative. This, in turn, affected his understanding of the law's content (as a legislator) and how it should be interpreted (as a judge).
{"title":"A Prisoner, Legislator, and Jurist: Joseph Lamm's Legal Legacy in Relation to the Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, 1950","authors":"Yehudit Dori Deston, D. Porat","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcac059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcac059","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In recent years, a number of studies have explored the unique legal phenomenon of the Israeli court cases that applied the Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law of 1950. The defendants were Jewish kapos or members of the Jewish police, themselves Holocaust survivors, who were considered to be collaborators with the Nazis. Most of these studies point out how these trials blurred the lines between criminal law and moral judgment, focusing on either the legislators, the defendants, or the court. In contrast, the present article examines the trials through the lens of one individual who was central to shaping and implementing the law: Joseph Lamm. Lamm's contribution stemmed from three different positions: from his experience as a prisoner in the Dachau camp, as a legislator who formulated the 1950 law, and as a judge in two criminal proceedings based on the law (which ended in opposite legal outcomes). The article argues that Lamm's personal experiences shaped his perceptions of the dual function of the law as both practical and declarative. This, in turn, affected his understanding of the law's content (as a legislator) and how it should be interpreted (as a judge).","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"10 1","pages":"1 - 1 - 105 - 106 - 124 - 125 - 139 - 140 - 153 - 154 - 175 - 176 - 177 - 177 - 179 - 179 - 180 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84539497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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