ABSTRACT:The diaries of the teenage girls Renia Spiegel (Poland), Rutka Laskier (Poland), Sheindi Miller-Ehrenwald (Hungary), Ana Novac (Romania), Éva Heyman (Romania/Hungary), Masha Rolnikaite (Lithuania) and Helga Weiss (Czechoslovakia) share several characteristics. They were all written by diarists who were of Jewish origin; lived in Central and Eastern Europe; and were persecuted, intimidated, and deported to a ghetto and/or concentration camp. Some of the diarists were murdered by the National Socialists. To cope with their traumatic experiences, the girls risked their lives by entrusting their thoughts, fears, and insights to their diaries. In this study, these individual authors are not seen as passive victims, but rather—despite their young age—as eyewitnesses, chroniclers, and cultural resistance fighters. Regardless of the subjectivity and childish or adolescent perspective from which they were written, their works are valued and understood as important historical documents.
{"title":"Girls' Voices: Jewish Teenage Diarists from Central and Eastern Europe as Witnesses of the Holocaust and Cultural Resisters in Concentration Camps and Ghettos","authors":"Martina Bitunjac, Urszula Markowska‐Manista","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcac061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcac061","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The diaries of the teenage girls Renia Spiegel (Poland), Rutka Laskier (Poland), Sheindi Miller-Ehrenwald (Hungary), Ana Novac (Romania), Éva Heyman (Romania/Hungary), Masha Rolnikaite (Lithuania) and Helga Weiss (Czechoslovakia) share several characteristics. They were all written by diarists who were of Jewish origin; lived in Central and Eastern Europe; and were persecuted, intimidated, and deported to a ghetto and/or concentration camp. Some of the diarists were murdered by the National Socialists. To cope with their traumatic experiences, the girls risked their lives by entrusting their thoughts, fears, and insights to their diaries. In this study, these individual authors are not seen as passive victims, but rather—despite their young age—as eyewitnesses, chroniclers, and cultural resistance fighters. Regardless of the subjectivity and childish or adolescent perspective from which they were written, their works are valued and understood as important historical documents.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"17 1","pages":"63 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76471290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A game of war, chess was played and pictured in a time of war by men and women, Jews and non-Jews in hiding, in the ghettos, and even behind the barbed wire of the transit, concentration, and extermination camps across Nazi-occupied Europe. Throughout the Second World War, instead of “throwing the game” and giving up, victims of National Socialism devised ingenious ways to improvise chess sets out of found materials and detritus—carved wood, folded paper, etched tin, and modeled bread. They also drew and painted chess games to document and allegorize their lives in extremis. Through a close reading of chess artifacts and artworks, this article reveals how access to materials and time, status within camp hierarchies, ethnic and national identities, and wartime experiences impacted the various ways these groups used the game of chess under difficult playing conditions. Insisting upon the central role of creativity and play, it argues that both material artifacts and artwork inform our knowledge of how individuals living under Nazi oppression thought and felt.
{"title":"Checkmate: Chess Artifacts and Artworks Made and Played in Extremis","authors":"Rachel Perry, Klara Jackl, Galina Lochekhina","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A game of war, chess was played and pictured in a time of war by men and women, Jews and non-Jews in hiding, in the ghettos, and even behind the barbed wire of the transit, concentration, and extermination camps across Nazi-occupied Europe. Throughout the Second World War, instead of “throwing the game” and giving up, victims of National Socialism devised ingenious ways to improvise chess sets out of found materials and detritus—carved wood, folded paper, etched tin, and modeled bread. They also drew and painted chess games to document and allegorize their lives in extremis. Through a close reading of chess artifacts and artworks, this article reveals how access to materials and time, status within camp hierarchies, ethnic and national identities, and wartime experiences impacted the various ways these groups used the game of chess under difficult playing conditions. Insisting upon the central role of creativity and play, it argues that both material artifacts and artwork inform our knowledge of how individuals living under Nazi oppression thought and felt.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135469363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: “Portraits from a Conjoined War: The German 100th Light Infantry Division and First Contact with the Jews of Zinkiv, Ukraine—July 1941”","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136173682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editor's Note","authors":"Daniel H. Magilow, Helene J. Sinnreich","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85864657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959): History and Memory of Deportation, Exile, and Survival Get access Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959): History and Memory of Deportation, Exile, and Survival, Katharina Friedla and Markus Nesselrodt, eds. (Boston, MA: Academic Studies Press, 2021), 350 pp., hardcover $139.99, electronic version available. Samuel Finkelman Samuel Finkelman University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Email: sfink@sas.upenn.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Holocaust and Genocide Studies, dcad006, https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad006 Published: 26 May 2023 Article history Received: 27 August 2022 Editorial decision: 01 September 2022 Accepted: 08 March 2023 Corrected and typeset: 26 May 2023 Published: 26 May 2023
{"title":"Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959): History and Memory of Deportation, Exile, and Survival","authors":"Samuel Finkelman","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad006","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959): History and Memory of Deportation, Exile, and Survival Get access Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959): History and Memory of Deportation, Exile, and Survival, Katharina Friedla and Markus Nesselrodt, eds. (Boston, MA: Academic Studies Press, 2021), 350 pp., hardcover $139.99, electronic version available. Samuel Finkelman Samuel Finkelman University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Email: sfink@sas.upenn.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Holocaust and Genocide Studies, dcad006, https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcad006 Published: 26 May 2023 Article history Received: 27 August 2022 Editorial decision: 01 September 2022 Accepted: 08 March 2023 Corrected and typeset: 26 May 2023 Published: 26 May 2023","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135423892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:The exodus of Jewish refugees from Lithuania to East Asia in late 1940 has become one of the most remarkable stories of rescue during the Holocaust. The largest group among these refugees was the Mir Yeshiva—one of Europe’s most notable Jewish educational institutions at the time, and the only Lithuanian yeshiva to survive the war in its entirety. Recent studies of this story have emphasized the role of the rescuers—particularly the Japanese vice consul Sugihara Chiune, who issued visas to the Jews—while neglecting the perspectives of the rescued. Nevertheless, the Mir Yeshiva has produced numerous accounts of its wartime ordeal over the past seventy years. Overlooked for the most part by the historiography of this period, the Mir testimonies and writings shed new light on the experiences of the Jewish refugees in Lithuania (1939–1940) and East Asia (1941–1945). Considering these accounts within their broader historical and international context, this article highlights their contribution to our understanding of this episode and Japanese wartime attitudes toward Jewish refugees.
{"title":"The Mir Yeshiva’s Holocaust Experience: Ultra-Orthodox Perspectives on Japanese Wartime Attitudes towards Jewish Refugees","authors":"R. Kowner","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcac036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcac036","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The exodus of Jewish refugees from Lithuania to East Asia in late 1940 has become one of the most remarkable stories of rescue during the Holocaust. The largest group among these refugees was the Mir Yeshiva—one of Europe’s most notable Jewish educational institutions at the time, and the only Lithuanian yeshiva to survive the war in its entirety. Recent studies of this story have emphasized the role of the rescuers—particularly the Japanese vice consul Sugihara Chiune, who issued visas to the Jews—while neglecting the perspectives of the rescued. Nevertheless, the Mir Yeshiva has produced numerous accounts of its wartime ordeal over the past seventy years. Overlooked for the most part by the historiography of this period, the Mir testimonies and writings shed new light on the experiences of the Jewish refugees in Lithuania (1939–1940) and East Asia (1941–1945). Considering these accounts within their broader historical and international context, this article highlights their contribution to our understanding of this episode and Japanese wartime attitudes toward Jewish refugees.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"295 - 314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77795128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Armenians of Aintab: The Economics of Genocide in an Ottoman Province\u0000 Ümit Kurt","authors":"Robert F. Melson","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcac049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcac049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83383836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Why did the chairman of the “Jewish Council” in Belgium decide to resign from his position in late 1942 while his counterparts in the Netherlands, operating in a seemingly similar context, decided to remain in place until the council was dissolved? The choices and motivations of Jewish leaders during Nazi rule have been a persistent subject of discussion in Holocaust historiography for decades. To this day, research has overwhelmingly been conducted in national contexts, which has obscured a thorough understanding of the distinctive circumstances in which Jewish leaders operated. By exploring the different socio-historical premises on which the Jewish organizations in the Netherlands and Belgium were built, this article argues that the level of (dis)continuation with prewar communal structures played a significant role in the posture and choices of Jewish functionaries under Nazi occupation in these two countries.
{"title":"Remain or Resign? Jewish Leaders’ Dilemmas in the Netherlands and Belgium under Nazi Occupation","authors":"Laurien Vastenhout","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcac038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcac038","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Why did the chairman of the “Jewish Council” in Belgium decide to resign from his position in late 1942 while his counterparts in the Netherlands, operating in a seemingly similar context, decided to remain in place until the council was dissolved? The choices and motivations of Jewish leaders during Nazi rule have been a persistent subject of discussion in Holocaust historiography for decades. To this day, research has overwhelmingly been conducted in national contexts, which has obscured a thorough understanding of the distinctive circumstances in which Jewish leaders operated. By exploring the different socio-historical premises on which the Jewish organizations in the Netherlands and Belgium were built, this article argues that the level of (dis)continuation with prewar communal structures played a significant role in the posture and choices of Jewish functionaries under Nazi occupation in these two countries.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"50 1","pages":"413 - 427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86508154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:On July 10, 1941, the German 100th Light Infantry Division rolled into the Ukrainian Jewish shtetl of Zinkiv. Over a three-day period, this division committed gratuitous acts of violence and abject terror. While the total number of murdered Jews was relatively small, the author uses the corpus of pre-invasion orders and daily military objectives and reports in official war diaries, as well as eyewitness accounts to examine how and why these frontline soldiers perpetrated the “Holocaust by Bullets” during the initial phase of the Operation Barbarossa campaign in “the murky world where combat and ideology meet.”
{"title":"Portraits from a Conjoined War: The German 100th Light Infantry Division and First Contact with the Jews of Zinkiv, Ukraine—July 1941","authors":"R. Bernheim","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcac040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcac040","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:On July 10, 1941, the German 100th Light Infantry Division rolled into the Ukrainian Jewish shtetl of Zinkiv. Over a three-day period, this division committed gratuitous acts of violence and abject terror. While the total number of murdered Jews was relatively small, the author uses the corpus of pre-invasion orders and daily military objectives and reports in official war diaries, as well as eyewitness accounts to examine how and why these frontline soldiers perpetrated the “Holocaust by Bullets” during the initial phase of the Operation Barbarossa campaign in “the murky world where combat and ideology meet.”","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"27 1","pages":"386 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89994254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Albania was the only German-occupied country in which the number of Jews increased after World War II. Almost all native Jews of Albania survived the Holocaust, and thousands of Jewish refugees from other European countries were assisted and protected during the years 1933–1945. The rescue was facilitated by a unique mixture of factors, but the main common motivation of Muslim, Catholic, and Orthodox rescuers was Besa, the crucial element of Kanun, the Albanian customary law.
{"title":"Albanian Customary Law, Religion, and the Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust","authors":"V. Malaj","doi":"10.1093/hgs/dcac039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcac039","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Albania was the only German-occupied country in which the number of Jews increased after World War II. Almost all native Jews of Albania survived the Holocaust, and thousands of Jewish refugees from other European countries were assisted and protected during the years 1933–1945. The rescue was facilitated by a unique mixture of factors, but the main common motivation of Muslim, Catholic, and Orthodox rescuers was Besa, the crucial element of Kanun, the Albanian customary law.","PeriodicalId":44172,"journal":{"name":"HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES","volume":"51 1","pages":"372 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85747446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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