Abstract An analysis of the multiple publications relating to the career of Hugh O'Neill that appeared during the middle decades of the twentieth century reveals the extent to which authors who were then writing about the past permitted their interpretations to be influenced by the politics and prejudices of their own time. It is then demonstrated that the various positions then adopted by competing authors had been influenced also by polemics from the past. A study of the place accorded to Hugh O'Neill by authors writing in the nineteenth, eighteenth, seventeenth and even the sixteenth century shows that they too were divided over whether O'Neill should be considered the forger of an Irish nation or a champion of Catholicism, or an ingrate who had betrayed the crown that had rescued him from obscurity. This leads to a discussion of academic writing of more recent decades and the efforts of scholars who have engaged on fresh research to better comprehend what motivated Hugh O'Neill at various junctures in his career, even as he remains one of the more enigmatic personalities in Ireland's history.
{"title":"Hugh O'Neill in Irish historical discourse, c.1550–2021","authors":"Nicholas P. Canny","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2022.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2022.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An analysis of the multiple publications relating to the career of Hugh O'Neill that appeared during the middle decades of the twentieth century reveals the extent to which authors who were then writing about the past permitted their interpretations to be influenced by the politics and prejudices of their own time. It is then demonstrated that the various positions then adopted by competing authors had been influenced also by polemics from the past. A study of the place accorded to Hugh O'Neill by authors writing in the nineteenth, eighteenth, seventeenth and even the sixteenth century shows that they too were divided over whether O'Neill should be considered the forger of an Irish nation or a champion of Catholicism, or an ingrate who had betrayed the crown that had rescued him from obscurity. This leads to a discussion of academic writing of more recent decades and the efforts of scholars who have engaged on fresh research to better comprehend what motivated Hugh O'Neill at various junctures in his career, even as he remains one of the more enigmatic personalities in Ireland's history.","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"46 1","pages":"25 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42872436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"America and the making of an independent Ireland: a history. By Francis M. Carroll. Pp 312. New York: New York University Press. 2021. US$35.","authors":"R. McNamara","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2022.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2022.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48587481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
the American criticism that vast sums of money were transferred between the U.S. and Ireland as a consequence of the illegal sweepstake. The U.S. was unwilling to negotiate a bilateral trade agreement with Ireland but agreed one with Britain. Whelan poses an interesting counterfactual, asking if matters would have been different if John Cudahy (U.S. minister to Ireland, 1937–40) had remained in the post. David Gray, who replaced Cudahy, is widely blamed for the deteriorating relations between the U.S. and Ireland. While individuals do make a difference, the key individual in the relationship between Ireland and the U.S. was President Roosevelt. During most of the 1930s Roosevelt was indifferent to Ireland and U.S. diplomacy reflected this. From 1940, Roosevelt was committed to the defeat of Hitler even before the U.S. entered the war. Neither the State Department nor Roosevelt disagreed with Gray because his position largely reflected that of the president.
{"title":"The making of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985: a memoir by David Goodall. Edited by Frank Sheridan. Pp vii, 237. Dublin: National University of Ireland. 2021. €35.00/€20.00.","authors":"A. Jeffery","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2022.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2022.22","url":null,"abstract":"the American criticism that vast sums of money were transferred between the U.S. and Ireland as a consequence of the illegal sweepstake. The U.S. was unwilling to negotiate a bilateral trade agreement with Ireland but agreed one with Britain. Whelan poses an interesting counterfactual, asking if matters would have been different if John Cudahy (U.S. minister to Ireland, 1937–40) had remained in the post. David Gray, who replaced Cudahy, is widely blamed for the deteriorating relations between the U.S. and Ireland. While individuals do make a difference, the key individual in the relationship between Ireland and the U.S. was President Roosevelt. During most of the 1930s Roosevelt was indifferent to Ireland and U.S. diplomacy reflected this. From 1940, Roosevelt was committed to the defeat of Hitler even before the U.S. entered the war. Neither the State Department nor Roosevelt disagreed with Gray because his position largely reflected that of the president.","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"46 1","pages":"204 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43116313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-02-04DOI: 10.1155/2022/4731006
Claire Adwar, Steven Sean Puleh, Isaac Ochaba, Isaac Ogweng, Deo Benyumiza, Kosta Amusu, Brenda Achola, Francis Ocen, Lydia Abolo, Edward Kumakech, Celestino Obua
Background: Community HIV testing helps to increase access to high-risk groups who are less likely to visit a clinic for a test. A large proportion of people identified with HIV following community-based testing are not easily linked to care compared to facility-based identified cases. There is a paucity of literature on linkage to HIV care and its predictors particularly following community-based testing in a rural setting. We assessed the level of linkage to the care of HIV-positive individuals and associated factors following community-level identification in Lira district.
Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Lira district employing mixed methods among HIV-positive adults identified in the communities. Quantitative data were collected from 329 randomly selected study participants using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Key informant interview guide was used to collect qualitative data. The data were double entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Odds ratios and confidence intervals were used to assess the association between predictors of linkage with HIV care. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic content analysis.
Results: The respondents were aged between 18 and 85 years with a mean age of 42.9 (SD = 11.6). The level of linkage to HIV care following community-level identification of HIV testing in Lira district was 98% (95% CI 96.07-99.33). Clients who self-initiated the HIV testing were more likely to link to HIV care than their counterparts (AOR = 9.03; 95% CI 1.271-64.218, p = 0.028). Key informants identified factors influencing linkage to care as health education, counseling, follow-up, and family support. Fear of stigma, disclosure, denial, and distance to facility were reported as barriers to linkage.
Conclusion/recommendation: The level of linkage to HIV care following community identification was found to be excellent (98%). Predictors to linkage to care included self-initiated testing, positive perception of distance, and waiting time at health facilities. We recommend health education, counseling, follow-up, and family support as interventions to strengthen successfully linking to care.
背景：社区艾滋病毒检测有助于增加高危人群接受检测的机会，因为他们不太可能去诊所接受检测。与在医疗机构发现的病例相比，在社区检测后发现的艾滋病毒感染者中，有很大一部分人不容易与医疗机构联系起来。有关艾滋病关怀联系及其预测因素的文献很少，尤其是在农村地区进行社区检测后。我们评估了里拉地区社区级鉴定后 HIV 阳性者的就医联动水平及相关因素：方法：我们在里拉地区开展了一项横断面调查，采用混合方法对在社区中发现的成年 HIV 阳性者进行了调查。使用访谈者发放的调查问卷，从随机抽取的 329 名研究参与者中收集了定量数据。关键信息提供者访谈指南用于收集定性数据。数据使用 SPSS 23 版进行双重输入、清理和分析。使用比值比和置信区间来评估与艾滋病关怀联系的预测因素之间的关联。定性数据采用主题内容分析法进行分析：受访者年龄在 18 岁至 85 岁之间，平均年龄为 42.9 岁（SD = 11.6）。在里拉地区，社区一级艾滋病检测鉴定后的艾滋病关怀联系率为 98%（95% CI 96.07-99.33）。与同类人群相比，自行进行 HIV 检测的客户更有可能与 HIV 护理建立联系（AOR = 9.03；95% CI 1.271-64.218，p = 0.028）。主要信息提供者认为，影响与护理联系的因素包括健康教育、咨询、随访和家庭支持。据报告，害怕污名化、披露、拒绝和距离医疗机构较远是影响联系的障碍：结论/建议：经社区确认后，艾滋病护理的联系率非常高（98%）。与医疗服务联系的预测因素包括自我检测、对距离的积极看法以及在医疗机构的等待时间。我们建议将健康教育、咨询、随访和家庭支持作为干预措施，以加强成功联系护理。
{"title":"Factors Associated with Linkage to Care following Community-Level Identification of HIV-Positive Clients in Lira District.","authors":"Claire Adwar, Steven Sean Puleh, Isaac Ochaba, Isaac Ogweng, Deo Benyumiza, Kosta Amusu, Brenda Achola, Francis Ocen, Lydia Abolo, Edward Kumakech, Celestino Obua","doi":"10.1155/2022/4731006","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/4731006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Community HIV testing helps to increase access to high-risk groups who are less likely to visit a clinic for a test. A large proportion of people identified with HIV following community-based testing are not easily linked to care compared to facility-based identified cases. There is a paucity of literature on linkage to HIV care and its predictors particularly following community-based testing in a rural setting. We assessed the level of linkage to the care of HIV-positive individuals and associated factors following community-level identification in Lira district.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Lira district employing mixed methods among HIV-positive adults identified in the communities. Quantitative data were collected from 329 randomly selected study participants using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Key informant interview guide was used to collect qualitative data. The data were double entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Odds ratios and confidence intervals were used to assess the association between predictors of linkage with HIV care. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The respondents were aged between 18 and 85 years with a mean age of 42.9 (SD = 11.6). The level of linkage to HIV care following community-level identification of HIV testing in Lira district was 98% (95% CI 96.07-99.33). Clients who self-initiated the HIV testing were more likely to link to HIV care than their counterparts (AOR = 9.03; 95% CI 1.271-64.218, <i>p</i> = 0.028). Key informants identified factors influencing linkage to care as health education, counseling, follow-up, and family support. Fear of stigma, disclosure, denial, and distance to facility were reported as barriers to linkage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion/recommendation: </strong>The level of linkage to HIV care following community identification was found to be excellent (98%). Predictors to linkage to care included self-initiated testing, positive perception of distance, and waiting time at health facilities. We recommend health education, counseling, follow-up, and family support as interventions to strengthen successfully linking to care.</p>","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11487296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78699627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article aims to further understand the Irish immigrant experience with U.S. slavery by studying Irish overseers on southern plantations. The Irish relationship with U.S. slavery varied according to circumstances. However, as foreign-born outsiders, Irish immigrants in the South had to accommodate the region's slaveholding culture. This article takes the story of the Irish as urban pioneers of the antebellum South out into the southern countryside. Those who sought employment as overseers had no qualms about profiting from racial slavery, and the nationality of a successful overseer was immaterial to planters. Irish overseers were not categorically different from native-born southern overseers. Indeed, Irish overseers had to be as ruthless as their American counterparts if they hoped to be successful. The expansion of the southern economy in accordance with the rise of the ‘second slavery’ created more significant opportunities for Irish immigrants to become overseers and demonstrates the essential whiteness of the Irish in the South.
{"title":"Irish overseers in the antebellum U.S. South","authors":"J. Regan","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.52","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article aims to further understand the Irish immigrant experience with U.S. slavery by studying Irish overseers on southern plantations. The Irish relationship with U.S. slavery varied according to circumstances. However, as foreign-born outsiders, Irish immigrants in the South had to accommodate the region's slaveholding culture. This article takes the story of the Irish as urban pioneers of the antebellum South out into the southern countryside. Those who sought employment as overseers had no qualms about profiting from racial slavery, and the nationality of a successful overseer was immaterial to planters. Irish overseers were not categorically different from native-born southern overseers. Indeed, Irish overseers had to be as ruthless as their American counterparts if they hoped to be successful. The expansion of the southern economy in accordance with the rise of the ‘second slavery’ created more significant opportunities for Irish immigrants to become overseers and demonstrates the essential whiteness of the Irish in the South.","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"45 1","pages":"203 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41475253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a remarkable study in terms of its chronological sweep, its use of diverse sources and its multi-disciplinary approach to the past. It grapples with the elusive traces left in the Irish landscape by a form of pastoral farming known in the international literature as transhumance and in Ireland as booleying. The author employs archaeological field work, soil science, documentary evidence, place names analysis, oral history and cartography to trace the evolution of this set of farming practices and their eventual demise. Transhumance is an intricate system of farming whereby livestock are moved in summertime from one farming environment, usually lowland farms, up on to the rough pastures found on the slopes of neighbouring hills or mountains. In wintertime the flocks of animals are returned from these commonages to the home farms. The kinds of livestock moved about might include sheep, goats, cows, bulls and bullocks. In this way farmers gained access to additional grazing and economised on land use at home. The distances travelled in these seasonal movements could vary but in Ireland they seem to have been well under twelve kilometres in most cases. As Costello emphasises, booleying involved the movement of people as well as stock. Rough shelters were constructed on the hillsides to house the herders who typically were of adolescent age or children, the opportunity cost of whose labour presumably was low. The numbers of people involved were considerable. Three areas are studied intensively in this work: those of the Carna peninsula, Connemara, County Galway, the parish of Gleann Cholm Cille in south-west Donegal and the Galtee Mountains on the Tipperary– Limerick borderlands. In the first of these two study areas something like one-third of the people were dispatched to the hills to look after livestock. To an outsider to the field this seems surprisingly high, implying large movement and relocation of people, albeit on a temporary seasonal basis. The origins of booleying lie in the medieval period and possibly much earlier. Nor was the practice confined to Gaelic areas. It existed in Old English territories as well. Costello explores the post-medieval period and is refreshingly frank about the speculative nature of much of what can be said before the nineteenth century in view of the paucity of documentation and the absence of more detailed archaeological work. Ironically, the sources become more plentiful when the practice is under pressure from population growth, commercialisation of agriculture (dairying and cattle raising in particular) and efforts at estate improvement. Some theoretical borrowings from the property rights paradigm in the economics literature might perhaps have sharpened some of the valuable insights developed by the author, particularly in relation to transitions over time. Explosive pre-Famine population growth, it is argued, led to a much more crowded rural landscape and eventually reduced opportunities for transhu
{"title":"Transhumance and the making of Ireland's uplands, 1550–1900. By Eugene Costello. Pp 240. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 2020. £75 hardback.","authors":"L. Kennedy","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.31","url":null,"abstract":"This is a remarkable study in terms of its chronological sweep, its use of diverse sources and its multi-disciplinary approach to the past. It grapples with the elusive traces left in the Irish landscape by a form of pastoral farming known in the international literature as transhumance and in Ireland as booleying. The author employs archaeological field work, soil science, documentary evidence, place names analysis, oral history and cartography to trace the evolution of this set of farming practices and their eventual demise. Transhumance is an intricate system of farming whereby livestock are moved in summertime from one farming environment, usually lowland farms, up on to the rough pastures found on the slopes of neighbouring hills or mountains. In wintertime the flocks of animals are returned from these commonages to the home farms. The kinds of livestock moved about might include sheep, goats, cows, bulls and bullocks. In this way farmers gained access to additional grazing and economised on land use at home. The distances travelled in these seasonal movements could vary but in Ireland they seem to have been well under twelve kilometres in most cases. As Costello emphasises, booleying involved the movement of people as well as stock. Rough shelters were constructed on the hillsides to house the herders who typically were of adolescent age or children, the opportunity cost of whose labour presumably was low. The numbers of people involved were considerable. Three areas are studied intensively in this work: those of the Carna peninsula, Connemara, County Galway, the parish of Gleann Cholm Cille in south-west Donegal and the Galtee Mountains on the Tipperary– Limerick borderlands. In the first of these two study areas something like one-third of the people were dispatched to the hills to look after livestock. To an outsider to the field this seems surprisingly high, implying large movement and relocation of people, albeit on a temporary seasonal basis. The origins of booleying lie in the medieval period and possibly much earlier. Nor was the practice confined to Gaelic areas. It existed in Old English territories as well. Costello explores the post-medieval period and is refreshingly frank about the speculative nature of much of what can be said before the nineteenth century in view of the paucity of documentation and the absence of more detailed archaeological work. Ironically, the sources become more plentiful when the practice is under pressure from population growth, commercialisation of agriculture (dairying and cattle raising in particular) and efforts at estate improvement. Some theoretical borrowings from the property rights paradigm in the economics literature might perhaps have sharpened some of the valuable insights developed by the author, particularly in relation to transitions over time. Explosive pre-Famine population growth, it is argued, led to a much more crowded rural landscape and eventually reduced opportunities for transhu","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"45 1","pages":"333 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42280996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
licit resistance to the end of the seventeenth century. This counter discourse existed not just in legal textbooks but also on the streets of the cities that De Benedictis examines. Historians of Ireland might wish to read these arguments alongside Kenneth Nicholls’s remarks on the obsessively centralised nature of English monarchy, and the studies of F. W. Maitland and Alan Orr on the history of treason in England, if revisiting resistance to English power in Ireland. Did rebels in England or English-Ireland have access to much weaker legal resources than rebels in contact with civil law traditions? Are there traces of the traditions with which De Benedictis is concerned in Scotland? De Benedictis leaves sacred power largely to one side, despite the traditional association between crimen laesae maiestatis and heresy, the well-known writings of Catholic and Protestant theologians on religious self-defence, and the arguments of Paolo Prodi on the tendency of the early modern state to make itself more and more sacred. Chapter one deals with the tumult at Urbino in the 1570s, an event which later became exemplary in histories and treatises on taxation in France and the German-speaking lands. Chapter two turns to the legal theory of rebellion, beginning with Justinian’s Codex and the phenomenon of the defensa, the appeal of a people to their prince against his or her wicked officers. De Benedictis tracks these concepts through the thickets of the learned law (Bartolus of Sassoferrato’s commentary on the Codex, a book well known across Europe, is important here) and it would be interesting to compare these traditions to the common law, not least because historians of the Stuart monarchy tend to think of the civil law as a tool of absolutism. This chapter is probably the most important to historians of Ireland. Chapter three, an intermezzo, ranges more widely in early modern culture, touching on the theatre and emblem literature as well as law. Here, De Benedictis is interested in the concept of the unpunishable multitude (the idea that when many err, no one is punished) as well as seventeenth-century distinctions between revolution and rebellion. Chapter four analyses the revolts of Messina and Mondovì between the 1670s and 1680s. This begins with a treatment of the legal distinction between the punishment of individuals and whole communities. Chapter five tackles Castiglione delle Stivere in the last decade of the seventeenth century, and arguments by jurists that a tyrannous prince might become an enemy to his own people. This recalls John Locke but appears entirely grounded in the ius commune. De Benedictis’s learned and stimulating work thus suggests resources that legitimated resistance to state power in Italy and were propagated across the continent in a learned Latin literature, but which lay quite outside the conventional Anglophone liberal tradition (readily accessible in the work of Quentin Skinner) of common law, Calvinist revolutionaries,
十七世纪末的合法抵抗。这种反话语不仅存在于法律教科书中，也存在于德·本尼迪克蒂斯所考察的城市街道上。爱尔兰的历史学家可能希望将这些观点与肯尼斯·尼科尔斯(Kenneth Nicholls)对英国君主专制的过分集中的评论，以及f·w·梅特兰(F. W. Maitland)和艾伦·奥尔(Alan Orr)对英格兰叛国史的研究一起阅读，如果要重温爱尔兰对英国权力的抵抗。英格兰或英格兰-爱尔兰的反叛者获得的法律资源是否比接触民法传统的反叛者少得多?苏格兰是否有与德·本尼迪克提斯有关的传统的痕迹?德·本尼迪克特将神权很大程度上放在一边，尽管传统上将“犯罪”(crimen laesae maiestatis)与异端联系在一起，尽管天主教和新教神学家关于宗教自卫的著名著作，以及保罗·普罗迪(Paolo Prodi)关于早期现代国家趋向于使自己变得越来越神圣的论点。第一章讲的是1570年代乌尔比诺的骚乱，这一事件后来成为法国和德语国家关于税收的历史和论文的典范。第二章转向反叛的法律理论，从查士丁尼的法典和辩护现象开始，人民向他们的君主上诉，反对他或她邪恶的官员。德·本尼迪克蒂斯通过错综复杂的法学来追踪这些概念(萨索费拉托的巴托洛斯对法典的评论，一本在欧洲闻名的书，在这里很重要)，将这些传统与普通法进行比较将会很有趣，尤其是因为斯图亚特王朝的历史学家倾向于认为民法是专制主义的工具。这一章对研究爱尔兰的历史学家来说可能是最重要的。第三章为间奏曲，对早期现代文化进行了更广泛的探讨，涉及戏剧、象征文学和法律。在这里，德·本尼迪克提斯感兴趣的是不受惩罚的大众的概念(即当许多人犯错时，没有人受到惩罚)，以及17世纪革命和叛乱之间的区别。第四章分析1670年代至1680年代墨西拿起义和Mondovì起义。这首先是处理对个人和整个社区的惩罚之间的法律区别。第五章讨论了17世纪最后十年的卡斯提里奥内·德尔·斯蒂维尔，以及法学家们关于暴虐君主可能成为自己人民敌人的争论。这让人想起约翰·洛克，但似乎完全建立在美国公社的基础上。因此，德·本尼迪克蒂斯学识丰富、令人振奋的著作为意大利对国家权力的抵抗提供了合法的资源，并在学识丰富的拉丁文学中传播到整个欧洲大陆，但这与普通法、加尔文主义革命家、天主教神学家和约翰·洛克的传统英语自由主义传统(在昆汀·斯金纳的著作中很容易找到)完全不同。虽然爱尔兰历史学家无疑会继续选择属于一个国际化的、讲英语的、自由的学术团体，但能够超越这个团体及其传统的界限，对我们这个职业的健康发展仍然至关重要。
{"title":"The daughters of the first earl of Cork: writing family, faith, politics and place. By Ann-Maria Walsh. Pp 178. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 2020. €45 hardback.","authors":"C. Tait","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.33","url":null,"abstract":"licit resistance to the end of the seventeenth century. This counter discourse existed not just in legal textbooks but also on the streets of the cities that De Benedictis examines. Historians of Ireland might wish to read these arguments alongside Kenneth Nicholls’s remarks on the obsessively centralised nature of English monarchy, and the studies of F. W. Maitland and Alan Orr on the history of treason in England, if revisiting resistance to English power in Ireland. Did rebels in England or English-Ireland have access to much weaker legal resources than rebels in contact with civil law traditions? Are there traces of the traditions with which De Benedictis is concerned in Scotland? De Benedictis leaves sacred power largely to one side, despite the traditional association between crimen laesae maiestatis and heresy, the well-known writings of Catholic and Protestant theologians on religious self-defence, and the arguments of Paolo Prodi on the tendency of the early modern state to make itself more and more sacred. Chapter one deals with the tumult at Urbino in the 1570s, an event which later became exemplary in histories and treatises on taxation in France and the German-speaking lands. Chapter two turns to the legal theory of rebellion, beginning with Justinian’s Codex and the phenomenon of the defensa, the appeal of a people to their prince against his or her wicked officers. De Benedictis tracks these concepts through the thickets of the learned law (Bartolus of Sassoferrato’s commentary on the Codex, a book well known across Europe, is important here) and it would be interesting to compare these traditions to the common law, not least because historians of the Stuart monarchy tend to think of the civil law as a tool of absolutism. This chapter is probably the most important to historians of Ireland. Chapter three, an intermezzo, ranges more widely in early modern culture, touching on the theatre and emblem literature as well as law. Here, De Benedictis is interested in the concept of the unpunishable multitude (the idea that when many err, no one is punished) as well as seventeenth-century distinctions between revolution and rebellion. Chapter four analyses the revolts of Messina and Mondovì between the 1670s and 1680s. This begins with a treatment of the legal distinction between the punishment of individuals and whole communities. Chapter five tackles Castiglione delle Stivere in the last decade of the seventeenth century, and arguments by jurists that a tyrannous prince might become an enemy to his own people. This recalls John Locke but appears entirely grounded in the ius commune. De Benedictis’s learned and stimulating work thus suggests resources that legitimated resistance to state power in Italy and were propagated across the continent in a learned Latin literature, but which lay quite outside the conventional Anglophone liberal tradition (readily accessible in the work of Quentin Skinner) of common law, Calvinist revolutionaries, ","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"45 1","pages":"335 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45209540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Newspapers and journalism in Cork, 1910–23: press, politics and revolution. By Alan McCarthy. Pp 312. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 2020. €45 hardback.","authors":"Niall Murray","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.43","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"45 1","pages":"348 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47769131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The rise and fall of the Orange Order during the Famine years: from reformation to Dolly's Brae. By Daragh Curran. Pp 224. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 2021. €50/£45 hardback.","authors":"James Frazer","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"45 1","pages":"343 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49112329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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