action on health reform could be viewed as radical, progressive and independent. Ireland in consequence was ahead of Britain and much of Europe in the enactment of childhood immunisation schemes. Despite this stance, it took years for a successful immunisation scheme in Ireland to be implemented. Dwyer chronicles the initiatives undertaken and reveals the many factors which helped or held back the development of immunisation in Ireland. These included obstruction by some from the wider medical community. He explores the different experiences of the major cities of Cork and Dublin and the different levels of success in implementing an immunisation programme. Explaining howmuch relied on the actions and motivation of the supervising medical officer as to whether there was successful uptake of the programme. Other problems had significant impacts such as the ill-fated Ring College incident, during which twenty-four children reportedly contracted tuberculosis and one twelve-year-old girl died following routine anti-diphtheria immunisation. Dwyer provides new evidencewhich suggests that liability lay with the local attending doctor and his advisors rather than with BurroughsWellcomewhere previous historiography has assigned the blame. Dwyer spends some time discussing the Burroughs Wellcome vaccine trials in Ireland held during the mid twentieth century. He reveals the more problematic aspects of the push to find and introduce an effective anti-diphtheria immunisation. He discloses how the rights of vulnerable children in institutional care were clearly side-lined. The scandal first came to light during the 1990s, but this study by Dwyer reveals the much wider prevalence of the practice by the company than previously thought. Furthermore, the available evidence suggests parents and guardians of children involved in trials were kept in the dark about the potentially lethal nature of the vaccines administered to the children. Dwyer points out that while the religious congregations behind these institutions have received considerable attention much less has been focused on the scientific andmedical communities behind the trials. In his opinion further investigation should focus on these communities and their actions. Dwyer also raises important questions around the ethical practices of those involved, who chose to carry out the trials on Irish children as British legislation prevented them from doing so on children in Britain. He queries why those involved deemed the children in Irish institutions as lesser beings and not offered the same protections as their British counterparts. His work fits more widely into the growing interest in recent years in uncovering institutional abuse of children in Ireland. Various reports have been published in recent years ― such as Ryan (2009), Ferns (2005) and Murphy (2009) ― which have revealed the wide extent of child abuse historically within Irish institutions. Dwyer’s book provides a well-written, thorough and thou
{"title":"The darkness echoing: exploring Ireland's places of famine, death and rebellion. By Gillian O'Brien. Pp 373. Dublin: Doubleday Ireland. 2020. €21 paperback.","authors":"Sinéad McCoole","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.49","url":null,"abstract":"action on health reform could be viewed as radical, progressive and independent. Ireland in consequence was ahead of Britain and much of Europe in the enactment of childhood immunisation schemes. Despite this stance, it took years for a successful immunisation scheme in Ireland to be implemented. Dwyer chronicles the initiatives undertaken and reveals the many factors which helped or held back the development of immunisation in Ireland. These included obstruction by some from the wider medical community. He explores the different experiences of the major cities of Cork and Dublin and the different levels of success in implementing an immunisation programme. Explaining howmuch relied on the actions and motivation of the supervising medical officer as to whether there was successful uptake of the programme. Other problems had significant impacts such as the ill-fated Ring College incident, during which twenty-four children reportedly contracted tuberculosis and one twelve-year-old girl died following routine anti-diphtheria immunisation. Dwyer provides new evidencewhich suggests that liability lay with the local attending doctor and his advisors rather than with BurroughsWellcomewhere previous historiography has assigned the blame. Dwyer spends some time discussing the Burroughs Wellcome vaccine trials in Ireland held during the mid twentieth century. He reveals the more problematic aspects of the push to find and introduce an effective anti-diphtheria immunisation. He discloses how the rights of vulnerable children in institutional care were clearly side-lined. The scandal first came to light during the 1990s, but this study by Dwyer reveals the much wider prevalence of the practice by the company than previously thought. Furthermore, the available evidence suggests parents and guardians of children involved in trials were kept in the dark about the potentially lethal nature of the vaccines administered to the children. Dwyer points out that while the religious congregations behind these institutions have received considerable attention much less has been focused on the scientific andmedical communities behind the trials. In his opinion further investigation should focus on these communities and their actions. Dwyer also raises important questions around the ethical practices of those involved, who chose to carry out the trials on Irish children as British legislation prevented them from doing so on children in Britain. He queries why those involved deemed the children in Irish institutions as lesser beings and not offered the same protections as their British counterparts. His work fits more widely into the growing interest in recent years in uncovering institutional abuse of children in Ireland. Various reports have been published in recent years ― such as Ryan (2009), Ferns (2005) and Murphy (2009) ― which have revealed the wide extent of child abuse historically within Irish institutions. Dwyer’s book provides a well-written, thorough and thou","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46923769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid, Shahmima Akhtar, D. Hassett, K. Kenny, L. McAtackney, I. McBride, Timothy G. McMahon, J. Ohlmeyer
Abstract The nature of Ireland's place within the British Empire continues to attract significant public and scholarly attention. While historians of Ireland have long accepted the complexity of Ireland's imperial past as both colonised and coloniser, the broader public debate has grown more heated in recent months, buffeted by Brexit, the Decade of Centenaries and global events. At the same time, the imperatives of social movements such as Black Lives Matter and Decolonising the Curriculum have asked us to reflect on the assumptions, hierarchies and norms underpinning the structures of society, including the production of knowledge and the higher education system. This round table brings together scholars from diverse disciplinary and methodological backgrounds to examine the prospects, possibilities and challenges of what decolonising Irish history might mean for our field. It sets these discussions within broader frameworks, considering both the relationship of Irish historical writing to postcolonial theory and the developments in the latter field in the last twenty years. It also reflects on the sociology of our discipline and makes suggestions for future research agendas.
{"title":"Round table: Decolonising Irish history? Possibilities, challenges, practices","authors":"Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid, Shahmima Akhtar, D. Hassett, K. Kenny, L. McAtackney, I. McBride, Timothy G. McMahon, J. Ohlmeyer","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.57","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The nature of Ireland's place within the British Empire continues to attract significant public and scholarly attention. While historians of Ireland have long accepted the complexity of Ireland's imperial past as both colonised and coloniser, the broader public debate has grown more heated in recent months, buffeted by Brexit, the Decade of Centenaries and global events. At the same time, the imperatives of social movements such as Black Lives Matter and Decolonising the Curriculum have asked us to reflect on the assumptions, hierarchies and norms underpinning the structures of society, including the production of knowledge and the higher education system. This round table brings together scholars from diverse disciplinary and methodological backgrounds to examine the prospects, possibilities and challenges of what decolonising Irish history might mean for our field. It sets these discussions within broader frameworks, considering both the relationship of Irish historical writing to postcolonial theory and the developments in the latter field in the last twenty years. It also reflects on the sociology of our discipline and makes suggestions for future research agendas.","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48587124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Violent loyalties: manliness, migration and the Irish in the Canadas, 1798–1841. By Jane G. V. McGaughey. Pp 256. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2020. £80 hardback.","authors":"Kyle R Hughes","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.36","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45830463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Queer history is still in its infancy in Ireland, with political approaches and the more recent past, and the gay rights movement particularly, providing the primary focus so far. This article takes a different approach by investigating the everyday experiences, identities and policing of men who had sex with men in the early twentieth century. Using two extraordinary case studies from Belfast during the First World War, I explore different lives ― from youth to adulthood, sexual encounter to arrest, and trial to life afterwards. I argue that queer culture in Belfast shared aspects with other western metropolises, particularly in terms of urban cruising, payment for sex and relationships structured by class. Public responses too, from newspaper to courtroom, were articulated through transnational formulations of respectability and masculinity. At the same time, however, Belfast's queer men were shaped by their movement within a peculiarly Irish network of places, both in and beyond the country's borders. Religious and political structures specific to Ulster also affected how such men fared in the legal system and in their lives following their trials. By detailing both the similarities yet divergences of queer experience in Belfast, I thus aim to raise a new agenda for studying male sexuality in the north of Ireland.
{"title":"Queer Belfast during the First World War: masculinity and same-sex desire in the Irish city","authors":"T. Hulme","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.54","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Queer history is still in its infancy in Ireland, with political approaches and the more recent past, and the gay rights movement particularly, providing the primary focus so far. This article takes a different approach by investigating the everyday experiences, identities and policing of men who had sex with men in the early twentieth century. Using two extraordinary case studies from Belfast during the First World War, I explore different lives ― from youth to adulthood, sexual encounter to arrest, and trial to life afterwards. I argue that queer culture in Belfast shared aspects with other western metropolises, particularly in terms of urban cruising, payment for sex and relationships structured by class. Public responses too, from newspaper to courtroom, were articulated through transnational formulations of respectability and masculinity. At the same time, however, Belfast's queer men were shaped by their movement within a peculiarly Irish network of places, both in and beyond the country's borders. Religious and political structures specific to Ulster also affected how such men fared in the legal system and in their lives following their trials. By detailing both the similarities yet divergences of queer experience in Belfast, I thus aim to raise a new agenda for studying male sexuality in the north of Ireland.","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45919365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Snapshot stories: visuality, photography, and the social history of Ireland, 1922–2000. By Erika Hanna. Pp 288. Oxford University Press. 2020. £60 hardback.","authors":"L. Godson","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.47","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44504302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
many of what Brundage terms the ‘ongoing work of political imagination and discursive invention’ that was central to advancing Irish nationalist ideas (p. 5). Arranged chronologically, the book journeys from the Tones and the exiles of 1798 through to the Good Friday Agreement at the close of the twentieth century. Each chapter succinctly contextualises events in America by providing a backdrop of the political developments in Ireland. The adoption of such a broad timeframe allows Brundage to demonstrate the changing nature of Irish American nationalism, which was in a regular state of flux. Physical force and constitutional nationalists both enjoyed their moments in the sun, just as both experienced stretches in the doldrums. Throughout they had to contend with the constant evolution of Irish America itself. The religious, social and political diasporic world encountered by the United Irish exiles of the early 1800s was a very different place to the one found by the Young Irelanders of the 1850s, or the anti-treaty republicans of the 1920s. The author also finds variance and complexity in the nationalist ideals espoused throughout his study period. While some embraced a radical republican vision, others were more conservative, aspiring towards more moderate change. Equally there were those who advocated for a secular nationalism, just as there were those who desired to see Catholicism at the heart of any independent Ireland. And while some confined themselves solely to the cause of Ireland, there were others for whom nationalism was but one component of a wider struggle for transnational social and political change. A particularly refreshing aspect of Brundage’s work is his effort to explore the track record of Irish nationalists on the inclusion (and exclusion) of women, and their position on issues such as women’s suffrage. Again, here he encounters much contrast. Writing in 1915, Mary J. O’Donovan Rossa— who supported the right to vote— opined that within Clan na Gael women ‘must be absolutely under obedience to the authorised men and takewilling guidance from them’ (p.139). Meanwhile, others, such as the nationalists of the United Irish League of America, were welcoming women to leading positions within their organisation at a time when only one Irish United Irish League branch was admitting them to membership. Brundage provides similar insights into nationalist interactions with labour activism and racial inequality, issues which (along with political engagement) serve to illustrate how life in America could influence Irish nationalists and how they, in turn, influenced America. Among the former were men like Denis Driscol, the anti-slavery United Irishman who in the United States published offers of reward for runaways and defended the often-extreme punishments inflicted upon the enslaved. Among the latter were those like anti-treaty I.R.A. veteran Mike Quill, who in 1934 was elected president of the 30,000 strong Transport Workers’Union a
许多被布伦戴奇称为“正在进行的政治想象和话语发明的工作”，这是推进爱尔兰民族主义思想的核心(第5页)。这本书按时间顺序排列，从1798年的Tones和流亡者到20世纪末的耶稣受难节协议。每一章都通过提供爱尔兰政治发展的背景，简洁地将美国的事件置于背景中。采用如此广泛的时间框架，使布伦戴奇能够展示爱尔兰裔美国人民族主义的变化性质，这种民族主义一直处于不断变化的状态。体力力量和宪法民族主义者都享受着他们的阳光时刻，就像他们都经历了萧条时期一样。在整个过程中，他们不得不与爱尔兰裔美国自身的不断演变作斗争。19世纪初，爱尔兰统一党流亡者所处的宗教、社会和政治流散世界，与19世纪50年代的青年爱尔兰人或20世纪20年代的反条约共和派所处的世界截然不同。作者还发现，在他的整个研究期间，他所拥护的民族主义理想具有多样性和复杂性。一些人拥护激进的共和主义，而另一些人则更为保守，渴望更温和的变革。同样，也有一些人主张世俗民族主义，就像有人希望看到天主教成为任何独立的爱尔兰的核心一样。虽然有些人只把自己局限于爱尔兰的事业，但对另一些人来说，民族主义只是争取跨国社会和政治变革的更广泛斗争的一个组成部分。布伦戴奇的作品中一个特别令人耳目一新的方面是，他努力探索爱尔兰民族主义者在包容(或排斥)女性方面的历史记录，以及他们在女性选举权等问题上的立场。在这里，他又遇到了很多反差。支持投票权的Mary J. O ' donovan Rossa在1915年写道，在na Gael部族中，妇女“必须绝对服从授权的男子，并自愿接受他们的指导”(第139页)。与此同时，其他一些人，如美国爱尔兰联合联盟的民族主义者，在只有一个爱尔兰联合爱尔兰联盟分支机构接纳女性成员的情况下，欢迎女性担任其组织内的领导职务。布伦戴奇对民族主义与劳工激进主义和种族不平等的互动提供了类似的见解，这些问题(以及政治参与)有助于说明美国的生活如何影响爱尔兰民族主义者，以及他们如何反过来影响美国。前者中有像丹尼斯·德里斯科尔(Denis Driscol)这样的人，他是反奴隶制的联合爱尔兰人(United irish)，他在美国发布悬赏，悬赏逃亡者，并捍卫对被奴役者施加的往往极端的惩罚。后者包括反对条约的爱尔兰共和军老兵迈克·奎尔(Mike Quill)，他在1934年被选为拥有3万人的运输工人工会(Transport Workers’union)的主席，后来成为纽约市议会议员。这本书的范围很广，方法也很吸引人。布伦戴奇甚至为偶尔涉足全球爱尔兰民族主义找到了空间，比如在更广阔世界的芬尼主义部分(第108-10页)。这本书成功地将一个令人生畏的广泛话题组织成一个有凝聚力的、写得很好的、有见地的整体，肯定会成为一个标准的文本。它代表了一个重要的和非常有用的贡献，以研究爱尔兰民族主义的跨国视角不断扩大的学术工作机构。
{"title":"The unstoppable Irish: songs and integration of the New York Irish, 1783–1883. By Dan Milner. Pp 294. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 2019. $40 hardback.","authors":"D. Shiels","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.38","url":null,"abstract":"many of what Brundage terms the ‘ongoing work of political imagination and discursive invention’ that was central to advancing Irish nationalist ideas (p. 5). Arranged chronologically, the book journeys from the Tones and the exiles of 1798 through to the Good Friday Agreement at the close of the twentieth century. Each chapter succinctly contextualises events in America by providing a backdrop of the political developments in Ireland. The adoption of such a broad timeframe allows Brundage to demonstrate the changing nature of Irish American nationalism, which was in a regular state of flux. Physical force and constitutional nationalists both enjoyed their moments in the sun, just as both experienced stretches in the doldrums. Throughout they had to contend with the constant evolution of Irish America itself. The religious, social and political diasporic world encountered by the United Irish exiles of the early 1800s was a very different place to the one found by the Young Irelanders of the 1850s, or the anti-treaty republicans of the 1920s. The author also finds variance and complexity in the nationalist ideals espoused throughout his study period. While some embraced a radical republican vision, others were more conservative, aspiring towards more moderate change. Equally there were those who advocated for a secular nationalism, just as there were those who desired to see Catholicism at the heart of any independent Ireland. And while some confined themselves solely to the cause of Ireland, there were others for whom nationalism was but one component of a wider struggle for transnational social and political change. A particularly refreshing aspect of Brundage’s work is his effort to explore the track record of Irish nationalists on the inclusion (and exclusion) of women, and their position on issues such as women’s suffrage. Again, here he encounters much contrast. Writing in 1915, Mary J. O’Donovan Rossa— who supported the right to vote— opined that within Clan na Gael women ‘must be absolutely under obedience to the authorised men and takewilling guidance from them’ (p.139). Meanwhile, others, such as the nationalists of the United Irish League of America, were welcoming women to leading positions within their organisation at a time when only one Irish United Irish League branch was admitting them to membership. Brundage provides similar insights into nationalist interactions with labour activism and racial inequality, issues which (along with political engagement) serve to illustrate how life in America could influence Irish nationalists and how they, in turn, influenced America. Among the former were men like Denis Driscol, the anti-slavery United Irishman who in the United States published offers of reward for runaways and defended the often-extreme punishments inflicted upon the enslaved. Among the latter were those like anti-treaty I.R.A. veteran Mike Quill, who in 1934 was elected president of the 30,000 strong Transport Workers’Union a","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56644160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The literary afterlives of Roger Casement, 1899–2016. By Alison Garden. Pp 237. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2020. £80 hardback.","authors":"M. McAuliffe","doi":"10.1017/ihs.2021.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.45","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44187,"journal":{"name":"IRISH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44918820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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