Crystal Vargos, Skip M. Williams, Mary L. Henninger, Margo Coleman, R. Burns
Abstract Study aim: To examine single-sex classes versus coeducational classes in 7th grade PE and the effect the setting had on physical activity (PA) levels and self-competence. Material and methods: A total of 85 students aged 12–13 years old, enrolled in the 7th grade from one junior high in the Midwestern part of the U.S.A. participated. Classes were randomly assigned as coed or single-sex. The study took place during eight lessons of a basketball unit. Four of the lessons focused on skill and four focused on game play. Average heart rate (HR) levels were recorded through HR monitors. A modified version of the Confidence in Learning Mathematics scale was administered to the students. Results: A 2 × 2 Factorial ANOVA was completed to examine the effect of setting and gender on average HR during gameplay lessons, average HR during skill-based lessons, confidence, usefulness, and appropriateness. Results revealed on average, girls had fewer bpm compared to boys during gameplay. Also, girls in the single-sex setting had, on average, higher HR during gameplay compared to girls in coeducational. Conclusions: Similarly, to other research, males had higher bpm during game play than females and higher HR’s in the single-sex setting than the coed setting. This suggests that during basketball it might be more ideal for females to participate in a single-sex setting to elicit more activity.
{"title":"The effects of single-sex versus coeducational physical education on american junior high PE students’ physical activity levels and self-competence","authors":"Crystal Vargos, Skip M. Williams, Mary L. Henninger, Margo Coleman, R. Burns","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2021-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2021-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Study aim: To examine single-sex classes versus coeducational classes in 7th grade PE and the effect the setting had on physical activity (PA) levels and self-competence. Material and methods: A total of 85 students aged 12–13 years old, enrolled in the 7th grade from one junior high in the Midwestern part of the U.S.A. participated. Classes were randomly assigned as coed or single-sex. The study took place during eight lessons of a basketball unit. Four of the lessons focused on skill and four focused on game play. Average heart rate (HR) levels were recorded through HR monitors. A modified version of the Confidence in Learning Mathematics scale was administered to the students. Results: A 2 × 2 Factorial ANOVA was completed to examine the effect of setting and gender on average HR during gameplay lessons, average HR during skill-based lessons, confidence, usefulness, and appropriateness. Results revealed on average, girls had fewer bpm compared to boys during gameplay. Also, girls in the single-sex setting had, on average, higher HR during gameplay compared to girls in coeducational. Conclusions: Similarly, to other research, males had higher bpm during game play than females and higher HR’s in the single-sex setting than the coed setting. This suggests that during basketball it might be more ideal for females to participate in a single-sex setting to elicit more activity.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"13 1","pages":"170 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85785140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Study aim: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of different times of day on static and dynamic balance performance. Material and methods: Thirty male individuals (age 22 ± 1.2 years, BMI 23.4 ± 1.3 kg/m2, height 178.5 ± 6.52 cm) volunteered for the study. The participants performed static and dynamic balance tests at 10:00, 15:00, and 20:00. Static and dynamic balance were measured using Y Balance Test (YBT) and the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). One-factor repeated measures ANOVA with the LSD post-hoc procedure was performed to examine balance changes in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Results: Results indicated a significant difference in static balance scores at different times of day (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicates that mean of errors in afternoon exhibits significantly smaller than those of morning (p = 0.024), and evening (p = 0.029). Other results showed significant differences in dynamic balance at different times of day (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicates that means of reaching distance in afternoon exhibits significantly larger than those of morning (p = 0.032), and evening (p = 0.026). Conclusions: The results provide strong evidence about the effect of different times of day on performance.
{"title":"The effect of diurnal rhythms on static and dynamic balance performance","authors":"A. Dana, A. Sabzi, S. Ghorbani, Amir Ghiami Rad","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2021-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2021-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Study aim: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of different times of day on static and dynamic balance performance. Material and methods: Thirty male individuals (age 22 ± 1.2 years, BMI 23.4 ± 1.3 kg/m2, height 178.5 ± 6.52 cm) volunteered for the study. The participants performed static and dynamic balance tests at 10:00, 15:00, and 20:00. Static and dynamic balance were measured using Y Balance Test (YBT) and the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). One-factor repeated measures ANOVA with the LSD post-hoc procedure was performed to examine balance changes in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Results: Results indicated a significant difference in static balance scores at different times of day (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicates that mean of errors in afternoon exhibits significantly smaller than those of morning (p = 0.024), and evening (p = 0.029). Other results showed significant differences in dynamic balance at different times of day (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicates that means of reaching distance in afternoon exhibits significantly larger than those of morning (p = 0.032), and evening (p = 0.026). Conclusions: The results provide strong evidence about the effect of different times of day on performance.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"25 1","pages":"205 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83768252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Salin, M. Huhtiniemi, Anthony Watt, K. Mononen, T. Jaakkola
Abstract Study aim: While there is wide debate around specialization in one sport, there is a lack of information about fitness levels and motor competence of children participating in single or multiple sports. Material and methods: The study involved 358 fifth-grade children who participated in a set of health-related fitness and motor competence tests over two consecutive years. A subsample of children (n = 109) wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days. The independent samples t-test and ANCOVA were used to compare differences between single and multi-sport participants in study variables and changes between baseline and follow-up. Results: Multi-sport participants performed better in shuttle run (baseline/follow-up; p = 0.001/p = 0.006), push-up (p = 0.006/p = 0.036), and five leap tests (p = 0.001/p = 0.009) in baseline than single sport participants among boys. Likewise, multi-sport participants showed significantly more improvement in the throwing and catching combination test between study years among boys F1,159 = 3.570, p = 0.030. Among girls, no differences were found in any study variable between single and multi-sport participants. Conclusions: From the perspective of fitness and motor competence tests, there are no arguments for participating in just one sport at an early age. Instead, multi-sport participants performed better than single sport participants in the majority of test variables.
摘要:研究目的:虽然关于一项运动的专业化存在广泛的争论，但缺乏关于儿童参加单一或多种运动的健康水平和运动能力的信息。材料和方法:这项研究涉及358名五年级儿童，他们在连续两年的时间里参加了一系列与健康相关的健身和运动能力测试。儿童的子样本(n = 109)连续7天佩戴加速度计。采用独立样本t检验和ANCOVA比较单运动和多运动参与者在研究变量上的差异以及基线和随访之间的变化。结果:多运动参与者穿梭跑(基线/随访)表现较好;P = 0.001/ P = 0.006)，俯卧撑(P = 0.006/ P = 0.036)和五个跳跃测试(P = 0.001/ P = 0.009)的基线比单一运动参与者的男孩。同样，多运动项目参与者在投掷和接球组合测试中表现出更显著的进步(f1159 = 3.570, p = 0.030)。在女孩中，在单一和多种运动参与者之间没有发现任何研究变量的差异。结论:从体能和运动能力测试的角度来看，在早期只参加一项运动是没有争议的。相反，在大多数测试变量中，多运动参与者比单一运动参与者表现得更好。
{"title":"Contrasts in fitness, motor competence and physical activity among children involved in single or multiple sports","authors":"K. Salin, M. Huhtiniemi, Anthony Watt, K. Mononen, T. Jaakkola","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Study aim: While there is wide debate around specialization in one sport, there is a lack of information about fitness levels and motor competence of children participating in single or multiple sports. Material and methods: The study involved 358 fifth-grade children who participated in a set of health-related fitness and motor competence tests over two consecutive years. A subsample of children (n = 109) wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days. The independent samples t-test and ANCOVA were used to compare differences between single and multi-sport participants in study variables and changes between baseline and follow-up. Results: Multi-sport participants performed better in shuttle run (baseline/follow-up; p = 0.001/p = 0.006), push-up (p = 0.006/p = 0.036), and five leap tests (p = 0.001/p = 0.009) in baseline than single sport participants among boys. Likewise, multi-sport participants showed significantly more improvement in the throwing and catching combination test between study years among boys F1,159 = 3.570, p = 0.030. Among girls, no differences were found in any study variable between single and multi-sport participants. Conclusions: From the perspective of fitness and motor competence tests, there are no arguments for participating in just one sport at an early age. Instead, multi-sport participants performed better than single sport participants in the majority of test variables.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80822046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Schwartz, M. Takito, D. Warburton, L. Antonietti, E. Franchini
Abstract Study aim: Martial arts and combat sports have been an alternative for individuals seeking the health benefits of physical activity and exercise, but little is known about its practitioners’ quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the quality of life of practitioners of five of the most common modalities in Brazil. Material and methods: A total of 922 young men, competitive and recreational practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, karate, kung-fu, and taekwondo, answered the Brazilian version of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Results: The results for each domain – physical, psychological, social, and environmental – are, respectively, as follow (mean ± standard deviation): Brazilian jiu-jitsu: 74 ± 11, 75 ± 12, 77 ± 17, 67 ± 14; judo: 74 ± 13, 75 ± 12, 77 ± 15, 64 ± 12; karate: 76 ± 13, 75 ± 12, 78 ± 15, 64 ± 13; kung-fu: 77 ± 13, 75 ± 13, 74 ± 17, 65 ± 13; taekwondo: 76 ± 12, 76 ± 11, 78 ± 16, 64 ± 13; total: 75 ± 13, 75 ± 12, 77 ± 16, 65 ± 13. There was no difference between modalities and no interaction between modalities and experience level. All groups and the total sample presented higher values than the normative national data in the physical and psychological domains. This was also the case for the judo, karate, and taekwondo groups, as well as the total sample in the social domain, and for the Brazilian jiu-jitsu and the whole sample in the environmental domain. Additionally, in the whole sample competitors scored higher than recreational practitioners in the psychological domain. Conclusion: These findings reveal that the practice of these modalities is associated with higher quality of life than the normative values. Longitudinal studies are warranted for a better understanding of this association.
{"title":"Quality of life in Brazilian martial arts and combat sports practitioners","authors":"J. Schwartz, M. Takito, D. Warburton, L. Antonietti, E. Franchini","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2021-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2021-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Study aim: Martial arts and combat sports have been an alternative for individuals seeking the health benefits of physical activity and exercise, but little is known about its practitioners’ quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the quality of life of practitioners of five of the most common modalities in Brazil. Material and methods: A total of 922 young men, competitive and recreational practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, karate, kung-fu, and taekwondo, answered the Brazilian version of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Results: The results for each domain – physical, psychological, social, and environmental – are, respectively, as follow (mean ± standard deviation): Brazilian jiu-jitsu: 74 ± 11, 75 ± 12, 77 ± 17, 67 ± 14; judo: 74 ± 13, 75 ± 12, 77 ± 15, 64 ± 12; karate: 76 ± 13, 75 ± 12, 78 ± 15, 64 ± 13; kung-fu: 77 ± 13, 75 ± 13, 74 ± 17, 65 ± 13; taekwondo: 76 ± 12, 76 ± 11, 78 ± 16, 64 ± 13; total: 75 ± 13, 75 ± 12, 77 ± 16, 65 ± 13. There was no difference between modalities and no interaction between modalities and experience level. All groups and the total sample presented higher values than the normative national data in the physical and psychological domains. This was also the case for the judo, karate, and taekwondo groups, as well as the total sample in the social domain, and for the Brazilian jiu-jitsu and the whole sample in the environmental domain. Additionally, in the whole sample competitors scored higher than recreational practitioners in the psychological domain. Conclusion: These findings reveal that the practice of these modalities is associated with higher quality of life than the normative values. Longitudinal studies are warranted for a better understanding of this association.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"90 1","pages":"212 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76731196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Study aim: To investigate the effect of wearing ski boots on kinematic and kinetic parameters of lower limbs during gait. Furthermore, loads in lower limb joints were assessed using the musculoskeletal model. Material and methods: The study examined 10 healthy women with shoe size 40 (EUR). Kinematic and kinetic data of walking in ski boots and barefoot were collected using a Vicon system and Kistler plates. A musculoskeletal model derived from AnyBody Modeling System was used to calculate joint reaction forces. Results: Wearing ski boots caused the range of motion in the knee joint to be significantly smaller and the hip joint to be significantly larger. Muscle torques were significantly greater in walking in ski boots for the knee and hip joints. Wearing ski boots reduced the reaction forces in the lower limb joints by 18% for the ankle, 16% for the knee, and 39% for the hip. Conclusions: Ski boot causes changes in the ranges of angles in the lower limb joints and increases muscle torques in the knee and hip joints but it does not increase the load on the joints. Walking in a ski boot is not destructive in terms of forces acting in the lower limb joints.
{"title":"How does the ski boot affect human gait and joint loading?","authors":"Karol Lann vel Lace, M. Błażkiewicz","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2021-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2021-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Study aim: To investigate the effect of wearing ski boots on kinematic and kinetic parameters of lower limbs during gait. Furthermore, loads in lower limb joints were assessed using the musculoskeletal model. Material and methods: The study examined 10 healthy women with shoe size 40 (EUR). Kinematic and kinetic data of walking in ski boots and barefoot were collected using a Vicon system and Kistler plates. A musculoskeletal model derived from AnyBody Modeling System was used to calculate joint reaction forces. Results: Wearing ski boots caused the range of motion in the knee joint to be significantly smaller and the hip joint to be significantly larger. Muscle torques were significantly greater in walking in ski boots for the knee and hip joints. Wearing ski boots reduced the reaction forces in the lower limb joints by 18% for the ankle, 16% for the knee, and 39% for the hip. Conclusions: Ski boot causes changes in the ranges of angles in the lower limb joints and increases muscle torques in the knee and hip joints but it does not increase the load on the joints. Walking in a ski boot is not destructive in terms of forces acting in the lower limb joints.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"20 1","pages":"163 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83338955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charis Tsarbou, Nikolaos I. Liveris, P. Tsimeas, George Papageorgiou, S. Xergia, A. Tsiokanos
Abstract Study aim: To investigate the effect of fatigue, induced by a volleyball training game on the risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. Material and methods: Thirteen female volleyball college athletes, ages 18 to 21 years old, completed jump landings from a box 30 cm height, prior and post a 60-minute volleyball training game. The clinical tool Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) was employed in order to evaluate the technique of landing prior and post the game. The level of fatigue induced by the volleyball game was assessed by vertical jump test and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale pre and post-game. In order to compare measurements pre and post-game t-tests for dependent samples were used. Results: Participants performed lower vertical jumps post-game with a Confidence Interval of 26.2 ± 2.3 cm (pre-game) and 24.9 ± 2.2 cm (post game). The difference between pre and post-game was found to be statistically significant with a t12 = 2.55 and a p-value of 0.026. In the case of assessing fatigue, the Borg RPE scale scores were found to be statistically significant (t12 = 14.05, p < 0.001) higher post-game (10.2 ± 0.6), as compared to pre-game (6.5 ± 0.4). Similarly, LESS scores increased significantly (t12 = 2.21, p = 0.047), post-game (6.3 ± 1.1) compared to pre-game (5.8 ± 1.0) that prove poorer landing ability. Conclusion: It seems that a short duration volleyball training game induces fatigue and negatively affects the jumping and landing ability.
摘要研究目的:探讨排球训练后疲劳对前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤风险的影响。材料与方法:对13名18 ~ 21岁的高校女排球运动员进行赛前、赛后60分钟的排球训练，完成30厘米高的箱子起跳。采用临床工具落地失误评分系统(Landing Error Scoring System, LESS)对比赛前后的落地技术进行评价。采用垂直起跳测验和博格运动强度评定量表(Borg Rating of Perceived exhaustion, RPE)评估排球赛前后的疲劳程度。为了比较游戏前和游戏后的测量值，使用了相关样本的t检验。结果:参与者在游戏后的垂直跳跃水平较低，置信区间为26.2±2.3 cm(游戏前)和24.9±2.2 cm(游戏后)。赛前与赛后的差异有统计学意义，t12 = 2.55, p值为0.026。在评估疲劳的情况下，Borg RPE量表得分被发现具有统计学意义(t12 = 14.05, p < 0.001)，赛后(10.2±0.6)高于赛前(6.5±0.4)。同样，LESS得分(t12 = 2.21, p = 0.047)与比赛前(5.8±1.0)相比，比赛后得分(6.3±1.1)显著增加，表明着陆能力较差。结论:短时间排球训练会引起疲劳，并对起跳和落地能力产生负面影响。
{"title":"The effect of fatigue on jump height and the risk of knee injury after a volleyball training game: A pilot study","authors":"Charis Tsarbou, Nikolaos I. Liveris, P. Tsimeas, George Papageorgiou, S. Xergia, A. Tsiokanos","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2021-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2021-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Study aim: To investigate the effect of fatigue, induced by a volleyball training game on the risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. Material and methods: Thirteen female volleyball college athletes, ages 18 to 21 years old, completed jump landings from a box 30 cm height, prior and post a 60-minute volleyball training game. The clinical tool Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) was employed in order to evaluate the technique of landing prior and post the game. The level of fatigue induced by the volleyball game was assessed by vertical jump test and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale pre and post-game. In order to compare measurements pre and post-game t-tests for dependent samples were used. Results: Participants performed lower vertical jumps post-game with a Confidence Interval of 26.2 ± 2.3 cm (pre-game) and 24.9 ± 2.2 cm (post game). The difference between pre and post-game was found to be statistically significant with a t12 = 2.55 and a p-value of 0.026. In the case of assessing fatigue, the Borg RPE scale scores were found to be statistically significant (t12 = 14.05, p < 0.001) higher post-game (10.2 ± 0.6), as compared to pre-game (6.5 ± 0.4). Similarly, LESS scores increased significantly (t12 = 2.21, p = 0.047), post-game (6.3 ± 1.1) compared to pre-game (5.8 ± 1.0) that prove poorer landing ability. Conclusion: It seems that a short duration volleyball training game induces fatigue and negatively affects the jumping and landing ability.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"35 1","pages":"197 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87310643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Study aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of adopting an external focus of attention on motor learning among girls with ADHD aged seven and eleven years. Material and methods: Twenty-four seven-year-old and 24 eleven-year-old female children with symptoms of ADHD were randomly assigned to groups receiving either external focus of attention (EXT) instructions or internal focus of attention (INT) instructions, making four experimental groups: EXT-7, INT-7, EXT-11, and INT-11. Participants performed a pretest followed by five training blocks under an external or internal instruction and were then given a retention test one day later. After training, we employed a manipulation check to verify the children’s type and intensity of focus. Results: Adopting an external focus of attention, compared to an internal focus of attention, led to better motor learning among girls with ADHD (F1, 44 = 5.08, p = 0.029, η2 = 0.10). In addition, adopting an external focus of attention reduced the children’s tendency to focus on self. Older children performed better than younger children in balance time (F1, 44 = 16.10, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.26). Conclusions: Our results indicate that propositions of the OPTIMAL theory can be extended to children with ADHD.
摘要研究目的:本研究的目的是研究采用外部注意力焦点对7岁和11岁ADHD女孩运动学习的影响。材料与方法:将24名7岁和24名11岁有ADHD症状的女性儿童随机分为接受外部注意焦点(EXT)指令组和内部注意焦点(INT)指令组，分为EXT-7、INT-7、EXT-11、INT-11四个实验组。参与者在外部或内部指导下进行了五个训练模块的预测试，然后在一天后进行了记忆保留测试。训练结束后，我们采用手法检查来验证儿童的专注类型和强度。结果:采用外部注意焦点比采用内部注意焦点更有利于ADHD女孩的运动学习(F1, 44 = 5.08, p = 0.029， η2 = 0.10)。此外，采用外部关注焦点减少了儿童关注自我的倾向。年龄较大的儿童在平衡时间上的表现优于年龄较小的儿童(F1, 44 = 16.10, p < 0.001， η2 = 0.26)。结论:我们的研究结果表明，优化理论的命题可以推广到ADHD儿童。
{"title":"Effects of external focus of attention on learning static balance among girls with ADHD","authors":"S. Ghorbani, A. Dana, E. Christodoulides","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2020-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2020-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Study aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of adopting an external focus of attention on motor learning among girls with ADHD aged seven and eleven years. Material and methods: Twenty-four seven-year-old and 24 eleven-year-old female children with symptoms of ADHD were randomly assigned to groups receiving either external focus of attention (EXT) instructions or internal focus of attention (INT) instructions, making four experimental groups: EXT-7, INT-7, EXT-11, and INT-11. Participants performed a pretest followed by five training blocks under an external or internal instruction and were then given a retention test one day later. After training, we employed a manipulation check to verify the children’s type and intensity of focus. Results: Adopting an external focus of attention, compared to an internal focus of attention, led to better motor learning among girls with ADHD (F1, 44 = 5.08, p = 0.029, η2 = 0.10). In addition, adopting an external focus of attention reduced the children’s tendency to focus on self. Older children performed better than younger children in balance time (F1, 44 = 16.10, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.26). Conclusions: Our results indicate that propositions of the OPTIMAL theory can be extended to children with ADHD.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"13 1","pages":"69 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89663870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Study aim: In a volleyball game, multiple elements can influence competitive success, e.g. height, arm span and other anthropometric variables. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to find out whether any differences exist between Indian inter-university male and female volleyball players as well as between players and a reference group in terms of anthropometry and handgrip strength. Materials and methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted on 114 randomly selected Indian inter-university male (n = 50) and female (n = 64) volleyball players aged 18–25 years. An equal number of reference group individuals who did not participate in any exercise or training programme were also taken. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), hand length, hand breadth, second digit length, fourth digit length, second and fourth digit ratio (2D/4D ratio), upper arm length, forearm length, total arm length, upper arm circumference, hip circumference; humerus and femur biepicondylar diameters, handgrip strength (dominant/non-dominant), arm muscle area, arm area, arm fat area, arm fat index, % body fat, and % lean body mass were measured with equipment including an anthropometer, sliding caliper, handgrip dynamometer and skinfold caliper using standard techniques. The data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Student’s t-test was applied for the comparison of data between players and the reference group. Differences between the groups were analysed using the oneway ANOVA test. Bonferroni post hoc test was applied after application of the ANOVA test. Effect size was also calculated. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was indicated using a 5% level of probability. Results: Male volleyball players had higher mean values in height, body weight, hand length, hand breadth, second and fourth digit length, dominant and non-dominant handgrip strength, humerus and femur biepicondylar diameter, upper arm length, forearm length and total arm length, arm muscle area, arm area and percent lean body mass than the reference group. Similar findings were observed between female players and the reference group also. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05–0.001) were also observed between male and female players except BMI, 2D/4D ratio, and arm fat area. These findings were supported by the effect size (η) calculations. Conclusion: Volleyball players had better height, weight, hand and arm anthropometrics, handgrip strength and % lean body mass as compared to the reference group. Significant differences were found in anthropometry and handgrip strength between players and reference group individuals, suggesting that these findings could be very useful for player selection and talent identification in sports.
{"title":"Comparison of anthropometric profile and handgrip strength between inter-university volleyball players and a reference group","authors":"A. Khanna, S. Koley","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2020-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2020-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Study aim: In a volleyball game, multiple elements can influence competitive success, e.g. height, arm span and other anthropometric variables. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to find out whether any differences exist between Indian inter-university male and female volleyball players as well as between players and a reference group in terms of anthropometry and handgrip strength. Materials and methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted on 114 randomly selected Indian inter-university male (n = 50) and female (n = 64) volleyball players aged 18–25 years. An equal number of reference group individuals who did not participate in any exercise or training programme were also taken. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), hand length, hand breadth, second digit length, fourth digit length, second and fourth digit ratio (2D/4D ratio), upper arm length, forearm length, total arm length, upper arm circumference, hip circumference; humerus and femur biepicondylar diameters, handgrip strength (dominant/non-dominant), arm muscle area, arm area, arm fat area, arm fat index, % body fat, and % lean body mass were measured with equipment including an anthropometer, sliding caliper, handgrip dynamometer and skinfold caliper using standard techniques. The data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Student’s t-test was applied for the comparison of data between players and the reference group. Differences between the groups were analysed using the oneway ANOVA test. Bonferroni post hoc test was applied after application of the ANOVA test. Effect size was also calculated. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was indicated using a 5% level of probability. Results: Male volleyball players had higher mean values in height, body weight, hand length, hand breadth, second and fourth digit length, dominant and non-dominant handgrip strength, humerus and femur biepicondylar diameter, upper arm length, forearm length and total arm length, arm muscle area, arm area and percent lean body mass than the reference group. Similar findings were observed between female players and the reference group also. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05–0.001) were also observed between male and female players except BMI, 2D/4D ratio, and arm fat area. These findings were supported by the effect size (η) calculations. Conclusion: Volleyball players had better height, weight, hand and arm anthropometrics, handgrip strength and % lean body mass as compared to the reference group. Significant differences were found in anthropometry and handgrip strength between players and reference group individuals, suggesting that these findings could be very useful for player selection and talent identification in sports.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"10 1","pages":"82 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81400339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Study aim: With contrary evidence regarding the effectiveness of acute whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on sporting performance, the current study examined WBVT’s effect on concentric torque of the quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H). Material and methods: Following ethical approval, 11 male team sport players (age: 22.9 ± 3.3 yrs, height: 1.80 ± 0.07 m, mass: 82.5 ± 12.6 kg) completed three separate weekly WBVT sessions. Baseline and post – WBVT intervention measurements of Q and H concentric torque were recorded, using an isokinetic dynamometer, at each session. Isokinetic knee extension and flexion was performed at 180os−1 through 90o range of motion. For the training intervention, vibration amplitude remained at 2 mm, while frequency was set at 0Hz, 30Hz or 50 Hz; randomised so participants experienced one frequency per session. Torque data (Nm) and H and Q ratio (H: Q) were analysed using 3-way and 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures respectively, with three within subjects’ factors: frequency, muscle group and intervention. Results: Main interaction effect (frequency x muscle group x intervention) was insignificant (P = 0.327). Significant muscle group x frequency (P = 0.029) and muscle group x intervention (P = 0.001) interactions were found. Intervention, regardless of WBVT, significantly increased concentric torque of H (P = 0.003) and significantly reduced concentric torque of Q (P = 0.031). While H: Q x frequency interaction was insignificant (P = 0.262), the intervention significantly improved H: Q (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Team sport athletes experience a muscle-specific response in peak concentric torque to lower-body exercise. Acute WBVT does not provide additional positive or negative effects on Q or H strength.
{"title":"Application of acute whole-body vibration and lower-body exercise: effects on concentric torque in lower-limb muscles","authors":"A. Hawkey, A. Dallaway","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2020-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2020-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Study aim: With contrary evidence regarding the effectiveness of acute whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on sporting performance, the current study examined WBVT’s effect on concentric torque of the quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H). Material and methods: Following ethical approval, 11 male team sport players (age: 22.9 ± 3.3 yrs, height: 1.80 ± 0.07 m, mass: 82.5 ± 12.6 kg) completed three separate weekly WBVT sessions. Baseline and post – WBVT intervention measurements of Q and H concentric torque were recorded, using an isokinetic dynamometer, at each session. Isokinetic knee extension and flexion was performed at 180os−1 through 90o range of motion. For the training intervention, vibration amplitude remained at 2 mm, while frequency was set at 0Hz, 30Hz or 50 Hz; randomised so participants experienced one frequency per session. Torque data (Nm) and H and Q ratio (H: Q) were analysed using 3-way and 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures respectively, with three within subjects’ factors: frequency, muscle group and intervention. Results: Main interaction effect (frequency x muscle group x intervention) was insignificant (P = 0.327). Significant muscle group x frequency (P = 0.029) and muscle group x intervention (P = 0.001) interactions were found. Intervention, regardless of WBVT, significantly increased concentric torque of H (P = 0.003) and significantly reduced concentric torque of Q (P = 0.031). While H: Q x frequency interaction was insignificant (P = 0.262), the intervention significantly improved H: Q (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Team sport athletes experience a muscle-specific response in peak concentric torque to lower-body exercise. Acute WBVT does not provide additional positive or negative effects on Q or H strength.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"138 1","pages":"157 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72710044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Balkan, H. Keklicek, Yeliz Salcı, Umut Altinkaynak, K. Armutlu
Summary Study aim: It is important for therapists to incorporate new practical methods into therapy programs when they have demonstrable efficacy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Investigating the acute effects of myofascial release techniques (MFR) and passive stretching (PS) on hind foot loading and the severity of spasticity in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) was the aim of the study. Material and methods: Following the initial evaluation, 10 participants with MS (n = 20 feet) were given MFR for the plantar flexor muscle group. After the day following the first visit, participants were asked to come again and PS was applied to the plantar flexor muscle groups after the evaluation. The severity of spasticity was assessed with the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Dynamic loading parameters of the hind foot – medial and lateral maximum pressure (N/cm2), active contact areas (cm2), contact percentiles (%) – were evaluated with dynamic pedobarography. Participants of the study were evaluated four times: (1) at the initial evaluation, (2) after MFR application, (3) 24 hours after the initial evaluation (pre-PS), (4) after PS. Results: There were no differences in MAS (p > 0.05) according to time-dependent analyses (p > 0.05). After MFR, the maximum pressure of the medial heel and active contact area were increased (p < 0.05) and there was a carryover effect on the maximum pressure of the right foot. Conclusions: This study showed that MFR was an effective method for management of plantar flexor spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis in the short term and there was a carryover effect in favor of MFR. There was no additional effect of PS.
{"title":"Comparing the acute effect of myofascial release techniques and passive stretching on hind foot dynamic loading in patients with multiple sclerosis: A cohort-blinded study","authors":"A. Balkan, H. Keklicek, Yeliz Salcı, Umut Altinkaynak, K. Armutlu","doi":"10.2478/bhk-2020-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2020-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Study aim: It is important for therapists to incorporate new practical methods into therapy programs when they have demonstrable efficacy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Investigating the acute effects of myofascial release techniques (MFR) and passive stretching (PS) on hind foot loading and the severity of spasticity in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) was the aim of the study. Material and methods: Following the initial evaluation, 10 participants with MS (n = 20 feet) were given MFR for the plantar flexor muscle group. After the day following the first visit, participants were asked to come again and PS was applied to the plantar flexor muscle groups after the evaluation. The severity of spasticity was assessed with the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Dynamic loading parameters of the hind foot – medial and lateral maximum pressure (N/cm2), active contact areas (cm2), contact percentiles (%) – were evaluated with dynamic pedobarography. Participants of the study were evaluated four times: (1) at the initial evaluation, (2) after MFR application, (3) 24 hours after the initial evaluation (pre-PS), (4) after PS. Results: There were no differences in MAS (p > 0.05) according to time-dependent analyses (p > 0.05). After MFR, the maximum pressure of the medial heel and active contact area were increased (p < 0.05) and there was a carryover effect on the maximum pressure of the right foot. Conclusions: This study showed that MFR was an effective method for management of plantar flexor spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis in the short term and there was a carryover effect in favor of MFR. There was no additional effect of PS.","PeriodicalId":44223,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Human Kinetics","volume":"35 1","pages":"51 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77827531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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