Magical realism as an artistic genre has been specified principally as a literary genre in its development. It is generally thought to have originated in South American folklore and literary writing, but this is a creative style that is quintessentially African. Defying a neat definition, magical realism is understood in this article as about human beings interacting with their environment. Characterised by elements of the fantastic woven into a narrative with a sense of presentation, magical realism is controversial. The controversy ranges from political undertones where critics have thought the term a postcolonial label employed by colonisers to marginalise the fiction of the colonised to express alterity. In African oral literature, magical realism is a genre that has serves to reveal the intimate relationship between reality and fantasy. The focus in this article is therefore on the use of magical realism as a device in selected African literary works in English to show that this device is not only employed by third world writers to cover up their lack of artistic merit, but also to instill cultural values and norms. The intention is also to indicate the often subordinated grandeur of African oral and literary classics.
{"title":"Magical Realism Revisited: The Intimate Relationship between Reality and Fantasy in African Literature in English","authors":"Tukumbeje Mposa","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/1062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1062","url":null,"abstract":"Magical realism as an artistic genre has been specified principally as a literary genre in its development. It is generally thought to have originated in South American folklore and literary writing, but this is a creative style that is quintessentially African. Defying a neat definition, magical realism is understood in this article as about human beings interacting with their environment. Characterised by elements of the fantastic woven into a narrative with a sense of presentation, magical realism is controversial. The controversy ranges from political undertones where critics have thought the term a postcolonial label employed by colonisers to marginalise the fiction of the colonised to express alterity. In African oral literature, magical realism is a genre that has serves to reveal the intimate relationship between reality and fantasy. The focus in this article is therefore on the use of magical realism as a device in selected African literary works in English to show that this device is not only employed by third world writers to cover up their lack of artistic merit, but also to instill cultural values and norms. The intention is also to indicate the often subordinated grandeur of African oral and literary classics.","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128966833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following research paper has as the objective of analysing the development, implementation and results of Brazilian foreign policy towards the African continent. A brief, yet important historical background with relevant demographic and national attributes is included, with the focus on the history of foreign policy between the two from its recognition of the newly independent African states since the late 1950s and into the administrations of the last two Brazilian heads of state and government, Luis Inacio “Lula” Da Silva (2003-2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016). It is precisely during these last two periods where Africa became one of the top priorities for reaching and maintaining Brazilian national interests through international relations. The path chosen to pursue these goals is one related to what liberal and constructivist theories of international relations call soft power, a doctrine, in the Brazilian method, that emphasizes cultural, historical and ethnic links to Africa. Nevertheless, a delicate balance must be preserved with the domestic realities and constraints felt back in the home front, Brazil itself still being a country on the way to becoming truly “developed”, with many social problems remaining.
{"title":"Samba Power:Brazil's Modern Foreign Policy Directives towards the African Continent","authors":"A. D. Guzman","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/1877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1877","url":null,"abstract":"The following research paper has as the objective of analysing the development, implementation and results of Brazilian foreign policy towards the African continent. A brief, yet important historical background with relevant demographic and national attributes is included, with the focus on the history of foreign policy between the two from its recognition of the newly independent African states since the late 1950s and into the administrations of the last two Brazilian heads of state and government, Luis Inacio “Lula” Da Silva (2003-2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016). It is precisely during these last two periods where Africa became one of the top priorities for reaching and maintaining Brazilian national interests through international relations. The path chosen to pursue these goals is one related to what liberal and constructivist theories of international relations call soft power, a doctrine, in the Brazilian method, that emphasizes cultural, historical and ethnic links to Africa. Nevertheless, a delicate balance must be preserved with the domestic realities and constraints felt back in the home front, Brazil itself still being a country on the way to becoming truly “developed”, with many social problems remaining.","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134057781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article seeks to unveil the construction of the discourse of violence in liberation war films. It uses a South African film that deals with the anti-apartheid war launched by Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) guerrillas. Violence is represented by the war. The article borrows from the input of psychologists such as Baumester, Polaschek, Whitehead and King, who have written on violence, with a view to analysing the psychological construction of violence. The article argues that violence does not just command negative readings in the film; rather violence is seen as ambivalent and necessary. The article argues that there is a connection between violence and the idea of nation. It is through violence that nations reinforce notions of heroism, patriotism, villainy, pride and honour. It reveals how violence creates a cohesive element that binds a nation together. The article also analyses the relationship between masculinity and violence with a view to pointing out how masculinity and violence are linked to the nation through the concepts of heroism and sacrifice.
{"title":"The construction of the discourse of violence in liberation war films : the case of Catch a Fire (2006)","authors":"Kelvin Chikonzo, Barbara C. Manyarara","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/2176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/2176","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to unveil the construction of the discourse of violence in liberation war films. It uses a South African film that deals with the anti-apartheid war launched by Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) guerrillas. Violence is represented by the war. The article borrows from the input of psychologists such as Baumester, Polaschek, Whitehead and King, who have written on violence, with a view to analysing the psychological construction of violence. The article argues that violence does not just command negative readings in the film; rather violence is seen as ambivalent and necessary. The article argues that there is a connection between violence and the idea of nation. It is through violence that nations reinforce notions of heroism, patriotism, villainy, pride and honour. It reveals how violence creates a cohesive element that binds a nation together. The article also analyses the relationship between masculinity and violence with a view to pointing out how masculinity and violence are linked to the nation through the concepts of heroism and sacrifice.","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"244 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122494310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article draws attention to the existence and emergence of a body of fictional works produced on Zimbabwe's Diaspora between the years from 2000 to 2014. It is the contention of the article that these literary works represent an emerging category within the general canon of Zimbabwean literature called Zimbabwean Diaspora literature. Through the application of existing conceptual and theoretical frameworks based on key characteristics of diasporic writings, the article concludes that Zimbabwean Diaspora literature is in its embryonic stage of development since it typically exhibits not only the common features attributed to diasporic writings, but it also possess the characteristic features often ascribed to a young diaspora. The article does not attempt to offer a rule of thumb definition of Zimbabwean Diaspora literature, for the simple reasons that Zimbabwean Diaspora literature is still very much in its infancy; it is a canon of literary works still growing steadily; still establishing its form, message, primary ideologies and identities. Thus, to offer a prescriptive or restrictive label to define the discourse is subjective and premature. It would be a travesty against the artistic enterprise as it only serves to stifle the creative imagination of the artist and to curtail the objective insights of the literary critic. In essence, therefore, the article seeks to draw attention to, rather than limit understanding of, this literary discourse called Zimbabwean Diaspora literature. However, there are features and characteristics exhibited by said literary discourse which have guided and informed the understanding of the article as to what constitutes Zimbabwean Diaspora literature.
{"title":"VOICES FROM THE WILDERNESS: ZIMBABWEAN DIASPORA LITERATURE AN EMERGING CATEGORY","authors":"Ivan Bachisi, Barbara C. Manyarara","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/2171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/2171","url":null,"abstract":"This article draws attention to the existence and emergence of a body of fictional works produced on Zimbabwe's Diaspora between the years from 2000 to 2014. It is the contention of the article that these literary works represent an emerging category within the general canon of Zimbabwean literature called Zimbabwean Diaspora literature. Through the application of existing conceptual and theoretical frameworks based on key characteristics of diasporic writings, the article concludes that Zimbabwean Diaspora literature is in its embryonic stage of development since it typically exhibits not only the common features attributed to diasporic writings, but it also possess the characteristic features often ascribed to a young diaspora. The article does not attempt to offer a rule of thumb definition of Zimbabwean Diaspora literature, for the simple reasons that Zimbabwean Diaspora literature is still very much in its infancy; it is a canon of literary works still growing steadily; still establishing its form, message, primary ideologies and identities. Thus, to offer a prescriptive or restrictive label to define the discourse is subjective and premature. It would be a travesty against the artistic enterprise as it only serves to stifle the creative imagination of the artist and to curtail the objective insights of the literary critic. In essence, therefore, the article seeks to draw attention to, rather than limit understanding of, this literary discourse called Zimbabwean Diaspora literature. However, there are features and characteristics exhibited by said literary discourse which have guided and informed the understanding of the article as to what constitutes Zimbabwean Diaspora literature.","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115423310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines Stephen Chifunyise's calculated focus on the domestic spaces — the family, personal relationships and the psycho-sexual dilemmas at the expense of the wider national socio-economic and political context during a period in Zimbabwe that has come to be known as the "decade of crisis". Ignoring a plethora of social, economic and political challenges such as the collapse of a welfarist state, unprecedented inflation, political violence, sycophancy and corruption among others, the dramatist chooses to focus solely on the contradictions within the home and the family. The central question with which the article grapples is the ideological motivation behind this deliberate focus by the dramatist. Using Wall's (1989) theory of the dialogue of the deaf in conjunction with Macherey's (1978) theory of the "unsaid" in a text, the article argues that despite the author's calculated omission or silence On the socio-economic and political realities, the average intelligent reader is not only able to read into the dramatist's ideological position and motive but also the ugly reality that he is trying to cover up or hide from the reader.
{"title":"THE DIALOGUE OF THE DEAF: EXPLORING TEXTUAL SILENCE IN STEPHEN CHIFUNYISE'S PLAY, INTIMATE AFFAIRS","authors":"Ephraim Vhutuza","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/2172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/2172","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines Stephen Chifunyise's calculated focus on the domestic spaces — the family, personal relationships and the psycho-sexual dilemmas at the expense of the wider national socio-economic and political context during a period in Zimbabwe that has come to be known as the \"decade of crisis\". Ignoring a plethora of social, economic and political challenges such as the collapse of a welfarist state, unprecedented inflation, political violence, sycophancy and corruption among others, the dramatist chooses to focus solely on the contradictions within the home and the family. The central question with which the article grapples is the ideological motivation behind this deliberate focus by the dramatist. Using Wall's (1989) theory of the dialogue of the deaf in conjunction with Macherey's (1978) theory of the \"unsaid\" in a text, the article argues that despite the author's calculated omission or silence On the socio-economic \u0000and political realities, the average intelligent reader is not only able to read into the dramatist's ideological position and motive but also the ugly reality that he is trying to cover up or hide from the reader.","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125392623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of time, which has been a major subject of study in various fields, defies a neat definition. Many scholars have failed to define it in a manner applicable to all fields. Generally, time can be defined as the unlimited continued progress of existence and events in the past, present and future, regarded as a whole. It is a measure in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future. Some schools of thought deny the existence of time. They argue that the present is undefined and indefinite; and the future has no reality except as present recollection. In some of his works, Jose Luis Borges (1899-1986) describes time in a linear manner, that is to say, that humans experience time as a series of present moments, one following the other. The past and the future both exist nowhere but in the human mind. Borges seems to agree with the notion that time is but a figment of the mind. In other stories, his perception of time is circular. Thus, the focus of the current article is on time, which is a metaphysical dilemma, and Borges' treatment of the nature of time in his selected works.
时间的概念一直是各个领域研究的一个主要课题，它没有一个简单的定义。许多学者未能以一种适用于所有领域的方式来定义它。一般来说，时间可以被定义为过去、现在和未来的存在和事件的无限持续的进展，作为一个整体。它是一种度量，在这种度量中，事件可以从过去到现在再到未来。有些学派否认时间的存在。他们认为现在是不确定和不确定的;而未来，除了作为现在的回忆，就没有现实。在博尔赫斯(Jose Luis Borges, 1899-1986)的一些作品中，他以线性的方式描述了时间，也就是说，人类经历的时间是一系列当下的时刻，一个接一个。过去和未来都只存在于人的心中。博尔赫斯似乎同意这样一种观点，即时间只是心灵的虚构。在其他故事中，他对时间的感知是循环的。因此，本文的重点是时间这一形而上学的困境，以及博尔赫斯选集中对时间本质的处理。
{"title":"Time as a metaphysical dilemma : Jose Luis Borges' treatment of the nature of time in his selected works","authors":"Tukumbeje Mposa","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/2170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/2170","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of time, which has been a major subject of study in various fields, defies a neat definition. Many scholars have failed to define it in a manner applicable to all fields. Generally, time can be defined as the unlimited continued progress of existence and events in the past, present and future, regarded as a whole. It is a measure in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future. Some schools of thought deny the existence of time. They argue that the present is undefined and indefinite; and the future has no reality except as present recollection. In some of his works, Jose Luis Borges (1899-1986) describes time in a linear manner, that is to say, that humans experience time as a series of present moments, one following the other. The past and the future both exist nowhere but in the human mind. Borges seems to agree with the notion that time is but a figment of the mind. In other stories, his perception of time is circular. Thus, the focus of the current article is on time, which is a metaphysical dilemma, and Borges' treatment of the nature of time in his selected works.","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116537596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the portrayal of women by Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1927-2014) in his collection of short stories, Strange pilgrims (1992). It consists of 12 stories and offers a variety of women in various roles.This helps to answer the question on whether Marquez is sympathetic towards women (housewives, prostitutes, clerks and fortune tellers to name a few). Does he dismiss them as victims? Are they villains? Are the women actively involved in influencing the course of their lives? How representative are they of the Latin American character?
{"title":"An analysis of the portrayal of women in Gabriel Garcia Marquez's Strange pilgrims","authors":"Josephine Muganiwa","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/2173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/2173","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the portrayal of women by Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1927-2014) in his collection of short stories, Strange pilgrims (1992). It consists of 12 stories and offers a variety of women in various roles.This helps to answer the question on whether Marquez is sympathetic towards women (housewives, prostitutes, clerks and fortune tellers to name a few). Does he dismiss them as victims? Are they villains? Are the women actively involved in influencing the course of their lives? How representative are they of the Latin American character?","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125124788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to establish a paradigm shift in the way Shona traditional culture perceives death and funeral proceedings and in the manner that literary creations that were published before Zimbabwe attained political independence in 1980, perceive the same aspects. The article will also establish that there has been a paradigm shift in the manner that literary creations which were published before independence and those that were published after independence treat death and funeral proceedings. Thus, the article will establish that Shona culture perceives death and funeral proceedings as painful but not as monstrous and fearsome. Although that is the case in Shona culture, those Zimbabweans of Shona expression who created literature before independence view death and funeral proceedings as both painful and monstrous. However, some literary creations, which were published after independence, treat death and funeral proceedings as neither painful nor fearsome. In fact, there is a tendency by writers of Shona expression who published literary works after independence, to treat death and funeral proceedings as if they are natural and normal occurrences. They at times depict them as if they are lucrative life experiences and proceedings. The article has been written on the understanding that the paradigm shift in the manner death and funeral proceedings are treated in literary creations is indicative of some metamorphosis that Shona culture is undergoing as politico-economic and socio-cultural conditions and circumstances change in relation to the changing eras of Zimbabwe's history.
{"title":"PARADIGM SHIFTS IN THE PERCEPTIONS OF DEATH IN SHONA LITERARY CREATIONS","authors":"T. Charamba","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/2174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/2174","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to establish a paradigm shift in the way Shona traditional culture perceives death and funeral proceedings and in the manner that literary creations that were published before Zimbabwe attained political independence in 1980, perceive the same aspects. The article will also establish that there has been a paradigm shift in the manner that literary creations which were published before independence and those that were published after independence treat death and funeral proceedings. Thus, the article will establish that Shona culture perceives death and funeral proceedings as painful but not as monstrous and fearsome. Although that is the case in Shona culture, those Zimbabweans of Shona expression who created literature before independence view death and funeral proceedings as both painful and monstrous. However, some literary creations, which were published after independence, treat death and funeral proceedings as neither painful nor fearsome. In fact, there is a tendency by writers of Shona expression who published literary works after independence, to treat death and funeral proceedings as if they are natural and normal occurrences. They at times depict them as if they are lucrative life experiences and proceedings. The article has been written on the understanding that the paradigm shift in the manner death and funeral proceedings are treated in literary creations is indicative of some metamorphosis that Shona culture is undergoing as politico-economic and socio-cultural conditions and circumstances change in relation to the changing eras of Zimbabwe's history.","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114667977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ndlovu-Gatsheni (2013) argues for the need to think through African transformation and decoloniality, but this, as he notes, will only be possible on the basis of a thorough examination of global matrices of power that explain the current trap in which Africa finds itself.
{"title":"EMPIRE, GLOBAL COLONIALITY AND AFRICAN SUBJECTIVITY","authors":"Artwell Nhemachena","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/623","url":null,"abstract":"Ndlovu-Gatsheni (2013) argues for the need to think through African transformation and decoloniality, but this, as he notes, will only be possible on the basis of a thorough examination of global matrices of power that explain the current trap in which Africa finds itself.","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128277210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The G77 + China represents a multilateral group, engaged in multilateral diplomacy, across multiple fora. While the group has negotiated positive outcomes in terms of trade through its role in the UNCTAD, environmental negotiations have demonstrated the challenges facing the group in maintaining unity, and in turn, raised questions concerning its relevance. This review article considers the divisions that have emerged within the group, as well as those that have emerged between the G77 + China and developed countries within the context of the climate change negotiations. What is significant is that multilateral diplomacy within the group has seen the continuance of unity, despite considerable difference, yet there has been less success in bridging the divide between developed and developing countries as talks move towards the twenty-first Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2015.
{"title":"MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY OF THE SOUTH: THE G77 + CHINA IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS","authors":"Lesley Masters","doi":"10.25159/0256-6060/429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/429","url":null,"abstract":"The G77 + China represents a multilateral group, engaged in multilateral diplomacy, across multiple fora. While the group has negotiated positive outcomes in terms of trade through its role in the UNCTAD, environmental negotiations have demonstrated the challenges facing the group in maintaining unity, and in turn, raised questions concerning its relevance. This review article considers the divisions that have emerged within the group, as well as those that have emerged between the G77 + China and developed countries within the context of the climate change negotiations. What is significant is that multilateral diplomacy within the group has seen the continuance of unity, despite considerable difference, yet there has been less success in bridging the divide between developed and developing countries as talks move towards the twenty-first Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2015.","PeriodicalId":442570,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Report","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132020708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：