Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2121244
Stephan Muehlbacher, A. Hartmann, E. Kirchler, J. Alm
Abstract Laboratory experiments are frequently criticised, in part because of the sensitivity of the results to specific features of the design. This paper addresses an important question regarding the key aspect of the experimental environment: How should the dependent variable – participants’ choices – be operationalised? For the specific context of laboratory research on income tax compliance, we compare the effects of the two most common operationalisation types: the declaration of gross income versus the declaration of tax payment. It is found that compliance is higher when participants indicate their tax payment than when they declare their income. It is also discovered that the effects of the three policy parameters of the economic model (the tax rate, audit probability and fine rate) are stronger when participants declare their taxes than when they declare their income. These results are relevant for interpreting prior and future experimental evidence on tax compliance and can explain some contradictory previous findings. More broadly, this study suggests that the results of laboratory experiments may depend on specific features of the experimental design, which proposes a strong need for more systematic methodological research.
{"title":"Declaring income versus declaring taxes in tax compliance experiments: Does the design of laboratory experiments affect the results?","authors":"Stephan Muehlbacher, A. Hartmann, E. Kirchler, J. Alm","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2121244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2121244","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Laboratory experiments are frequently criticised, in part because of the sensitivity of the results to specific features of the design. This paper addresses an important question regarding the key aspect of the experimental environment: How should the dependent variable – participants’ choices – be operationalised? For the specific context of laboratory research on income tax compliance, we compare the effects of the two most common operationalisation types: the declaration of gross income versus the declaration of tax payment. It is found that compliance is higher when participants indicate their tax payment than when they declare their income. It is also discovered that the effects of the three policy parameters of the economic model (the tax rate, audit probability and fine rate) are stronger when participants declare their taxes than when they declare their income. These results are relevant for interpreting prior and future experimental evidence on tax compliance and can explain some contradictory previous findings. More broadly, this study suggests that the results of laboratory experiments may depend on specific features of the experimental design, which proposes a strong need for more systematic methodological research.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":"11 1","pages":"334 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45030434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2117676
J. Alm, M. Kasper
Abstract ‘Behavioural economics’, or the application of methods and evidence from other social sciences to economics, has increased greatly in significance and use in the last two decades. In this paper, we discuss the basic elements of behavioural economics. We then assess the applications of behavioural economics to the analysis of tax compliance. Our central conclusion is that many, perhaps most, of the recent insights on what motivates tax compliance have flowed directly from behavioural economics. We conclude with suggestions on – and predictions of – directions in which future applications should prove useful.
{"title":"Using behavioural economics to understand tax compliance","authors":"J. Alm, M. Kasper","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2117676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2117676","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract ‘Behavioural economics’, or the application of methods and evidence from other social sciences to economics, has increased greatly in significance and use in the last two decades. In this paper, we discuss the basic elements of behavioural economics. We then assess the applications of behavioural economics to the analysis of tax compliance. Our central conclusion is that many, perhaps most, of the recent insights on what motivates tax compliance have flowed directly from behavioural economics. We conclude with suggestions on – and predictions of – directions in which future applications should prove useful.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":"11 1","pages":"279 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44213139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2115191
Qing Wang, Chengjun Liu, Sai Lan
Abstract Digital literacy has become increasingly important for individuals to participate in regular economic activities, including employment, consumption, and investment. This paper quantitatively defines digital literacy with recently released household survey data in China and describes the digital divide across regions and ages. We further show that digital literacy increases risky asset ownership in the financial market among the middle-aged and elderly population. In this sense, this paper identifies a novel factor that affects financial investment. These findings imply that the digital divide may lead to the asset divide and wealth inequality. Family and social assistance to improve the digital literacy of disadvantaged population groups may increase financial inclusion as well.
{"title":"Digital literacy and financial market participation of middle-aged and elderly adults in China","authors":"Qing Wang, Chengjun Liu, Sai Lan","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2115191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2115191","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Digital literacy has become increasingly important for individuals to participate in regular economic activities, including employment, consumption, and investment. This paper quantitatively defines digital literacy with recently released household survey data in China and describes the digital divide across regions and ages. We further show that digital literacy increases risky asset ownership in the financial market among the middle-aged and elderly population. In this sense, this paper identifies a novel factor that affects financial investment. These findings imply that the digital divide may lead to the asset divide and wealth inequality. Family and social assistance to improve the digital literacy of disadvantaged population groups may increase financial inclusion as well.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44002701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2110215
Marcelo Arbex, J. Carré, S. Geniole, Enlinson Mattos
Abstract This paper examines the potential effects of testosterone and personality traits on the decision to evade taxes. In a series of experiments, subjects completed behavioural tasks and made a one-shot tax evasion decision. We estimate a negative weakly significant treatment effect, which suggests that an exogenous increase in the testosterone level may inhibit the decision to evade taxes. Our results also suggest that higher dominance and independent self-construal, as well as lower self-control, are associated with a greater likelihood of tax evasion. We discuss the mechanisms potentially linking testosterone to tax evasion. These findings support the inclusion of biological factors in the analysis of tax evasion behaviour.
{"title":"Is tax evasion macho? Testosterone, personality traits and evasion","authors":"Marcelo Arbex, J. Carré, S. Geniole, Enlinson Mattos","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2110215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2110215","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the potential effects of testosterone and personality traits on the decision to evade taxes. In a series of experiments, subjects completed behavioural tasks and made a one-shot tax evasion decision. We estimate a negative weakly significant treatment effect, which suggests that an exogenous increase in the testosterone level may inhibit the decision to evade taxes. Our results also suggest that higher dominance and independent self-construal, as well as lower self-control, are associated with a greater likelihood of tax evasion. We discuss the mechanisms potentially linking testosterone to tax evasion. These findings support the inclusion of biological factors in the analysis of tax evasion behaviour.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":"11 1","pages":"295 - 315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47463694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2110244
Alice Guerra, B. Harrington, Sven Steinmo, John W D’Attoma
Abstract This paper addresses an area of growing concerns for laboratory researchers: is subjects’ behaviour affected by prior experiences in laboratory experiments? We address the question with a large and highly diverse international dataset and an operationalisation strategy that allows our findings to cohere with previous work while shedding new light on future research. The findings presented in this article are drawn from original data gathered as part of one of the largest tax compliance experiments ever conducted, involving more than 3,000 participants in six countries, across 16 different laboratories. Our results reveal that subjects’ behaviour correlates with their past experimental experiences, in a way that could bias results and compromise a study’s external validity. However, this change in behaviour due to experiences occurs only after subjects have participated in at least two previous laboratory experiments. The findings have implications not just for tax compliance research, but for allocation experiments more generally and for participant recruitment particularly.
{"title":"Do experienced subjects bias experimental results? Evidence from 16 laboratories in six countries","authors":"Alice Guerra, B. Harrington, Sven Steinmo, John W D’Attoma","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2110244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2110244","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper addresses an area of growing concerns for laboratory researchers: is subjects’ behaviour affected by prior experiences in laboratory experiments? We address the question with a large and highly diverse international dataset and an operationalisation strategy that allows our findings to cohere with previous work while shedding new light on future research. The findings presented in this article are drawn from original data gathered as part of one of the largest tax compliance experiments ever conducted, involving more than 3,000 participants in six countries, across 16 different laboratories. Our results reveal that subjects’ behaviour correlates with their past experimental experiences, in a way that could bias results and compromise a study’s external validity. However, this change in behaviour due to experiences occurs only after subjects have participated in at least two previous laboratory experiments. The findings have implications not just for tax compliance research, but for allocation experiments more generally and for participant recruitment particularly.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":"11 1","pages":"350 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47024512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2099092
Xuezheng Qin, Po Yang
in the labour market. The finding is robust with the use of the quantile regression approach, controlling for firm and worker specific information. One plausible explan-ation is that the Stolper – Samuelson theorem, which assumes that increasing international trade will decrease the skill wage, is unlikely to hold in the context of a developing economy, where the skilled labour is in short supply. Robert P. Giloth ’ s paper, entitled ‘ The role of intermediaries in US workforce and education innovation ’ , analyses the role of intermediaries in the US education and workforce domains in terms of overcoming fragmented institutions and solving mismatch problems. This study explores five mismatches prevalent in the US labour market and their associated intermediary solutions, including organising business to improve human resources, creating improved pathways from school to work, integrat-ing and emphasising multiple education investments, linking workforce and economic development, and improving access to and use of data for design, performance man-agement and advocacy. In conclusion, the study suggests that intermediaries have been most effective in the US when aligned with education and workforce system improve-ment and redesign, not as parallel and separate efforts. The result may also provide implications for other countries that use intermediaries as a potential institutional solu-tion to the labour market mismatch.
在劳动力市场。使用分位数回归方法，控制公司和工人特定信息，发现是稳健的。一种合理的解释是，斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理(假定国际贸易增长将降低技能工资)不太可能适用于技术劳动力供应短缺的发展中经济体。Robert P. Giloth的论文题为“中介在美国劳动力和教育创新中的作用”，从克服分散的制度和解决错配问题的角度分析了中介在美国教育和劳动力领域中的作用。本研究探讨了美国劳动力市场普遍存在的五种错配及其相关的中介解决方案，包括组织企业以改善人力资源，创造从学校到工作的改进途径，整合和强调多种教育投资，将劳动力和经济发展联系起来，以及改善获取和使用数据进行设计、绩效管理和宣传。总之，该研究表明，在美国，当中介机构与教育和劳动力体系的改进和重新设计相结合时，而不是作为并行和单独的努力，中介机构是最有效的。这一结果也可能为其他国家提供启示，这些国家将中介机构作为劳动力市场不匹配的潜在制度解决方案。
{"title":"Education, skill formation and inequality: An introduction","authors":"Xuezheng Qin, Po Yang","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2099092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2099092","url":null,"abstract":"in the labour market. The finding is robust with the use of the quantile regression approach, controlling for firm and worker specific information. One plausible explan-ation is that the Stolper – Samuelson theorem, which assumes that increasing international trade will decrease the skill wage, is unlikely to hold in the context of a developing economy, where the skilled labour is in short supply. Robert P. Giloth ’ s paper, entitled ‘ The role of intermediaries in US workforce and education innovation ’ , analyses the role of intermediaries in the US education and workforce domains in terms of overcoming fragmented institutions and solving mismatch problems. This study explores five mismatches prevalent in the US labour market and their associated intermediary solutions, including organising business to improve human resources, creating improved pathways from school to work, integrat-ing and emphasising multiple education investments, linking workforce and economic development, and improving access to and use of data for design, performance man-agement and advocacy. In conclusion, the study suggests that intermediaries have been most effective in the US when aligned with education and workforce system improve-ment and redesign, not as parallel and separate efforts. The result may also provide implications for other countries that use intermediaries as a potential institutional solu-tion to the labour market mismatch.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":"11 1","pages":"209 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42977309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2098457
Chunxia Jiang, Yun Zhu
Abstract We investigate the impact of political uncertainty in the context of the upper echelon theory. Using provincial-level data of political leaders in China over the period 1995–2015, we take a two-step approach to first examine the impact of top leader teams’ (TLTs) traits on productivity and, second, to test if such leadership effects vary with political uncertainty. We find that TLTs’ education, generally a driving force behind productivity, is less effective during the period of high political uncertainty. TLTs’ work experience positively contributes to productivity, which is strengthened under high political uncertainty. TLTs’ career ambition leads to higher productivity, but such an effect attenuates when political uncertainty is high. Finally, TLTs’ political positions negatively contribute to productivity and the effect is barely affected by political uncertainty, suggesting a disconnection between political positions and economic outcomes.
{"title":"Political uncertainty, leadership and productivity","authors":"Chunxia Jiang, Yun Zhu","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2098457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2098457","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We investigate the impact of political uncertainty in the context of the upper echelon theory. Using provincial-level data of political leaders in China over the period 1995–2015, we take a two-step approach to first examine the impact of top leader teams’ (TLTs) traits on productivity and, second, to test if such leadership effects vary with political uncertainty. We find that TLTs’ education, generally a driving force behind productivity, is less effective during the period of high political uncertainty. TLTs’ work experience positively contributes to productivity, which is strengthened under high political uncertainty. TLTs’ career ambition leads to higher productivity, but such an effect attenuates when political uncertainty is high. Finally, TLTs’ political positions negatively contribute to productivity and the effect is barely affected by political uncertainty, suggesting a disconnection between political positions and economic outcomes.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":"10 1","pages":"314 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47112257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2090096
Lidan Zhang, Gonul Colak
Abstract The trend of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China has switched from inflow to outflow following the rapid economic growth during the past several decades. Stimulated by government policies, in recent years China’s firms have actively sought overseas investment opportunities. This paper examines the relationship between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and cross-border capital flow decisions for listed firms in China. Our findings demonstrate that EPU originating from China does not seem to dissuade FDI inflow into China, but it does curtail FDI outflow from the country. It appears that government policies and the uncertainty the policies bring are deterministic for FDI.
{"title":"Foreign direct investment and economic policy uncertainty in China","authors":"Lidan Zhang, Gonul Colak","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2090096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2090096","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The trend of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China has switched from inflow to outflow following the rapid economic growth during the past several decades. Stimulated by government policies, in recent years China’s firms have actively sought overseas investment opportunities. This paper examines the relationship between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and cross-border capital flow decisions for listed firms in China. Our findings demonstrate that EPU originating from China does not seem to dissuade FDI inflow into China, but it does curtail FDI outflow from the country. It appears that government policies and the uncertainty the policies bring are deterministic for FDI.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":"10 1","pages":"279 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42858363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2095749
Maria‐Eleni K. Agoraki, Georgios P. Kouretas, N. Laopodis
Abstract This paper analyses the impact of geopolitical risks and economic policy uncertainty on stock returns. It uses an unbalanced panel dataset of monthly observations for 22 countries for the period 1985–2020. It controls for a set of macroeconomic and market structure variables while also taking into consideration the potential effects of the 2007–2009 financial crisis. This paper shows that the impact of geopolitical risks is negative and statistically significant. The economic interpretation of our main results is that a one-unit standard deviation increase in geopolitical risks decreases stock returns by 10.53–42.14% of its sample mean. For comparison, this paper uses alternatively the global economic policy uncertainty index and the economic policy uncertainty country index, and also finds a statistically significant negative relationship although it is weaker in the latter case.
{"title":"Geopolitical risks, uncertainty, and stock market performance","authors":"Maria‐Eleni K. Agoraki, Georgios P. Kouretas, N. Laopodis","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2095749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2095749","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper analyses the impact of geopolitical risks and economic policy uncertainty on stock returns. It uses an unbalanced panel dataset of monthly observations for 22 countries for the period 1985–2020. It controls for a set of macroeconomic and market structure variables while also taking into consideration the potential effects of the 2007–2009 financial crisis. This paper shows that the impact of geopolitical risks is negative and statistically significant. The economic interpretation of our main results is that a one-unit standard deviation increase in geopolitical risks decreases stock returns by 10.53–42.14% of its sample mean. For comparison, this paper uses alternatively the global economic policy uncertainty index and the economic policy uncertainty country index, and also finds a statistically significant negative relationship although it is weaker in the latter case.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":"10 1","pages":"253 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45549133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20954816.2022.2095090
Qiang Wu, Li Zheng, T. Hasan
Abstract Using both the number of patents and the number of citations that the patents receive as the measures of innovation and using political donations as an indicator of the chief executive officer (CEO)’s political preferences, we find that (1) firms led by CEOs with and without political partisanship show no differences in terms of innovation outputs; and (2) there are no differences between firms led by Republican and Democratic CEOs when it comes to innovation. The results are robust to a propensity-score-matching regression, a firm fixed effect regression, and alternate measures of innovation. Overall, the results suggest that CEOs’ personal political ideologies do not significantly affect their innovation decisions.
{"title":"CEOs’ political ideologies and innovation: Evidence from US public firms","authors":"Qiang Wu, Li Zheng, T. Hasan","doi":"10.1080/20954816.2022.2095090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2022.2095090","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using both the number of patents and the number of citations that the patents receive as the measures of innovation and using political donations as an indicator of the chief executive officer (CEO)’s political preferences, we find that (1) firms led by CEOs with and without political partisanship show no differences in terms of innovation outputs; and (2) there are no differences between firms led by Republican and Democratic CEOs when it comes to innovation. The results are robust to a propensity-score-matching regression, a firm fixed effect regression, and alternate measures of innovation. Overall, the results suggest that CEOs’ personal political ideologies do not significantly affect their innovation decisions.","PeriodicalId":44280,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Political Studies-EPS","volume":"10 1","pages":"353 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46038351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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