Pub Date : 2020-10-07DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-10411
Jayson O. Seaman
This commentary discusses a 2019 JOREL article by Cheryl Bolick and Ryan Nilsen that reported on a study of the way Outward Bound participants came to define public service after their courses. The present essay elaborates on the “pluralistic” view of service, which they found to be prevalent. This view can be contrasted with Outward Bound founder Kurt Hahn’s “traditionalistic” view based in muscular Christianity. The commentary here argues that the pluralistic view is an artifact of Outward Bound USA’s affiliation with the human potential movement in the 1970s and is aligned with the civic tradition known as expressive individualism. Subscribe to JOREL
{"title":"The Americanization of Kurt Hahn’s Values: Commentary on “Outward Bound and Civic Minded”","authors":"Jayson O. Seaman","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-10411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-10411","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary discusses a 2019 JOREL article by Cheryl Bolick and Ryan Nilsen that reported on a study of the way Outward Bound participants came to define public service after their courses. The present essay elaborates on the “pluralistic” view of service, which they found to be prevalent. This view can be contrasted with Outward Bound founder Kurt Hahn’s “traditionalistic” view based in muscular Christianity. The commentary here argues that the pluralistic view is an artifact of Outward Bound USA’s affiliation with the human potential movement in the 1970s and is aligned with the civic tradition known as expressive individualism. Subscribe to JOREL","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78720943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-07DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-10271
W. Holland, R. Powell, K. K. Holland
The personal and professional outcomes of experiential wilderness-based professional development programs for K-12 educators have not been adequately evaluated. This study used openended survey questions to identify a range of personal (i.e., self-awareness, new perspectives, self-confidence) and professional (i.e., changes in classroom practices, appreciation for educational practices, improved classroom culture) outcomes. Educators also identified the programmatic elements that were most influential to both personal and professional outcomes. Links between specific programming elements and each unique outcome are also discussed. Results from this study may be used to design experiential continuing professional development approaches for educators. Subscribe to JOREL
{"title":"Wilderness-Based Professional Development for Educators: Exploring Outcomes and Influential Programmatic Elements","authors":"W. Holland, R. Powell, K. K. Holland","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-10271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-10271","url":null,"abstract":"The personal and professional outcomes of experiential wilderness-based professional development programs for K-12 educators have not been adequately evaluated. This study used openended survey questions to identify a range of personal (i.e., self-awareness, new perspectives, self-confidence) and professional (i.e., changes in classroom practices, appreciation for educational practices, improved classroom culture) outcomes. Educators also identified the programmatic elements that were most influential to both personal and professional outcomes. Links between specific programming elements and each unique outcome are also discussed. Results from this study may be used to design experiential continuing professional development approaches for educators. Subscribe to JOREL","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90191176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-07DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-10182
Kent Griffin, K. Meaney, Anthony Deringer
Self-determination theory (SDT) (Ryan & Deci, 2000) suggests that when a person is motivated they likely experience a sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. It is important to understand how these constructs relate to physical activity and sport if we are to persist in our notion that these pursuits can positively impact the holistic development of youth (Camire, Trudel, & Forneris, 2013; Frankl, 2007). Thus, the purpose of this investigation is to examine the motivational characteristics of adolescents participating in an after-school mountain bike program. Data were analyzed via field notes, interviews and focus groups. Content analysis of the individual and focus group interviews along with field notes revealed that the mountain bike sport environment served to foster motivational characteristics as is described in SDT.Based on this investigation, students who participated in the after-school program (n=28) reported a sense of autonomy, competence and relatedness. Subscribe to JOREL
{"title":"“Until I’m Just Too Old to Turn the Pedals”: Exploring Motivational Characteristics of Participants in a High School Mountain Bike Program","authors":"Kent Griffin, K. Meaney, Anthony Deringer","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-10182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-10182","url":null,"abstract":"Self-determination theory (SDT) (Ryan & Deci, 2000) suggests that when a person is motivated they likely experience a sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. It is important to understand how these constructs relate to physical activity and sport if we are to persist in our notion that these pursuits can positively impact the holistic development of youth (Camire, Trudel, & Forneris, 2013; Frankl, 2007). Thus, the purpose of this investigation is to examine the motivational characteristics of adolescents participating in an after-school mountain bike program. Data were analyzed via field notes, interviews and focus groups. Content analysis of the individual and focus group interviews along with field notes revealed that the mountain bike sport environment served to foster motivational characteristics as is described in SDT.Based on this investigation, students who participated in the after-school program (n=28) reported a sense of autonomy, competence and relatedness. Subscribe to JOREL","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77832726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-07DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-9992
J. Baird, Garrett Hutson, R. Plummer
Reconnecting to nature is imperative for the sustainability of the planet and outdoor experiential programs are an ideal context to operationalize and study sustainability interventions. The purpose of this research is two-fold. First, we investigate the extent to which types of connections to nature are expressed by participants who completed an outdoor experiential NOLS course in the western United States. Second, we examine the extent to which a connection to nature includes a future intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior. This research affirms, empirically, the intention of NOLS to foster an environmental ethic. Key findings provide insights into how some connection themes (e.g., concern and protection) may have more potential to engender future positive intentions than others (e.g., beauty and appreciation). Albeit exploratory in orientation, it is a first important step in empirically establishing relationships between types of nature connections experienced in NOLS and future stewardship actions. Subscribe to JOREL
{"title":"Examining Links between Connections to Nature and Intentions for Pro-Environmental Behavior as Outcomes of NOLS","authors":"J. Baird, Garrett Hutson, R. Plummer","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-9992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i4-9992","url":null,"abstract":"Reconnecting to nature is imperative for the sustainability of the planet and outdoor experiential programs are an ideal context to operationalize and study sustainability interventions. The purpose of this research is two-fold. First, we investigate the extent to which types of connections to nature are expressed by participants who completed an outdoor experiential NOLS course in the western United States. Second, we examine the extent to which a connection to nature includes a future intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior. This research affirms, empirically, the intention of NOLS to foster an environmental ethic. Key findings provide insights into how some connection themes (e.g., concern and protection) may have more potential to engender future positive intentions than others (e.g., beauty and appreciation). Albeit exploratory in orientation, it is a first important step in empirically establishing relationships between types of nature connections experienced in NOLS and future stewardship actions. Subscribe to JOREL","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87857226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-14DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10207
A. Gillard
Many schools aim to provide social and emotional learning (SEL) opportunities for students. SEL is important for positive youth development. However, it remains unclear how SEL skills might be influenced by adventure education in school settings. This study used a mixed-methods design to explore potential changes in teachers’ perceptions of students’ SEL during an adventurebased SEL program. Twenty-two fifth- and seventh-grade teachers completed questionnaires about their students three times a year for 3 years. Findings suggest an intentional adventurebased program aiming to build SEL skills can have modest influences on students’ awareness of and prosocial behaviors toward themselves, others, and the collective. However, considering the school context, SEL can be limited by some students’ struggles with self-regulation and awareness of others, and the negative behaviors of a few students can disproportionately affect the whole class. Implications include using adventure education approaches and activities that are responsive to dynamic situations in school settings. Subscribe to JOREL
{"title":"Teachers’ Perspectives of Students’ Social and Emotional Changes During an Adventure-Based Program","authors":"A. Gillard","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10207","url":null,"abstract":"Many schools aim to provide social and emotional learning (SEL) opportunities for students. SEL is important for positive youth development. However, it remains unclear how SEL skills might be influenced by adventure education in school settings. This study used a mixed-methods design to explore potential changes in teachers’ perceptions of students’ SEL during an adventurebased SEL program. Twenty-two fifth- and seventh-grade teachers completed questionnaires about their students three times a year for 3 years. Findings suggest an intentional adventurebased program aiming to build SEL skills can have modest influences on students’ awareness of and prosocial behaviors toward themselves, others, and the collective. However, considering the school context, SEL can be limited by some students’ struggles with self-regulation and awareness of others, and the negative behaviors of a few students can disproportionately affect the whole class. Implications include using adventure education approaches and activities that are responsive to dynamic situations in school settings. Subscribe to JOREL","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89984494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-14DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-9974
Justin Hall, Jeremy Jostad
Outdoor adventure education (OAE) organizations continually struggle with voluntary turnover of OAE field staff. The unconventional work environment of this unique population creates challenges and difficulties that lead to turnover. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between turnover predictor variables and intent to turnover (IT) of OAE field staff. The five predictor variables chosen were (a) tenure, (b) career development opportunities, (c) sense of community, (d) compensation satisfaction, and (e) burnout. Results suggest that compensation satisfaction’s pay subscale and sense of community were significant negative predictors of IT. These findings provide evidence for turnover predictors unique to OAE field staff. Additionally, these findings can aid OAE administrators in prioritizing time and resources when combating employee turnover. Subscribe to JOREL
{"title":"The Role of Pay and Sense of Community in the Turnover of Outdoor Adventure Education Field Staff","authors":"Justin Hall, Jeremy Jostad","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-9974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-9974","url":null,"abstract":"Outdoor adventure education (OAE) organizations continually struggle with voluntary turnover of OAE field staff. The unconventional work environment of this unique population creates challenges and difficulties that lead to turnover. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between turnover predictor variables and intent to turnover (IT) of OAE field staff. The five predictor variables chosen were (a) tenure, (b) career development opportunities, (c) sense of community, (d) compensation satisfaction, and (e) burnout. Results suggest that compensation satisfaction’s pay subscale and sense of community were significant negative predictors of IT. These findings provide evidence for turnover predictors unique to OAE field staff. Additionally, these findings can aid OAE administrators in prioritizing time and resources when combating employee turnover. Subscribe to JOREL","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75076083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-14DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10123
K. Fasczewski, J. Luck, Alex McGrath, Taylor R. Elslager
“Thru-hiking,” where an individual hikes the entire length of an extended trail, has increased exponentially in recent years, creating a subgroup of trail users that outdoor recreation professionals currently have little knowledge about. Understanding the physiological and psychological demands of thru-hiking, where physical challenges are magnified by adverse conditions, may lend insight into who undertakes a thru-hike, what motivates them, and what physical and psychological benefits they experience. This study explored the experiences of a 26-year-old healthy male on a thru-hike of the Pacific Crest Trail. Data were collected using standard physiological assessments and an in-depth semistructured interview. Results indicated limited improvements in cardiopulmonary efficiency, high levels of autonomous motivation, resilience, and positive psychological outcomes. In physically fit individuals, it is possible that success in thru-hiking is primarily psychological in nature; future research should focus on these constructs in a larger sample of thru-hikers. Subscribe to JOREL
{"title":"“It’s Not All Sunshine and Rainbows”: A Thru-Hike on the Pacific Crest Trail","authors":"K. Fasczewski, J. Luck, Alex McGrath, Taylor R. Elslager","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10123","url":null,"abstract":"“Thru-hiking,” where an individual hikes the entire length of an extended trail, has increased exponentially in recent years, creating a subgroup of trail users that outdoor recreation professionals currently have little knowledge about. Understanding the physiological and psychological demands of thru-hiking, where physical challenges are magnified by adverse conditions, may lend insight into who undertakes a thru-hike, what motivates them, and what physical and psychological benefits they experience. This study explored the experiences of a 26-year-old healthy male on a thru-hike of the Pacific Crest Trail. Data were collected using standard physiological assessments and an in-depth semistructured interview. Results indicated limited improvements in cardiopulmonary efficiency, high levels of autonomous motivation, resilience, and positive psychological outcomes. In physically fit individuals, it is possible that success in thru-hiking is primarily psychological in nature; future research should focus on these constructs in a larger sample of thru-hikers. Subscribe to JOREL","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85609952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-14DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10109
B. Garst, Anja Whittington
Interest in both the objective dimension and the subjective dimension of summer camp experiences has grown among camp scholars. As a building block for understanding subjective elements of summer camp experiences, discrete defining moments may provide insights into linkages between what program providers deliver and the experiences that youth receive. This study identified defining moments of summer camp experiences and examined when defining moments occurred, using interviews conducted with 21 youth in early adolescence immediately following camp. Themes derived from the data suggest that moments involving novelty, challenge, friend-making, tradition, achievement, positivity, and emotional safety are most salient. Practitioners can use the study findings to more intentionally design memorable and meaningful summer camp experiences. Researchers can build on these exploratory findings to examine defining moments of camp experiences across other samples of camp participants. Subscribe to JOREL
{"title":"Defining Moments of Summer Camp Experiences: An Exploratory Study With Youth in Early Adolescence","authors":"B. Garst, Anja Whittington","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10109","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in both the objective dimension and the subjective dimension of summer camp experiences has grown among camp scholars. As a building block for understanding subjective elements of summer camp experiences, discrete defining moments may provide insights into linkages between what program providers deliver and the experiences that youth receive. This study identified defining moments of summer camp experiences and examined when defining moments occurred, using interviews conducted with 21 youth in early adolescence immediately following camp. Themes derived from the data suggest that moments involving novelty, challenge, friend-making, tradition, achievement, positivity, and emotional safety are most salient. Practitioners can use the study findings to more intentionally design memorable and meaningful summer camp experiences. Researchers can build on these exploratory findings to examine defining moments of camp experiences across other samples of camp participants. Subscribe to JOREL","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76272986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-14DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-9910
Robert P. Warner
A book review of Beames, S., Mackie, C., & Atencio, M. (2019). Adventure and society. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96062-3 Reviewed by Robert P. Warner Department of Health, Kinesiology, & Recreation, University of Utah
Beames, S.， Mackie, C.和Atencio, M.(2019)的书评。冒险和社会。Cham，瑞士:Palgrave Macmillan。doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96062-3由Robert P. Warner Health, Kinesiology， & Recreation, University of Utah审查
{"title":"Book Review: Adventure and Society","authors":"Robert P. Warner","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-9910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-9910","url":null,"abstract":"A book review of Beames, S., Mackie, C., & Atencio, M. (2019). Adventure and society. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96062-3 Reviewed by Robert P. Warner Department of Health, Kinesiology, & Recreation, University of Utah","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75278210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-14DOI: 10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10140
C. Zajchowski, Kensey Armeson, Jeff Rose, M. Brownlee
Research focused on the effect of place attachment on perceptions of increased recreational use and subsequent ecological impacts has illustrated mixed results. In some cases, place identity contributes to higher acceptance of pollution and litter; in others, it yields negative attitudes toward crowding and environmental degradation. We tested the hypothesis that hikers who are attached to specific places are more sensitive to crowding. Using an indicators and thresholds approach, we assessed the relationship between place attachment and acceptability norms for People-At-One-Time through surveying hikers (n = 170) at the Living Room in the wildland– urban interface of Salt Lake City, Utah. Results illustrate moderate place attachment; however, no relationship between place attachment and acceptability norms for hikers was discovered. We support the proposition that the relationship between place attachment and perceptions of ecological conditions is site specific, but reject the notion that hikers attached to specific places are more sensitive to increasing use. Subscribe to JOREL
{"title":"A Test of the Effect of Place Attachment on the Crowding Norms of Hikers","authors":"C. Zajchowski, Kensey Armeson, Jeff Rose, M. Brownlee","doi":"10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i3-10140","url":null,"abstract":"Research focused on the effect of place attachment on perceptions of increased recreational use and subsequent ecological impacts has illustrated mixed results. In some cases, place identity contributes to higher acceptance of pollution and litter; in others, it yields negative attitudes toward crowding and environmental degradation. We tested the hypothesis that hikers who are attached to specific places are more sensitive to crowding. Using an indicators and thresholds approach, we assessed the relationship between place attachment and acceptability norms for People-At-One-Time through surveying hikers (n = 170) at the Living Room in the wildland– urban interface of Salt Lake City, Utah. Results illustrate moderate place attachment; however, no relationship between place attachment and acceptability norms for hikers was discovered. We support the proposition that the relationship between place attachment and perceptions of ecological conditions is site specific, but reject the notion that hikers attached to specific places are more sensitive to increasing use. Subscribe to JOREL","PeriodicalId":44328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78909635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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