The importance of photon-gated persistent spectral hole burning for scientific studies and for frequency domain optical storage (FDOS) has stimulated much recent research to discover new photon-gated materials. For FDOS the practical materials should posses the characteristics of high hole formation efficiency, large multiplicity of spectral hole, good thermal and spectral stability etc.
{"title":"Spectral Hole Stability and Laser Induced Hole-Filling in Zinc-Tetrabenzoporphurin/Aromatic Cyanide System","authors":"Nie Yuxin, Zhao Lizeng, Wang Duoyuan, Hu Lingzhi","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.wd21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.wd21","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of photon-gated persistent spectral hole burning for scientific studies and for frequency domain optical storage (FDOS) has stimulated much recent research to discover new photon-gated materials. For FDOS the practical materials should posses the characteristics of high hole formation efficiency, large multiplicity of spectral hole, good thermal and spectral stability etc.","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123418911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Persistent spectral hole-burning is extensively studied in many materials. In inorganic materials doped with rare earth ions, we have mainly two mechanisms for hole-burning; one is optical pumping to hyperfine sublevels in rare earth ions, and the other is optically induced rearrangement of local structure around optical centers. In crystals we often observe the hole due to the former mechanism while the hole due to the latter is reported mainly in glasses. Up to now, there seems to be only little study about the correlation between the mechanism of hole-burning and sample-quality or defects. Recently we reported that the character of holes in Y2O3:Pr3+ depends on the quality of samples [1]. In this paper we study the origin of these holes in Y2O3 with a well-controlled manner. For this purpose, we applied hole-burning spectroscopy to various Y2O3:Pr3+(0.2mol%) samples doped with other metallic ions.
{"title":"The role of divalent ions in persistent hole-burning mechanism in Y2O3:Pr3+ crystals","authors":"T. Okuno, Koichiro Tanaka, T. Suemoto","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.wd55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.wd55","url":null,"abstract":"Persistent spectral hole-burning is extensively studied in many materials. In inorganic materials doped with rare earth ions, we have mainly two mechanisms for hole-burning; one is optical pumping to hyperfine sublevels in rare earth ions, and the other is optically induced rearrangement of local structure around optical centers. In crystals we often observe the hole due to the former mechanism while the hole due to the latter is reported mainly in glasses. Up to now, there seems to be only little study about the correlation between the mechanism of hole-burning and sample-quality or defects. Recently we reported that the character of holes in Y2O3:Pr3+ depends on the quality of samples [1]. In this paper we study the origin of these holes in Y2O3 with a well-controlled manner. For this purpose, we applied hole-burning spectroscopy to various Y2O3:Pr3+(0.2mol%) samples doped with other metallic ions.","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121439165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Single molecule spectroscopy is now a well known technique and a lot of new fields of research begun recently. In this paper we present results we obtained in p-terphenyl crystals where we conbined our technique with detection of magnetic resonance. In polyethylene matrix we obtained with Rhodamine 640 interesting results which we compare with our results on the same system using hole burning.
{"title":"Fluorescence excitation of impurities doping crystals and polymers using single molecule spectroscopy","authors":"J. Bernard, M. Orrit, R. Brown, B. Lounis","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.wb1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.wb1","url":null,"abstract":"Single molecule spectroscopy is now a well known technique and a lot of new fields of research begun recently. In this paper we present results we obtained in p-terphenyl crystals where we conbined our technique with detection of magnetic resonance. In polyethylene matrix we obtained with Rhodamine 640 interesting results which we compare with our results on the same system using hole burning.","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123881690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isothermal phase transition of liquid crystals (LCs) can be induced reversibly by photochemical reaction of guest molecules incorporated into the LC phase at concentrations of 1 ~ 5 mol%. Such photoresponsive molecules as azobenzene and spiropyran derivatives have been proved to be effective guest molecules to bring about the photochemical phase transition. 1-5 The mechanism of the photochemical phase transition is interpreted in terms of the change in the molecular shape of the guest molecules by the photochemical reaction. For example, trans-azobenzenes are rod-like shape, stabilizing the LC phase, while cis-azobenzenes are bent, destabilizing the LC phase. When the trans-azobenzene/nematic (N) LC mixtures are irradiated to cause trans-cis photoisomerization of the guest molecules, the LC phase of the mixtures is destabilized in accumulation of the cis form and the N to isotropic (I) phase transition temperature (tNI) is lowered. When tNI is lowered below the irradiation temperature, N-I phase transition of the guest/host mixture is induced isothermally. This process is reversible, and cis-trans back isomerization restores the initial N phase. Time-resolved measurements by the use of a pulsed laser have revealed that the photochemical N-I phase transition takes place in the time region of 50 ~ 200 ms for the nematic hosts of low-molecular-weight (LMW) as well as polymeric LCs.6,7 Propagation of perturbation in the form of the trans-cis isomerization of the guest molecules may require a relatively long time in the LC systems.
{"title":"Liquid Crystalline Materials for Photonics: Optical Switching by Means of Photochemical Phase Transition of Liquid-Crystalline Azobenzene Films","authors":"T. Ikeda, O. Tsutsumi","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.wd63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.wd63","url":null,"abstract":"Isothermal phase transition of liquid crystals (LCs) can be induced reversibly by photochemical reaction of guest molecules incorporated into the LC phase at concentrations of 1 ~ 5 mol%. Such photoresponsive molecules as azobenzene and spiropyran derivatives have been proved to be effective guest molecules to bring about the photochemical phase transition. 1-5 The mechanism of the photochemical phase transition is interpreted in terms of the change in the molecular shape of the guest molecules by the photochemical reaction. For example, trans-azobenzenes are rod-like shape, stabilizing the LC phase, while cis-azobenzenes are bent, destabilizing the LC phase. When the trans-azobenzene/nematic (N) LC mixtures are irradiated to cause trans-cis photoisomerization of the guest molecules, the LC phase of the mixtures is destabilized in accumulation of the cis form and the N to isotropic (I) phase transition temperature (tNI) is lowered. When tNI is lowered below the irradiation temperature, N-I phase transition of the guest/host mixture is induced isothermally. This process is reversible, and cis-trans back isomerization restores the initial N phase. Time-resolved measurements by the use of a pulsed laser have revealed that the photochemical N-I phase transition takes place in the time region of 50 ~ 200 ms for the nematic hosts of low-molecular-weight (LMW) as well as polymeric LCs.6,7 Propagation of perturbation in the form of the trans-cis isomerization of the guest molecules may require a relatively long time in the LC systems.","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123995997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A variety of studies on persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) have been carried out for the last twenty years [1-4], since the discovery of this phenomenon in 1974. The elucidation of electron-phonon interaction, the nature of a zero-phonon line and spectral diffusion in PSHB have been studied intensively together with the research aiming at its possible applicability to ultra-high density optical storage. However, as for the PSHB materials, most of the works have been carried out with porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and quinizarin including their derivatives, several organic dyes, samarium and some other inorganic ions. The number of molecules reported to show hole formation so far is restricted compared to a wide variety of chemical structure of organic molecules. This would be because it is usually thought that for the hole formation the existence of a zero-phonon line in guest molecules for SHB should be accompanied by the occurrence of some photochemical reaction of the guest molecules. A well-known exception on this point is the so-called non-photochemical hole burning (NPHB) [4]. Recently triplet-triplet energy transfer of guest molecule to a host photo-reactive matrix has been reported to be a new family [5] of PSHB systems with new mechanism.
{"title":"New Mechanisms and New Systems of Hole Formation in Spectral Hole Burning","authors":"K. Horie","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.thf1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.thf1","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of studies on persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) have been carried out for the last twenty years [1-4], since the discovery of this phenomenon in 1974. The elucidation of electron-phonon interaction, the nature of a zero-phonon line and spectral diffusion in PSHB have been studied intensively together with the research aiming at its possible applicability to ultra-high density optical storage. However, as for the PSHB materials, most of the works have been carried out with porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and quinizarin including their derivatives, several organic dyes, samarium and some other inorganic ions. The number of molecules reported to show hole formation so far is restricted compared to a wide variety of chemical structure of organic molecules. This would be because it is usually thought that for the hole formation the existence of a zero-phonon line in guest molecules for SHB should be accompanied by the occurrence of some photochemical reaction of the guest molecules. A well-known exception on this point is the so-called non-photochemical hole burning (NPHB) [4]. Recently triplet-triplet energy transfer of guest molecule to a host photo-reactive matrix has been reported to be a new family [5] of PSHB systems with new mechanism.","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125091847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research activities on materials for photochemical hole-burning in Japan will be reviewed. Much stress is placed on those performed under the AIST project for eight years from 1985 to 1992FY.
综述了日本光化学烧孔材料的研究情况。重点是在1985年至1992年8年的AIST项目下进行的研究。
{"title":"Studies on Photochemical Hole Burning in Japan","authors":"To. Tani","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.thd1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.thd1","url":null,"abstract":"Research activities on materials for photochemical hole-burning in Japan will be reviewed. Much stress is placed on those performed under the AIST project for eight years from 1985 to 1992FY.","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132306163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Octatetraene can be photoisomerized even when it is incorporated in a low temperature n-hexane crystal. When this is done by irradiating the zero phonon component of the S0→S1 origin band with a single frequency laser, very narrow (less than 10 MHz) persistent holes can be burned. We have used this increase in resolution to study the effect of an external electric field on the S0→S1 excitation energy: typical results are shown in Figure 1.
{"title":"Using Photochemical Hole Burning to Map Local Electric Fields","authors":"E. Fleischer, B. Kohler, J. C. Woehl","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.fb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.fb4","url":null,"abstract":"Octatetraene can be photoisomerized even when it is incorporated in a low temperature n-hexane crystal. When this is done by irradiating the zero phonon component of the S0→S1 origin band with a single frequency laser, very narrow (less than 10 MHz) persistent holes can be burned. We have used this increase in resolution to study the effect of an external electric field on the S0→S1 excitation energy: typical results are shown in Figure 1.","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124988261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have measured the temperature-annealing-cycling hole spectra of 5-(and 6-) carboxy-X-rhodamine N-hydroxy succinimidyl ester (RhSE) and the RhSE molecule with binding to the oligonucleotide of ten bases of Guanine (RhSE-10G) doped in polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) films, respectively. Figure 1 shows the temperature-annealing-cycling hole spectra of zero phonon hole (ZPH) of RhSE/PVOH and RhSE-10G/PVOH, which were taken after burning 5 and 10 mins with a flux of ~ 40 mW/cm2 at λB ~ 5812 Å, respectively. It is found that the holes are reduced by 40 % and 50 % in the annealing spectra at Ta ~ 18 K. However, part of the holes are recovered when the systems are cycled back to the burning temperature at Tc = 6 K. It is found that the hole reduction in the annealing spectrum of RhSE-10G/PVOH is more dominant than that of RhSE/PVOH.
{"title":"Temperature-Annealing-Cycling Hole Burning Spectroscopies of Dye and Dye-Oligonucleotide Doped in Polymer Films","authors":"Ta-Chau Chang, C. Chiang, S. Chou","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.wd16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.wd16","url":null,"abstract":"We have measured the temperature-annealing-cycling hole spectra of 5-(and 6-) carboxy-X-rhodamine N-hydroxy succinimidyl ester (RhSE) and the RhSE molecule with binding to the oligonucleotide of ten bases of Guanine (RhSE-10G) doped in polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) films, respectively. Figure 1 shows the temperature-annealing-cycling hole spectra of zero phonon hole (ZPH) of RhSE/PVOH and RhSE-10G/PVOH, which were taken after burning 5 and 10 mins with a flux of ~ 40 mW/cm2 at λB ~ 5812 Å, respectively. It is found that the holes are reduced by 40 % and 50 % in the annealing spectra at Ta ~ 18 K. However, part of the holes are recovered when the systems are cycled back to the burning temperature at Tc = 6 K. It is found that the hole reduction in the annealing spectrum of RhSE-10G/PVOH is more dominant than that of RhSE/PVOH.","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125006294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Semiconductor crystallites which are 10's of Angstroms show a striking evolution of electronic properties with size.1 These particles (quantum dots) are large enough to exhibit a crystalline core, but small enough that solid state electronic and vibrational band structure is not yet developed. We use a recently developed synthetic method for the synthesis of high quality nanometer size (1-10 nm) II-VI semiconductor crystallites with narrow size distributions (σ <5%), emphasizing CdSe.2 Optical characterization of their electronic structure using pump-probe techniques, luminescence, and DC Stark techniques reveals both molecular and bulk-like characteristics as well as properties which are unique to nanometer size crystallites. We observe a number of discrete electronic transitions, assign them as coming from the creation of delocalized "particle-in-a-sphere" states using the theory of Ref. 3, and study their dependence on crystallite diameter.4 The Stark experiments are also compatible with the absorbing states as delocalized symmetric states. We use time resolved fluoresence line narrowing spectroscopy to study the dynamics of electron-hole recombination. We observe significant changes in electron-LO phonon coupling with time, temperature, and crystallite size and suggest that the electron-hole pair dynamics following photoexcitation are dominated by surface effects which are especially important in the smaller crystallites where a large fraction of the atoms are "surface" atoms.5
{"title":"Size Dependent Spectroscopy of CdSe Nanocrystallites","authors":"M. Bawendi","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.fb1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.fb1","url":null,"abstract":"Semiconductor crystallites which are 10's of Angstroms show a striking evolution of electronic properties with size.1 These particles (quantum dots) are large enough to exhibit a crystalline core, but small enough that solid state electronic and vibrational band structure is not yet developed. We use a recently developed synthetic method for the synthesis of high quality nanometer size (1-10 nm) II-VI semiconductor crystallites with narrow size distributions (σ <5%), emphasizing CdSe.2 Optical characterization of their electronic structure using pump-probe techniques, luminescence, and DC Stark techniques reveals both molecular and bulk-like characteristics as well as properties which are unique to nanometer size crystallites. We observe a number of discrete electronic transitions, assign them as coming from the creation of delocalized \"particle-in-a-sphere\" states using the theory of Ref. 3, and study their dependence on crystallite diameter.4 The Stark experiments are also compatible with the absorbing states as delocalized symmetric states. We use time resolved fluoresence line narrowing spectroscopy to study the dynamics of electron-hole recombination. We observe significant changes in electron-LO phonon coupling with time, temperature, and crystallite size and suggest that the electron-hole pair dynamics following photoexcitation are dominated by surface effects which are especially important in the smaller crystallites where a large fraction of the atoms are \"surface\" atoms.5","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125964355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. W. Steeg, R. Reeves, V. Fedorov, A. Karasik, T. Basiev, R. Powell
Numerous experimental investigations of homogeneous line broadening (Γh) of RE3+ ions in crystals and glasses in frequency and time domain [1] have shown that Γh for glasses exceed those for crystals by more than one order of magnitude at low temperatures (T) for the same ions and transitions. Discrepancies between theory and experimental results make it difficult to determine an influence of host disordering on the Γh in a wide temperature range. In this work we measured and compared Γh, values for ordered CaF2 and disordered CaF2-YF3 crystals doped with Nd3+ ions.
{"title":"Accumulated Photon Echo Spectroscopy of Ordered (CaF2) and Disordered (CaF2-YF3) crystals with Nd3+ ions","authors":"K. W. Steeg, R. Reeves, V. Fedorov, A. Karasik, T. Basiev, R. Powell","doi":"10.1364/shbs.1994.wd32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/shbs.1994.wd32","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous experimental investigations of homogeneous line broadening (Γh) of RE3+ ions in crystals and glasses in frequency and time domain [1] have shown that Γh for glasses exceed those for crystals by more than one order of magnitude at low temperatures (T) for the same ions and transitions. Discrepancies between theory and experimental results make it difficult to determine an influence of host disordering on the Γh in a wide temperature range. In this work we measured and compared Γh, values for ordered CaF2 and disordered CaF2-YF3 crystals doped with Nd3+ ions.","PeriodicalId":443330,"journal":{"name":"Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121495532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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