Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-12342731
Hwisang Cho
{"title":"Scribal Practice and the Global Cultures of Colophons, 1400–1800, edited by Christopher D. Bahl and Stefan Hanß","authors":"Hwisang Cho","doi":"10.1163/15700658-12342731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342731","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46298161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10068
E. M. Balıkçıoğlu
Verification (taḥqīq) was a post-classical practice in Islamicate scholarship that sought ways to attain syntheses between rational and religious sciences. This article argues, however, that the early Ottoman practice of taḥqīq was not limited to the “verification of theology and philosophy,” as it also included attempts to reconcile certain Sufi doctrines with philosophical theology. This tendency is evident in the works of fifteenth-century scholars, such as Sinān Paşa and his shaykh Vefā’, as well as al-Jāmī and İbn Kemāl, all of whom tried to reconcile conflicting aspects of philosophy and theology under the overarching rubric of the Akbarī worldview. These cases demonstrate that Sufi taḥqīq was already present very early in the development of Ottoman intellectual life, and that it was a diffuse and multi-variegated practice that drew upon the universalizing tendencies of Sufi agnosticism.
{"title":"In the Crucible of Ottoman Taḥqīq: A Fifteenth-Century Case of Verifying Philosophy and Theology under Sufi Agnosticism","authors":"E. M. Balıkçıoğlu","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10068","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Verification (taḥqīq) was a post-classical practice in Islamicate scholarship that sought ways to attain syntheses between rational and religious sciences. This article argues, however, that the early Ottoman practice of taḥqīq was not limited to the “verification of theology and philosophy,” as it also included attempts to reconcile certain Sufi doctrines with philosophical theology. This tendency is evident in the works of fifteenth-century scholars, such as Sinān Paşa and his shaykh Vefā’, as well as al-Jāmī and İbn Kemāl, all of whom tried to reconcile conflicting aspects of philosophy and theology under the overarching rubric of the Akbarī worldview. These cases demonstrate that Sufi taḥqīq was already present very early in the development of Ottoman intellectual life, and that it was a diffuse and multi-variegated practice that drew upon the universalizing tendencies of Sufi agnosticism.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42445463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10073
G. Casale
Across wide-ranging areas of Islamic thought, taḥqīq is an essential “way of knowing,” an epistemology broadly rooted in independent reasoning, empirical observation, openness to allegorical interpretation, and skepticism towards “received tradition.” Over the past few years, it has attracted the attention of an increasing number of scholars of both the Islamic Mediterranean and the Indo-Persian world, who have found taḥqīq to be a richly productive frame for re-interpreting and re-invigorating the study of intellectual, cultural, scientific, and literary life during the centuries stretching, roughly speaking, from around 1300 to around 1700. As they have done so, however, Mediterraneanists and Indo-Persianists have developed ways of conceptualizing taḥqīq that are vastly divergent – in some sense, even incommensurate. Against this background, the present collection of essays proposes a new, shared history of early modern taḥqīq as an epistemology of empire, with common origins in the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century, and with ramifications stretching well into the era of European modernity.
{"title":"Cultures of Taḥqīq between the Mongols, the Mughals, and the Mediterranean","authors":"G. Casale","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10073","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Across wide-ranging areas of Islamic thought, taḥqīq is an essential “way of knowing,” an epistemology broadly rooted in independent reasoning, empirical observation, openness to allegorical interpretation, and skepticism towards “received tradition.” Over the past few years, it has attracted the attention of an increasing number of scholars of both the Islamic Mediterranean and the Indo-Persian world, who have found taḥqīq to be a richly productive frame for re-interpreting and re-invigorating the study of intellectual, cultural, scientific, and literary life during the centuries stretching, roughly speaking, from around 1300 to around 1700. As they have done so, however, Mediterraneanists and Indo-Persianists have developed ways of conceptualizing taḥqīq that are vastly divergent – in some sense, even incommensurate. Against this background, the present collection of essays proposes a new, shared history of early modern taḥqīq as an epistemology of empire, with common origins in the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century, and with ramifications stretching well into the era of European modernity.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46920279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10067
Francesco Calzolaio
The Persian scholar and state official Rashīd al-Dīn (d. 1318) devoted a considerable part of his literary output to the study of China (Khatā’) and its foremost cultural achievements. The most distinctive aspect of these writings is their sheer novelty. Indeed, Rashīd al-Dīn is the first Islamicate author to systematically investigate such subjects with reference to textual sources and informants from East Asia. This article discusses the motives and methods underlying Rashīd al-Dīn’s intellectual engagement with China, ultimately framing him as an example of (post-)Mongol muḥaqqiq, or “taḥqīq practitioner,” and his writings about China as an emblematic case of Mongol-sponsored, taḥqīq-infused scholarship.
波斯学者和国家官员rash ā d al- d ā n(公元1318年)在他的文学作品中投入了相当大的一部分来研究中国(khatha ')及其最重要的文化成就。这些作品最独特的方面是它们的新颖性。事实上，拉什·d·d·d·n是第一个参照文本来源和来自东亚的线人系统地研究这些主题的伊斯兰教作者。本文讨论了rash - d al- d - d - n与中国的学术接触背后的动机和方法，最终将他塑造成(后)蒙古muḥaqqiq或“taḥqīq实践者”的典范，他关于中国的文章是蒙古赞助的taḥqīq-infused奖学金的一个标志性案例。
{"title":"The Great Khan’s Continent: On Taḥqīq and Rashīd al-Dīn’s Discovery of China","authors":"Francesco Calzolaio","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10067","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Persian scholar and state official Rashīd al-Dīn (d. 1318) devoted a considerable part of his literary output to the study of China (Khatā’) and its foremost cultural achievements. The most distinctive aspect of these writings is their sheer novelty. Indeed, Rashīd al-Dīn is the first Islamicate author to systematically investigate such subjects with reference to textual sources and informants from East Asia. This article discusses the motives and methods underlying Rashīd al-Dīn’s intellectual engagement with China, ultimately framing him as an example of (post-)Mongol muḥaqqiq, or “taḥqīq practitioner,” and his writings about China as an emblematic case of Mongol-sponsored, taḥqīq-infused scholarship.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45924808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-12342728
Stuart Carroll
{"title":"Governare l’odio. Pace e giustizia criminale nell’Italia moderna (secoli XVI–XVII), written by Paolo Broggio","authors":"Stuart Carroll","doi":"10.1163/15700658-12342728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342728","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43223407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10069
G. Casale
Before the invention of modern air travel, the phenomenon we call “jetlag” was known as the “Circumnavigator’s Paradox.” It was first observed empirically by European mariners in the sixteenth century, who noticed a missing day in their ship logs after circumnavigating the globe. But two centuries earlier, the theoretical possibility of such an observation was demonstrated by the Arab statesman and polymath Abu’l-Fidā (d. 1331) in his treatise on world geography, the Taqwīm al-Buldān or “Arrangement of Countries.” Within the context of this special issue on Cultures of Taḥqīq, this article argues that Abu’l-Fidā insight was a quintessential expression of the epistemology of taḥqīq as practiced in the immediate aftermath of the Mongol conquests, with profound implications for the latter history of geography, cartography, and modern spatial thinking.
{"title":"On Taḥqīq, Space Travel, and the Discovery of Jetlag: Post-Mongol Trajectories of Modern Spatial Thinking","authors":"G. Casale","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10069","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Before the invention of modern air travel, the phenomenon we call “jetlag” was known as the “Circumnavigator’s Paradox.” It was first observed empirically by European mariners in the sixteenth century, who noticed a missing day in their ship logs after circumnavigating the globe. But two centuries earlier, the theoretical possibility of such an observation was demonstrated by the Arab statesman and polymath Abu’l-Fidā (d. 1331) in his treatise on world geography, the Taqwīm al-Buldān or “Arrangement of Countries.” Within the context of this special issue on Cultures of Taḥqīq, this article argues that Abu’l-Fidā insight was a quintessential expression of the epistemology of taḥqīq as practiced in the immediate aftermath of the Mongol conquests, with profound implications for the latter history of geography, cartography, and modern spatial thinking.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45439937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10074
Rajeev Kinra
This article offers a brief examination of various uses and senses of the term taḥqīq (ascertaining the truth; investigation; verification) in Mughal intellectual circles in the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries. Often contrasted with another term, taqlīd (copying; imitation), taḥqīq could signify different kinds of epistemological commitments – and therefore different kinds of truth-claims – depending on the context in which it was being deployed. Here we examine the ways in which the notion of taḥqīq figured prominently in Mughal debates about religious toleration, in Mughal scholarly culture, and even in Mughal notions of kingship, justice, and statecraft. Along the way, we will also use Mughal ideas about taḥqīq as an opportunity to intervene in larger debates about the nature of global early modernity.
{"title":"The Truth is out There (and also in Here): Taḥqīq as an Investigative Modality in Mughal Culture and Scholarship","authors":"Rajeev Kinra","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10074","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article offers a brief examination of various uses and senses of the term taḥqīq (ascertaining the truth; investigation; verification) in Mughal intellectual circles in the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries. Often contrasted with another term, taqlīd (copying; imitation), taḥqīq could signify different kinds of epistemological commitments – and therefore different kinds of truth-claims – depending on the context in which it was being deployed. Here we examine the ways in which the notion of taḥqīq figured prominently in Mughal debates about religious toleration, in Mughal scholarly culture, and even in Mughal notions of kingship, justice, and statecraft. Along the way, we will also use Mughal ideas about taḥqīq as an opportunity to intervene in larger debates about the nature of global early modernity.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46587425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-12342730
Merry Wiesner-Hanks
{"title":"On Savage Shores: How Indigenous Americans Discovered Europe, written by Caroline Dodds Pennock","authors":"Merry Wiesner-Hanks","doi":"10.1163/15700658-12342730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342730","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47767962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10072
Stefano Pellò
In this article I trace the contours of the notion of taḥqīq in the Ṭūr-i maʿrifat “The Sinai of Knowledge,” a late seventeenth-century poetic exploration of natural phenomena by the most important Indo-Persian poet-philosopher of the Mughal times, Mīrzā ʿAbd al-Qādir Bīdil (ʿAẓīmābād, 1644 – Delhi, 1720). I collect and analyze all the textual loci where the term taḥqīq occurs in Bīdil’s mathnawī, showing how “verification/realization” is a key concept to make sense of Bīdil’s method of observation, via imagination, of the phenomenic unfolding of physis. I also explore several surprising points of contact between Bīdil’s poetic conceptualization of nature and some aspects of Renaissance and post-Renaissance Italian naturalistic thought.
{"title":"Looking Through Taḥqīq Glasses: Early Modern Imagination and the Unveiling of Nature in Mīrzā Bīdil’s The Sinai of Knowledge","authors":"Stefano Pellò","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10072","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In this article I trace the contours of the notion of taḥqīq in the Ṭūr-i maʿrifat “The Sinai of Knowledge,” a late seventeenth-century poetic exploration of natural phenomena by the most important Indo-Persian poet-philosopher of the Mughal times, Mīrzā ʿAbd al-Qādir Bīdil (ʿAẓīmābād, 1644 – Delhi, 1720). I collect and analyze all the textual loci where the term taḥqīq occurs in Bīdil’s mathnawī, showing how “verification/realization” is a key concept to make sense of Bīdil’s method of observation, via imagination, of the phenomenic unfolding of physis. I also explore several surprising points of contact between Bīdil’s poetic conceptualization of nature and some aspects of Renaissance and post-Renaissance Italian naturalistic thought.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44334157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-12342729
S. McGlynn
{"title":"Singing the News of Death: Execution Ballads in Europe 1500–1900, written by Una McIlvenna","authors":"S. McGlynn","doi":"10.1163/15700658-12342729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342729","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47773020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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