Pub Date : 2022-04-08DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10050
Catherine Burdick
This study analyzes John Narborough’s cartographic chart A Draught of the Port of Baldavia in the Coast of Chile (1670) as a missed cue to a radical reimagining of England’s imperial course in the Pacific sphere. Produced for Charles II, this map placed an optimistic spin on Narborough’s failed attempt to gain a commercial foothold along the Pacific coastline of South America. Its contents provide new evidence that Narborough’s voyage maintained a covert military agenda, perhaps to be carried out in a future voyage, should Spain block English trade with local indigenous inhabitants. Yet, as the map also conveys, Narborough’s venture at Valdivia ended abruptly in a tense encounter with Spanish garrisons that spurred the renovation of the most extensive Spanish fort system in the Americas.
{"title":"The Map as Missed Cue: England’s Pacific Ambitions as Revealed by Narborough’s Draught of the Port of Baldavia in the Coast of Chile (1670)","authors":"Catherine Burdick","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study analyzes John Narborough’s cartographic chart A Draught of the Port of Baldavia in the Coast of Chile (1670) as a missed cue to a radical reimagining of England’s imperial course in the Pacific sphere. Produced for Charles II, this map placed an optimistic spin on Narborough’s failed attempt to gain a commercial foothold along the Pacific coastline of South America. Its contents provide new evidence that Narborough’s voyage maintained a covert military agenda, perhaps to be carried out in a future voyage, should Spain block English trade with local indigenous inhabitants. Yet, as the map also conveys, Narborough’s venture at Valdivia ended abruptly in a tense encounter with Spanish garrisons that spurred the renovation of the most extensive Spanish fort system in the Americas.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42898302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10041
Andrew Vidali
In late medieval and early modern Europe, baptism was the object of confrontation between civil society and the Church. This article will outline the involvement of the Venetian government from the early sixteenth century. This legislation, aimed to shape the practice of godparenthood among Venetian patricians in both Venice and its empire, will be examined until the mid-seventeenth century. In particular, the article will highlight the transformations in the networks established by Venetian nobles throughout the sixteenth century. At the same time, it will focus on the political use of spiritual kinship in the electoral and governorship contexts, and explain how it was a useful way to improve diplomatic relations between states.
{"title":"Political and Social Aspects of Godparenthood in Early Modern Venice: Spiritual Kinship and Patrician Society","authors":"Andrew Vidali","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In late medieval and early modern Europe, baptism was the object of confrontation between civil society and the Church. This article will outline the involvement of the Venetian government from the early sixteenth century. This legislation, aimed to shape the practice of godparenthood among Venetian patricians in both Venice and its empire, will be examined until the mid-seventeenth century. In particular, the article will highlight the transformations in the networks established by Venetian nobles throughout the sixteenth century. At the same time, it will focus on the political use of spiritual kinship in the electoral and governorship contexts, and explain how it was a useful way to improve diplomatic relations between states.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48401100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10013
Josefine Baark
The article explores how an artisan community in Canton adapted European clock-making technology to the making of automata in a Chinese aesthetic style. Moreover, it positions a unique automaton from the National Museum of Denmark in relation to a Chinese story and connected drinking game. Approaching the mechanical tableau as continuously in the process of being cocreated across social and global boundaries, it points to how new technology impacted ways of trading in the international community in Canton. When the elites in Canton set the mechanical tableau drumming, chiming, and spinning; gulped their wine, and passed each other flowering branches, they cocreated and performed a social ritual that traversed boundaries. Ultimately, a close reading of the sculpture reveals an often invisible aspect of international trade: that negotiations could rely on play as much as power, capital, and influence.
{"title":"Toys in Trade: Playfully Poetic Technology in Qing Dynasty Canton","authors":"Josefine Baark","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article explores how an artisan community in Canton adapted European clock-making technology to the making of automata in a Chinese aesthetic style. Moreover, it positions a unique automaton from the National Museum of Denmark in relation to a Chinese story and connected drinking game. Approaching the mechanical tableau as continuously in the process of being cocreated across social and global boundaries, it points to how new technology impacted ways of trading in the international community in Canton. When the elites in Canton set the mechanical tableau drumming, chiming, and spinning; gulped their wine, and passed each other flowering branches, they cocreated and performed a social ritual that traversed boundaries. Ultimately, a close reading of the sculpture reveals an often invisible aspect of international trade: that negotiations could rely on play as much as power, capital, and influence.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46284980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-21DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10043
B. Pavlish
Despite the historians’ growing interest in material culture, collections of sacred objects have largely been overlooked by scholars of religious history and art history alike. While the former tend to reduce church artifacts to their religious function, the latter focus mostly on individual items of singular artistic import. This essay examines a collection of displaced relics from the perspective of their shifting meanings and multiple uses as ritual objects, offerings, gifts, and commodities. Charting the parallel displacements of objects and people during the Polish-Ottoman wars of 1672–1699, I argue that the mutability of the relics shaped the refugees’ attempts to deal with the conflicting social obligations and economic pressures of exile. Drawing on the church inventories and trial records of the Armenian communities in Poland-Lithuania, this essay offers a wider analytical framework with which to approach the problems of migration, displacement, and collective possessions in the early modern world.
{"title":"Relics in Exile: A Collection of Armenian Sacred Objects between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire, 1672–1699","authors":"B. Pavlish","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Despite the historians’ growing interest in material culture, collections of sacred objects have largely been overlooked by scholars of religious history and art history alike. While the former tend to reduce church artifacts to their religious function, the latter focus mostly on individual items of singular artistic import. This essay examines a collection of displaced relics from the perspective of their shifting meanings and multiple uses as ritual objects, offerings, gifts, and commodities. Charting the parallel displacements of objects and people during the Polish-Ottoman wars of 1672–1699, I argue that the mutability of the relics shaped the refugees’ attempts to deal with the conflicting social obligations and economic pressures of exile. Drawing on the church inventories and trial records of the Armenian communities in Poland-Lithuania, this essay offers a wider analytical framework with which to approach the problems of migration, displacement, and collective possessions in the early modern world.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64733102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10016
Stephanie Hassell
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, enslaved Africans and Asians bolstered the population of Portuguese imperial settlements in India. Purchased for a variety of occupations, their presence partially solved the problem of “peopling the empire” in a context of imperial insecurity. Valued for their capacity to fight in times of crisis, the Portuguese armed their slaves repeatedly. This tendency to arm their slaves has often appeared in the secondary literature. However, the religious dimension of arming slaves has not been explored. In the colonial imagination, conversion to Islam threatened slaves’ military loyalty. Fleeing the empire to Muslim-ruled states, slaves who became renegades represented the fears of Portuguese colonial society – fears of being overtaken by the surrounding states. Imperial anxieties about religion and security shaped inquisitorial responses to slaves’ conversions to Islam and crept into the discourse of ecclesiastical council records advocating for the baptism and Christian instruction of slaves.
{"title":"Religious Identity and Imperial Security: Arming Catholic Slaves in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Portuguese India","authors":"Stephanie Hassell","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, enslaved Africans and Asians bolstered the population of Portuguese imperial settlements in India. Purchased for a variety of occupations, their presence partially solved the problem of “peopling the empire” in a context of imperial insecurity. Valued for their capacity to fight in times of crisis, the Portuguese armed their slaves repeatedly. This tendency to arm their slaves has often appeared in the secondary literature. However, the religious dimension of arming slaves has not been explored. In the colonial imagination, conversion to Islam threatened slaves’ military loyalty. Fleeing the empire to Muslim-ruled states, slaves who became renegades represented the fears of Portuguese colonial society – fears of being overtaken by the surrounding states. Imperial anxieties about religion and security shaped inquisitorial responses to slaves’ conversions to Islam and crept into the discourse of ecclesiastical council records advocating for the baptism and Christian instruction of slaves.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49640789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-10DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10028
Pablo Ortega-del-Cerro, J. Hernandez-Franco
During the early modern period, blood was not only the red fluid that circulates within the body, but also an important cultural and social element. It was a symbol that synthesized and represented the most relevant social principles: individuals, families, and groups were defined according to the alleged nature of their blood, and, thus, it was an important matrix through which society was built and imagined. However, there were many ways to think about blood, each of which reflected a different social model. In this article, we study different concepts of blood and seek to understand their symbolic value. We aim to dissect and analyze their meanings in order to reconstruct the implicit models of society which they embodied. We focus on three Castilian treatises that deal with the issue of purity-of-blood, written by Fernando de Valdés, Gerónimo de la Cruz, and Bartolomé Jiménez de Patón in the 1630s – a decade of resurgent Anti-Judaism and racist attitudes in Castile. They represent different currents of opinion about purity-of-blood statutes – essentially, those wishing to abolish, reform, and preserve this system of social segregation – and they allow us to examine the characterization of blood traits, the construction of social principles, and the forging of ideal societies.
{"title":"Debates on the Nature of Blood and the Forging of Social Models in Early Modern Spain (1630s)","authors":"Pablo Ortega-del-Cerro, J. Hernandez-Franco","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000During the early modern period, blood was not only the red fluid that circulates within the body, but also an important cultural and social element. It was a symbol that synthesized and represented the most relevant social principles: individuals, families, and groups were defined according to the alleged nature of their blood, and, thus, it was an important matrix through which society was built and imagined. However, there were many ways to think about blood, each of which reflected a different social model. In this article, we study different concepts of blood and seek to understand their symbolic value. We aim to dissect and analyze their meanings in order to reconstruct the implicit models of society which they embodied. We focus on three Castilian treatises that deal with the issue of purity-of-blood, written by Fernando de Valdés, Gerónimo de la Cruz, and Bartolomé Jiménez de Patón in the 1630s – a decade of resurgent Anti-Judaism and racist attitudes in Castile. They represent different currents of opinion about purity-of-blood statutes – essentially, those wishing to abolish, reform, and preserve this system of social segregation – and they allow us to examine the characterization of blood traits, the construction of social principles, and the forging of ideal societies.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46860076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10027
Ana Paula Lloyd
Using trials and wills of women arrested in the Portuguese inquisitorial purges of New Christian families between 1672 and 1674, which gave rise to negotiations for a General Pardon and unprecedented suspension of the Inquisition, this article argues that there was a concerted strategy of female education amongst New Christian families, teaching literacy and business savvy to girls. This was not as a tool of empowerment or self-determination against a paternalistic society, but a necessity for the family to function under the scrutiny of neighbors and threat of inquisitorial persecution. Literacy was both a political strategy, a tool that could be used to undermine and evade the inquisition’s codes of secrecy, and a way to ensure the family and its vitally important business networks survived in the diaspora. Exploring the idea that reading and writing can be political acts, I will examine here what literacy meant for the practicality of lives lived in the shadow of the inquisition and diaspora.
{"title":"The Suspension of the Portuguese Inquisition, 1674 to 1681: The Female Perspective","authors":"Ana Paula Lloyd","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Using trials and wills of women arrested in the Portuguese inquisitorial purges of New Christian families between 1672 and 1674, which gave rise to negotiations for a General Pardon and unprecedented suspension of the Inquisition, this article argues that there was a concerted strategy of female education amongst New Christian families, teaching literacy and business savvy to girls. This was not as a tool of empowerment or self-determination against a paternalistic society, but a necessity for the family to function under the scrutiny of neighbors and threat of inquisitorial persecution. Literacy was both a political strategy, a tool that could be used to undermine and evade the inquisition’s codes of secrecy, and a way to ensure the family and its vitally important business networks survived in the diaspora. Exploring the idea that reading and writing can be political acts, I will examine here what literacy meant for the practicality of lives lived in the shadow of the inquisition and diaspora.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45842581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-03DOI: 10.1163/15700658-bja10004
J. DeBernardi
This paper explores the influence of Pietism on the radical evangelical Christian movement known as the Open Brethren movement. In the 1830s, Anthony Norris Groves (1795–1853) met with German Lutheran missionary Karl Rhenius in India and praised his methods, which included support for indigenous Christian leaders and the independent churches that they led. Karl Gützlaff promoted similar methods in China and influenced wealthy London Brethren to found the China Evangelization Society (CES) in 1850. The CES founders also took the Moravians as a model, noting that a single congregation had launched a global missionary movement that had perpetuated itself from generation to generation. Although they had no formal relationship with the Moravian United Brethren, the Open Brethren knew of their work and that of Pietist institutions like the Francke Foundations both through personal contacts and publications. This paper utilizes the concept of “ensampling” to analyze the ways that Open Brethren founders modeled their work on practices that Pietist missionaries and philanthropists had developed in the long eighteenth century.
{"title":"Pietism, the Brethren Movement, and the Globalization of Evangelical Christian Practice","authors":"J. DeBernardi","doi":"10.1163/15700658-bja10004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper explores the influence of Pietism on the radical evangelical Christian movement known as the Open Brethren movement. In the 1830s, Anthony Norris Groves (1795–1853) met with German Lutheran missionary Karl Rhenius in India and praised his methods, which included support for indigenous Christian leaders and the independent churches that they led. Karl Gützlaff promoted similar methods in China and influenced wealthy London Brethren to found the China Evangelization Society (CES) in 1850. The CES founders also took the Moravians as a model, noting that a single congregation had launched a global missionary movement that had perpetuated itself from generation to generation. Although they had no formal relationship with the Moravian United Brethren, the Open Brethren knew of their work and that of Pietist institutions like the Francke Foundations both through personal contacts and publications. This paper utilizes the concept of “ensampling” to analyze the ways that Open Brethren founders modeled their work on practices that Pietist missionaries and philanthropists had developed in the long eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41414757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-03DOI: 10.1163/15700658-12342699
Emily Chambers
{"title":"Women and Economic Power in Premodern Royal Courts, edited by Cathleen Sarti","authors":"Emily Chambers","doi":"10.1163/15700658-12342699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342699","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43620068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-03DOI: 10.1163/15700658-12342698
Melita Thomas
{"title":"Princesses Mary and Elizabeth Tudor and the Gift Book Exchange, written by Valerie Schutte","authors":"Melita Thomas","doi":"10.1163/15700658-12342698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342698","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64733021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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