{"title":"Democracy, Nazi Trials, and Transitional Justice in Germany, 1945–1950","authors":"Alexa Stiller","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48135256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article examines family memoirs and novels by children or grandchildren of East Germany’s literary founding generation. Written after reunification, this generational literature looks back on family life in the German Democratic Republic. It paints a group portrait of a distinct milieu in East German society and inside the Communist elite. Shaped by politics, habitus and social background, this milieu was stamped by German history, Jewish history and the history of Communism. A unifying thread runs through this family literature: intense generational dissonance stemming from parental silence about the Nazi past and the socialist present. In children’s memory, parents’ stories about exile clung to a narrative of victorious anti-fascist struggle and left out their suffering as Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe or as Communists in the Stalinist USSR. The article traces the postwar reverberations of silence about the past. Younger generations asked the founding generation who in the family survived, and how, and who did not survive, and why. How, they wondered, could parents condone socialist repression after resisting Nazi terror? Children confronted parental silence emotionally, culturally and politically, in a similar mode, the article argues, to the generational stance of 68ers in West Germany. In their discontent with anti-fascist parents, however, this group of East Germans shared the point of view of youth rebels in non-German Europe who challenged parents who opposed, not supported, National Socialism.
{"title":"Echoes of Silence: The Politics of Generational Memory in East Germany’s Literary Intelligentsia","authors":"Donna Harsch","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines family memoirs and novels by children or grandchildren of East Germany’s literary founding generation. Written after reunification, this generational literature looks back on family life in the German Democratic Republic. It paints a group portrait of a distinct milieu in East German society and inside the Communist elite. Shaped by politics, habitus and social background, this milieu was stamped by German history, Jewish history and the history of Communism. A unifying thread runs through this family literature: intense generational dissonance stemming from parental silence about the Nazi past and the socialist present. In children’s memory, parents’ stories about exile clung to a narrative of victorious anti-fascist struggle and left out their suffering as Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe or as Communists in the Stalinist USSR. The article traces the postwar reverberations of silence about the past. Younger generations asked the founding generation who in the family survived, and how, and who did not survive, and why. How, they wondered, could parents condone socialist repression after resisting Nazi terror? Children confronted parental silence emotionally, culturally and politically, in a similar mode, the article argues, to the generational stance of 68ers in West Germany. In their discontent with anti-fascist parents, however, this group of East Germans shared the point of view of youth rebels in non-German Europe who challenged parents who opposed, not supported, National Socialism.","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135960543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Albrecht von Wallenstein was one of the most colourful and controversial figures of the Thirty Years War, and his dismissal by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and eventual assassination was one of the most talked about events of the conflict. This article examines how the downfall of the imperial generalissimo and massacre of his subordinate officers at Eger, in Bohemia, were viewed and reported across Europe at various pro- and anti-Habsburg courts. In addition to assessing how Wallenstein’s demise was discussed in diplomatic circles, the article addresses how the events at Eger were portrayed in newsprint published in the German states as well as further afield in Sweden, England and the Italian states. An examination of political and private correspondence, as well as a comparison of news publications from across the continent, provides valuable insight into how information and intelligence were collected and disseminated throughout early modern Europe. By examining the depiction of Wallenstein’s downfall in the arts, such as poetry and stage plays in various European cities in the immediate aftermath of the assassination and in the mid- and later 1630s, it is also possible to determine what information had been received in different locations at different times. The final section of the article addresses how Wallenstein’s reputation had changed by the end of the seventeenth century, with the result that he was almost universally regarded as a notorious rebel and would-be regicide.
{"title":"‘I doe not find him, howsoever our great Enemy, to have deserved such an end’: Reactions to the Assassination of Albrecht von Wallenstein, c.1634–1700","authors":"Thomas Pert","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Albrecht von Wallenstein was one of the most colourful and controversial figures of the Thirty Years War, and his dismissal by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and eventual assassination was one of the most talked about events of the conflict. This article examines how the downfall of the imperial generalissimo and massacre of his subordinate officers at Eger, in Bohemia, were viewed and reported across Europe at various pro- and anti-Habsburg courts. In addition to assessing how Wallenstein’s demise was discussed in diplomatic circles, the article addresses how the events at Eger were portrayed in newsprint published in the German states as well as further afield in Sweden, England and the Italian states. An examination of political and private correspondence, as well as a comparison of news publications from across the continent, provides valuable insight into how information and intelligence were collected and disseminated throughout early modern Europe. By examining the depiction of Wallenstein’s downfall in the arts, such as poetry and stage plays in various European cities in the immediate aftermath of the assassination and in the mid- and later 1630s, it is also possible to determine what information had been received in different locations at different times. The final section of the article addresses how Wallenstein’s reputation had changed by the end of the seventeenth century, with the result that he was almost universally regarded as a notorious rebel and would-be regicide.","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135960544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article asks how we should best historically situate processes of making and knowing in early modern luxury crafts. It focuses on the Augsburg merchant Philipp Hainhofer (1578–1647) and his celebrated cabinets of curiosities. The article methodologically argues for the need to cross-fertilize scholarship on ‘the body of the artisan’ (Pamela H. Smith) with the history of labour. The notion of the European ‘artisan’ involved in ‘making and knowing’ has unwittingly tended to conjure up the image of an unquestionably male and often autonomous practitioner soberly immersed in experiment. By contrast, the article argues that lived ‘bodies’ involved in making and knowing were diverse and subjected to far more disciplining and strain than has hitherto been highlighted. A culture of secrecy fostered isolation. Increased alcohol consumption interrelated with the cultivation of wit as intellectual and affective practice. The article considers how differences in social status and religious beliefs created tensions among these makers and pays attention to the gendered nature of these types of employment and the hidden global types of knowledge and labour upon which they depended. By focusing primarily on Hainhofer’s published and unpublished correspondence, the article argues against the generalized conception that artefacts emerged from a ‘flow’ between makers and materials and demonstrates how early modern craft labour can be situated in social, economic and cultural contexts. Material communities in the luxury crafts were characterized by systemic strain, conflicts and the need to find shortcuts, but also by pleasure, wit, resistance, tenacity and opportunities for conceptual thinking.
{"title":"Craft, Labour and Cabinets of Curiosities: Rethinking the Body of the Artisan","authors":"U. Rublack","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article asks how we should best historically situate processes of making and knowing in early modern luxury crafts. It focuses on the Augsburg merchant Philipp Hainhofer (1578–1647) and his celebrated cabinets of curiosities. The article methodologically argues for the need to cross-fertilize scholarship on ‘the body of the artisan’ (Pamela H. Smith) with the history of labour. The notion of the European ‘artisan’ involved in ‘making and knowing’ has unwittingly tended to conjure up the image of an unquestionably male and often autonomous practitioner soberly immersed in experiment. By contrast, the article argues that lived ‘bodies’ involved in making and knowing were diverse and subjected to far more disciplining and strain than has hitherto been highlighted. A culture of secrecy fostered isolation. Increased alcohol consumption interrelated with the cultivation of wit as intellectual and affective practice. The article considers how differences in social status and religious beliefs created tensions among these makers and pays attention to the gendered nature of these types of employment and the hidden global types of knowledge and labour upon which they depended. By focusing primarily on Hainhofer’s published and unpublished correspondence, the article argues against the generalized conception that artefacts emerged from a ‘flow’ between makers and materials and demonstrates how early modern craft labour can be situated in social, economic and cultural contexts. Material communities in the luxury crafts were characterized by systemic strain, conflicts and the need to find shortcuts, but also by pleasure, wit, resistance, tenacity and opportunities for conceptual thinking.","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48129727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Apocalypse in Reformation Nuremberg. Jews and Turks in Andreas Osiander’s World","authors":"S. Dunwoody","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47980724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In what began as a piece against the Nazi concentration camps, the composer Hanns Eisler and his collaborator, the poet and playwright Bertolt Brecht, created the eleven-movement, twelve-tone Deutsche Sinfonie, Op. 50 (1935–1958) to communicate political ideas. They soon expanded it to articulate what they saw as the very roots of fascism: militarism and capitalism. To explain the problems of class conflict in Europe, Eisler and Brecht focused on two groups that were central to Marxist–Leninist ideology: peasants and industrial workers. In two movements, the Peasant Cantata (Bauernkantate) and Workers Cantata (Arbeiterkantate), they portrayed long-standing injustices that peasants and industrial workers endured in the twentieth century. Eisler thus viewed the Deutsche Sinfonie, his largest and most ambitious work, as a way of explaining the arc of modern German history—from the late nineteenth century through to the 1940s—and how the Nazis came to power. The article further argues that the Deutsche Sinfonie can be analysed in relation to the discourse on human rights, drawing on the work of Martha Nussbaum, Micheline Ishay and other human rights theorists and historians, as a contribution to what Mark Philip Bradley calls the ‘global human rights imagination’. The article explains the vital role that the Peasant Cantata and Workers Cantata had in the overall conception of the work and how human rights issues were at the core of that musical idea. To place the Deutsche Sinfonie in historical and cultural context, this interdisciplinary analysis integrates methodologies of both cultural history and musicology.
{"title":"Listening to Human Rights: Class Conflict in Hanns Eisler’s Deutsche Sinfonie","authors":"K. Marcus","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In what began as a piece against the Nazi concentration camps, the composer Hanns Eisler and his collaborator, the poet and playwright Bertolt Brecht, created the eleven-movement, twelve-tone Deutsche Sinfonie, Op. 50 (1935–1958) to communicate political ideas. They soon expanded it to articulate what they saw as the very roots of fascism: militarism and capitalism. To explain the problems of class conflict in Europe, Eisler and Brecht focused on two groups that were central to Marxist–Leninist ideology: peasants and industrial workers. In two movements, the Peasant Cantata (Bauernkantate) and Workers Cantata (Arbeiterkantate), they portrayed long-standing injustices that peasants and industrial workers endured in the twentieth century. Eisler thus viewed the Deutsche Sinfonie, his largest and most ambitious work, as a way of explaining the arc of modern German history—from the late nineteenth century through to the 1940s—and how the Nazis came to power. The article further argues that the Deutsche Sinfonie can be analysed in relation to the discourse on human rights, drawing on the work of Martha Nussbaum, Micheline Ishay and other human rights theorists and historians, as a contribution to what Mark Philip Bradley calls the ‘global human rights imagination’. The article explains the vital role that the Peasant Cantata and Workers Cantata had in the overall conception of the work and how human rights issues were at the core of that musical idea. To place the Deutsche Sinfonie in historical and cultural context, this interdisciplinary analysis integrates methodologies of both cultural history and musicology.","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48800922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article The Crucible of German Democracy. Ernst Troeltsch and the First World War Get access The Crucible of German Democracy. Ernst Troeltsch and the First World War. By Robert E. Norton. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. 2021. xv + 650 pp. €149.00 (hardback/e-book). Mark D Chapman Mark D Chapman University of Oxford, UK mark.chapman@theology.ox.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar German History, Volume 41, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 310–312, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad024 Published: 10 April 2023
期刊文章:德国民主的坩埚。Ernst Troeltsch和第一次世界大战。Ernst Troeltsch和第一次世界大战。罗伯特·e·诺顿著。宾根:莫尔·希贝克，2021。Xv + 650页，149.00欧元(精装本/电子书)。Mark D Chapman Mark D Chapman牛津大学，英国mark.chapman@theology.ox.ac.uk搜索作者的其他作品:牛津学术谷歌学者德国历史，第41卷，第2期，2023年6月，310-312页，https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad024出版:2023年4月10日
{"title":"The Crucible of German Democracy. Ernst Troeltsch and the First World War","authors":"Mark D Chapman","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad024","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article The Crucible of German Democracy. Ernst Troeltsch and the First World War Get access The Crucible of German Democracy. Ernst Troeltsch and the First World War. By Robert E. Norton. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. 2021. xv + 650 pp. €149.00 (hardback/e-book). Mark D Chapman Mark D Chapman University of Oxford, UK mark.chapman@theology.ox.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar German History, Volume 41, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 310–312, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad024 Published: 10 April 2023","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":"243 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135543681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article uses the previously unjustly discarded early thirteenth-century hagiographical text Vitae s. Heinrici additamentum to show how different ideals of female sainthood could be combined within one figure. In two of its chapters, the Additamentum presents two distinct but not contradictory images of its female protagonist, Cunigunde (d. 1033), the wife of the German emperor Henry II (d. 1024). The first chapter of the text portrays Henry and Cunigunde’s marriage as dominated by consensual chastity and emphasizes the spouses’ equality. On their wedding night, within the privacy of their bedchamber, their mutual wish for chastity takes the place of any gendered expressions and is the reason for the blossoming deep affection between them. Following ideals of love and consensual marriage from the twelfth century onwards, this chapter is situated within contemporary discussions of marital affection. In contrast, the third and last chapter of the Additamentum is set within the public space of the imperial court. Cunigunde, a powerful empress, goes through a trial by ordeal to clear herself of an accusation of infidelity. In this chapter, both she and Henry are clearly gendered, but Cunigunde is behaving considerably more ‘manly’ than her husband and ultimately proves herself a saintly virago. Both the ordeal and the virago were predominantly early and central medieval motifs, situating this chapter within a different literary tradition from the first. The Additamentum thus proves the coexistence and possible intertwining of different models of female sainthood.
{"title":"Empress and Virgin: St Cunigunde and Female Sainthood in the Early Thirteenth Century","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article uses the previously unjustly discarded early thirteenth-century hagiographical text Vitae s. Heinrici additamentum to show how different ideals of female sainthood could be combined within one figure. In two of its chapters, the Additamentum presents two distinct but not contradictory images of its female protagonist, Cunigunde (d. 1033), the wife of the German emperor Henry II (d. 1024). The first chapter of the text portrays Henry and Cunigunde’s marriage as dominated by consensual chastity and emphasizes the spouses’ equality. On their wedding night, within the privacy of their bedchamber, their mutual wish for chastity takes the place of any gendered expressions and is the reason for the blossoming deep affection between them. Following ideals of love and consensual marriage from the twelfth century onwards, this chapter is situated within contemporary discussions of marital affection. In contrast, the third and last chapter of the Additamentum is set within the public space of the imperial court. Cunigunde, a powerful empress, goes through a trial by ordeal to clear herself of an accusation of infidelity. In this chapter, both she and Henry are clearly gendered, but Cunigunde is behaving considerably more ‘manly’ than her husband and ultimately proves herself a saintly virago. Both the ordeal and the virago were predominantly early and central medieval motifs, situating this chapter within a different literary tradition from the first. The Additamentum thus proves the coexistence and possible intertwining of different models of female sainthood.","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47127264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
that concealed and revealed, accentuated, and burdened female bodies. Bond extends veils beyond “ semiotic codes for social types ” printed in costume books to “ objects of beauty, fashionability, virtue, and vehicles of creativity ” with “ crackling energy, ” fabrics of differing drapes and thickness that had physical and emotional effects on the body (327, 348). Susanna Burghartz focuses on sumptuary policies in Basel and Zurich and pushback that similarly indicated veils ’ “ affective, physical affects on their wearers, ” and through reconstruction draws attention to “ the play of opacity and transparency ” as part of performing female self (404, 406)
{"title":"Materialized Identities in Early Modern Culture, 1450–1750. Objects, Affects, Effects","authors":"Molly Taylor-Poleskey","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad022","url":null,"abstract":"that concealed and revealed, accentuated, and burdened female bodies. Bond extends veils beyond “ semiotic codes for social types ” printed in costume books to “ objects of beauty, fashionability, virtue, and vehicles of creativity ” with “ crackling energy, ” fabrics of differing drapes and thickness that had physical and emotional effects on the body (327, 348). Susanna Burghartz focuses on sumptuary policies in Basel and Zurich and pushback that similarly indicated veils ’ “ affective, physical affects on their wearers, ” and through reconstruction draws attention to “ the play of opacity and transparency ” as part of performing female self (404, 406)","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44443730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The History of Cancer and Emotions in Twentieth-Century Germany","authors":"G. Cocks","doi":"10.1093/gerhis/ghad021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghad021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44471,"journal":{"name":"German History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47302941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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