Globalization is current and inevitable process, which brings good things (like capital flow, technology transfer, export) and some side effects (like pressure on domestic production, interfierence in economic policy and economic dependence of countries). Accumulation of wealth is one of globalization triggers. Half of world capital is owned by developed countries, while others are fighting to gain better position. Asia has the fastest accumulation of wealth and development. In 2017, China was ranked first economy in the world (considering inovations). It was projected that China’s GDP will double by 2020. Qatar is the ritchest country in the world with the highest living standard and third by resources of natural gas. In the second half of 20th century, Luxemburg is considered financial center. Singapour is also among the ritchest countries and lider in technological inovation. Globalization led to coorporations controling economies, finances and technology, using developing and postsocialistic countries in accumulation of even bigger wealth. They are big enough to negotiate rules and taxes with smaller countries, and often they build monopol position in these economies. The big corporations come from the developed countries and that is why globalization contributes to wealth accumulation. This triggers the global distribution of industry as well – labour intensive industries in poorer countries, eco-unfriedly technology in less developed countries. In addition, while people in less developed countries are struggling to survive, globalization imposes change of cultural and hystorical values. Smaller economies spend their resources without any benefit, built bigger public debt; lose jobs, bassicaly they struggle. So intervention is needed by institutions, better management, fight with coruption and criminal. These economiess have limited opportunitites for increasment of production, productivuty, and competitivnes and by that economic growth. So they need to work on the export structure with know how transfer and help of the FDI. This paper uses methods as analyses, deduction, induction, syntezis and comparative analyses. In further period, it is expected that the globalization will induce changes in economy and politics and progress. The question how to decrease the gap between poor and rich countries remain.
{"title":"GLOBALISATION AND ITS AFFECT TO DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, CASE STUDY REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA","authors":"Gordana Bilbilovska, Ivana Bilbilovska","doi":"10.31410/eraz.2019.385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.385","url":null,"abstract":"Globalization is current and inevitable process, which brings good things (like capital flow, technology transfer, export) and some side effects (like pressure on domestic production, interfierence in economic policy and economic dependence of countries). Accumulation of wealth is one of globalization triggers. Half of world capital is owned by developed countries, while others are fighting to gain better position. Asia has the fastest accumulation of wealth and development. In 2017, China was ranked first economy in the world (considering inovations). It was projected that China’s GDP will double by 2020. Qatar is the ritchest country in the world with the highest living standard and third by resources of natural gas. In the second half of 20th century, Luxemburg is considered financial center. Singapour is also among the ritchest countries and lider in technological inovation. Globalization led to coorporations controling economies, finances and technology, using developing and postsocialistic countries in accumulation of even bigger wealth. They are big enough to negotiate rules and taxes with smaller countries, and often they build monopol position in these economies. The big corporations come from the developed countries and that is why globalization contributes to wealth accumulation. This triggers the global distribution of industry as well – labour intensive industries in poorer countries, eco-unfriedly technology in less developed countries. In addition, while people in less developed countries are struggling to survive, globalization imposes change of cultural and hystorical values. Smaller economies spend their resources without any benefit, built bigger public debt; lose jobs, bassicaly they struggle. So intervention is needed by institutions, better management, fight with coruption and criminal. These economiess have limited opportunitites for increasment of production, productivuty, and competitivnes and by that economic growth. So they need to work on the export structure with know how transfer and help of the FDI. This paper uses methods as analyses, deduction, induction, syntezis and comparative analyses. In further period, it is expected that the globalization will induce changes in economy and politics and progress. The question how to decrease the gap between poor and rich countries remain.","PeriodicalId":445140,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115002192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nikolay Dragomirov, supply chains, Studentski Grad Sofia Bulgaria Unwe
Logistics and supply chain management are becoming more and more important, and the reason for that is the transformation of the markets and the need for accurate management of material flows. For overall business success it is now very important to understand the elements of the logistics systems and especially warehousing and transport. The article is focused on the research experience of warehousing in Bulgaria. The research method is based on using online bibliographic systems, registers and other information services and reveals potential warehousing research areas.
{"title":"WAREHOUSING IN LOGISTICS – MAIN REVIEW OF BULGARIAN RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION","authors":"Nikolay Dragomirov, supply chains, Studentski Grad Sofia Bulgaria Unwe","doi":"10.31410/eraz.2019.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.107","url":null,"abstract":"Logistics and supply chain management are becoming more and more important, and the reason for that is the transformation of the markets and the need for accurate management of material flows. For overall business success it is now very important to understand the elements of the logistics systems and especially warehousing and transport. The article is focused on the research experience of warehousing in Bulgaria. The research method is based on using online bibliographic systems, registers and other information services and reveals potential warehousing research areas.","PeriodicalId":445140,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131383987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most important categories of local impact studies is the investigations about the roles of a large company in the life of a small and medium-sized towns. The first part of this paper analyses this question on a conceptual, theoretical level and by the help of literature review. A systematic overview will be given on the different roles of big companies, such as in the field of economy, labour market, infrastructure, land use, traffic, local services, local taxes, demography, culture, milieu, lifestyle, politics, education, tourism and others. There can be both positive and negative side of the dominance, for example local labour market can be more stable and more vulnerable at the same time. There is a scarcity of the empirical research on these questions, mainly due to the complexity and the business secret character of some detail. The second part of the paper gives a comparative analysis about the role of Audi Hungary Company in the western Hungarian medium-sized town, Győr, which is the sixth biggest settlement in Hungary. It is an interesting test case, because the role and importance of the Audi is significantly larger than in other big companies in similar city size category in Hungary, but its weight is not extremely large in international comparison.
{"title":"LOCAL IMPACTS OF DOMINANT COMPANIES AND THE LEVEL OF DOMINANCE","authors":"Tamás Dusek, J. Koltai, Veronika Poreisz","doi":"10.31410/eraz.2019.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.63","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important categories of local impact studies is the investigations about the roles of a large company in the life of a small and medium-sized towns. The first part of this paper analyses this question on a conceptual, theoretical level and by the help of literature review. A systematic overview will be given on the different roles of big companies, such as in the field of economy, labour market, infrastructure, land use, traffic, local services, local taxes, demography, culture, milieu, lifestyle, politics, education, tourism and others. There can be both positive and negative side of the dominance, for example local labour market can be more stable and more vulnerable at the same time. There is a scarcity of the empirical research on these questions, mainly due to the complexity and the business secret character of some detail. The second part of the paper gives a comparative analysis about the role of Audi Hungary Company in the western Hungarian medium-sized town, Győr, which is the sixth biggest settlement in Hungary. It is an interesting test case, because the role and importance of the Audi is significantly larger than in other big companies in similar city size category in Hungary, but its weight is not extremely large in international comparison.","PeriodicalId":445140,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134201572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emerging assemblage of the absorption markets, managed by the very nature of the competitive mechanisms, manifests in the contemporary period ample diversifications under the incidences exerted by the direction of foreign capital flows. The case of Romania is by far a particular one, delimited by the emergence of the consumption behavior of the population, which enables the effects of dislocation of the forms under which the operating procedures of the multinational corporations are usually portrayed. Certainly, the economic and institutional reforms undertaken and carried out by Romania in the long term, even since 1990, have been and continue to represent the central pivot in boosting competitive advantages and, last but not least, in favoring an ascending trend of social welfare as an expression of the degree of economic development and meeting the requirements of integrated competition spaces. Undoubtedly, the economic and institutional reforms undertaken and carried out by Romania in the long term since 1990 have been and continue to be the key pillar in boosting competitive advantages and, last but not least, in favoring an ascending trend of social welfare, that expression of the degree of economic development and satisfaction of the requirements of the integrated competition spaces. In this regard, multinational corporations can exert direct and indirect effects on the evolutions in the spectrum of investment development from implantation economies, the latter being able to be argued in the form of actual investment activities or those carried out under the system of inter-state corporate cooperation, by absorbing the potential of local firms.
{"title":"ROMANIA IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE AND FUNCTIONAL GLOBALIZATION. MACROECONOMIC POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING THE REGIONAL AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION OF THE ROMANIAN COMPETITIVE SPACE","authors":"M. Benea","doi":"10.31410/eraz.2019.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.119","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging assemblage of the absorption markets, managed by the very nature of the competitive mechanisms, manifests in the contemporary period ample diversifications under the incidences exerted by the direction of foreign capital flows. The case of Romania is by far a particular one, delimited by the emergence of the consumption behavior of the population, which enables the effects of dislocation of the forms under which the operating procedures of the multinational corporations are usually portrayed. Certainly, the economic and institutional reforms undertaken and carried out by Romania in the long term, even since 1990, have been and continue to represent the central pivot in boosting competitive advantages and, last but not least, in favoring an ascending trend of social welfare as an expression of the degree of economic development and meeting the requirements of integrated competition spaces. Undoubtedly, the economic and institutional reforms undertaken and carried out by Romania in the long term since 1990 have been and continue to be the key pillar in boosting competitive advantages and, last but not least, in favoring an ascending trend of social welfare, that expression of the degree of economic development and satisfaction of the requirements of the integrated competition spaces. In this regard, multinational corporations can exert direct and indirect effects on the evolutions in the spectrum of investment development from implantation economies, the latter being able to be argued in the form of actual investment activities or those carried out under the system of inter-state corporate cooperation, by absorbing the potential of local firms.","PeriodicalId":445140,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127077623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Even though the emergence of the human capital theory was shaped in the context of microeconomics, it was applied to macroeconomics eventually by the implementation of the microeconomic production function at the national or economy-wide level. There are several economic growth models introduced in the literature on this matter over the years by placing aggregate production function in the center of their models, which lay the foundation of studies focusing on economic development. However, development of ‘new growth theory’ particularly draw attention to the relationship between human capital and growth that is followed by the efforts aiming to bring an explanation to the differences of growth across countries by considering several possible variables of growth. New growth theory attempted to bring an explanation to the process of economic growth in the long term through endogenous forces such as human capital, knowledge and information technology which also constituted the foundation of today’s modern economies. Economic growth has been linked to an increase in knowledge, quality, and diversity of human capital rather than just a cumulative increase in the labor force. Consequently, human capital has been recognized as one of the significant factors in the process of economic growth in the literature, considering its positive contribution to creating more output in growth. However, it is noteworthy to state that literature on this topic seems to constitute some weaknesses methodologically and conceptually as well as empirical researches due to revealing reverse results. In this context, this paper aims to conduct a literature review to develop an understanding of the human capital concept and its importance in economic growth. Accordingly, the concepts of human capital and economic growth are analyzed theoretically by showing findings of some research in the literature on the relationship between both variables which indicated that human capital could have a significant positive impact on economic growth. As of theoretical character of the study, the paper is based on the systematic review of the literature on theories of economic growth by making use of secondary data like journals, papers, websites and various magazines as the primary sources to bring an explanation to the correlation between both variables.
{"title":"AN ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN ECONOMIC GROWTH","authors":"Ugur Filiz","doi":"10.31410/eraz.2019.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.53","url":null,"abstract":"Even though the emergence of the human capital theory was shaped in the context of microeconomics, it was applied to macroeconomics eventually by the implementation of the microeconomic production function at the national or economy-wide level. There are several economic growth models introduced in the literature on this matter over the years by placing aggregate production function in the center of their models, which lay the foundation of studies focusing on economic development. However, development of ‘new growth theory’ particularly draw attention to the relationship between human capital and growth that is followed by the efforts aiming to bring an explanation to the differences of growth across countries by considering several possible variables of growth. New growth theory attempted to bring an explanation to the process of economic growth in the long term through endogenous forces such as human capital, knowledge and information technology which also constituted the foundation of today’s modern economies. Economic growth has been linked to an increase in knowledge, quality, and diversity of human capital rather than just a cumulative increase in the labor force. Consequently, human capital has been recognized as one of the significant factors in the process of economic growth in the literature, considering its positive contribution to creating more output in growth. However, it is noteworthy to state that literature on this topic seems to constitute some weaknesses methodologically and conceptually as well as empirical researches due to revealing reverse results. In this context, this paper aims to conduct a literature review to develop an understanding of the human capital concept and its importance in economic growth. Accordingly, the concepts of human capital and economic growth are analyzed theoretically by showing findings of some research in the literature on the relationship between both variables which indicated that human capital could have a significant positive impact on economic growth. As of theoretical character of the study, the paper is based on the systematic review of the literature on theories of economic growth by making use of secondary data like journals, papers, websites and various magazines as the primary sources to bring an explanation to the correlation between both variables.","PeriodicalId":445140,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132327676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Excessive alcohol consumption is a major health and social hazard of a modern society. Alcohol excise duties are important tool in hands of policymakers regarding possibilities to restrain and to control alcohol consumption. However, European Union directive 92/84/EEC undermines this potential with prescription of zero tax rates for wine which opens many doors of tax avoidance, substitution and smuggling opportunities. Regarding possible solutions, it is necessary to abolish zero tax rates for wine in European Union and to treat all alcoholic beverages equally in terms of taxation.
{"title":"CHALLENGES OF ALCOHOL TAXATION POLICIES AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENT","authors":"Marko Šantek, S. Cindori","doi":"10.31410/eraz.2019.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.1","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive alcohol consumption is a major health and social hazard of a modern society. Alcohol excise duties are important tool in hands of policymakers regarding possibilities to restrain and to control alcohol consumption. However, European Union directive 92/84/EEC undermines this potential with prescription of zero tax rates for wine which opens many doors of tax avoidance, substitution and smuggling opportunities. Regarding possible solutions, it is necessary to abolish zero tax rates for wine in European Union and to treat all alcoholic beverages equally in terms of taxation.","PeriodicalId":445140,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125529438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Romania, as other neighbouring countries, has been under a socialist-communist regime since the end of the Second World War, until 1989. From King Michael I’s forced abdication of 1947, until the Romanian revolution of 1989, the socialist-communist authorities have been laying their marks on the country, including some extensive urban developments in the centres of many Romanian cities. These developments were often carried out through a considerable amount of demolition works, thus replacing older buildings – and pre-communist built areas – with new ones. Consequently, many Romanian cities ended up losing elements of architectural heritage, memory and identity. Old mansions, churches or merchant houses usually had to leave the scene in order for a new architecture to emerge – one that would be mostly rooted in functionalism, brutalism and socialist modernism. Today, at roughly 30 years since the fall of communism, some communist-era urban developments are beginning to “age”, as some of the buildings erected in that era began to require repair works and different means of upgrade, such as thermal insulation. This triggers some actions of architectural remodeling of communist-era buildings, and even some urban remodeling of communist-era civic centres and urban ensembles. Looking at how these actions are being done, one of the most immediate remarks has to do with the fact that the original designs of the buildings and urban spaces are often modified, altering their “personality”. In other cases, communist-era urban developments that occupy portions of the city centres are beginning to decay, laying in a somewhat semi-abandoned state, probably not popular with city dwellers...while older parts of the central areas are bustling with city life. This phenomenon raises the problem of “sustainable development” regarding this family of urban areas, as they are often linked with bad memories of the communist past, triggering a mix of neglect and desire to modify (in looks, in form). Following this setting, the paper tries to analyse the reasons behind this phenomenon, also searching for ways in which these (often unpopular) communist-era developments can be approached in order to properly use the central areas that they occupy, in a sustainable manner. One of the key findings of the research has to do with issues of identity, as perceived by the public. Lack of attachment to communist-era urban developments from central areas is strongly linked to the destructions that made the new developments possible, in the beginning. In order to gain a higher degree of appreciation and interest from the public, these developments usually strive for “upgrade”, as a “rebirth” of personality. For example, many of the department stores have had their facades remodeled in recent years, and this visual “refresh” often brings more people to the stores. On the other hand, large mineral open spaces usually get “flooded” with vegetation in recent edilitary works – in order to
{"title":"KNOWLEDGE-BASED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – CONTEMPORARY USE OF COMMUNIST-ERA URBAN DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CENTRES OF ROMANIAN CITIES","authors":"Horia Coman","doi":"10.31410/eraz.2019.325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.325","url":null,"abstract":"Romania, as other neighbouring countries, has been under a socialist-communist regime since the end of the Second World War, until 1989. From King Michael I’s forced abdication of 1947, until the Romanian revolution of 1989, the socialist-communist authorities have been laying their marks on the country, including some extensive urban developments in the centres of many Romanian cities. These developments were often carried out through a considerable amount of demolition works, thus replacing older buildings – and pre-communist built areas – with new ones. Consequently, many Romanian cities ended up losing elements of architectural heritage, memory and identity. Old mansions, churches or merchant houses usually had to leave the scene in order for a new architecture to emerge – one that would be mostly rooted in functionalism, brutalism and socialist modernism. Today, at roughly 30 years since the fall of communism, some communist-era urban developments are beginning to “age”, as some of the buildings erected in that era began to require repair works and different means of upgrade, such as thermal insulation. This triggers some actions of architectural remodeling of communist-era buildings, and even some urban remodeling of communist-era civic centres and urban ensembles. Looking at how these actions are being done, one of the most immediate remarks has to do with the fact that the original designs of the buildings and urban spaces are often modified, altering their “personality”. In other cases, communist-era urban developments that occupy portions of the city centres are beginning to decay, laying in a somewhat semi-abandoned state, probably not popular with city dwellers...while older parts of the central areas are bustling with city life. This phenomenon raises the problem of “sustainable development” regarding this family of urban areas, as they are often linked with bad memories of the communist past, triggering a mix of neglect and desire to modify (in looks, in form). Following this setting, the paper tries to analyse the reasons behind this phenomenon, also searching for ways in which these (often unpopular) communist-era developments can be approached in order to properly use the central areas that they occupy, in a sustainable manner. One of the key findings of the research has to do with issues of identity, as perceived by the public. Lack of attachment to communist-era urban developments from central areas is strongly linked to the destructions that made the new developments possible, in the beginning. In order to gain a higher degree of appreciation and interest from the public, these developments usually strive for “upgrade”, as a “rebirth” of personality. For example, many of the department stores have had their facades remodeled in recent years, and this visual “refresh” often brings more people to the stores. On the other hand, large mineral open spaces usually get “flooded” with vegetation in recent edilitary works – in order to","PeriodicalId":445140,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127887552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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