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SINO-US TRADE IMBALANCE 中美贸易不平衡
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.69
Jiandong Shi
The Sino-US trade imbalance has become the most difficult problem of Sino-US bilateral economic relation; it is the blasting fuse of bilateral economic and trade frictions. This current situation results in the large Sino-US bilateral trade statistical gap that leads to the wrong understanding of the scale of bilateral trade imbalance. This article plans to analyze the factors of Sino-US statistical differences from the angle of trade statistics institution under the background of economic globalization. Firstly, it makes a preliminary discussion of relative content of origin rule and analyses the influences of origin rule to the comparability of foreign trade statistics. Thus, further discuss the factors of Sino-US trade imbalance from larger scale and angles to provide beneficial references for studying Sino-US bilateral trade statistical error problems.
中美贸易不平衡已成为中美双边经济关系中最棘手的问题;这是两国经贸摩擦的导火索。这种现状导致中美双边贸易统计差距较大,导致对双边贸易不平衡规模的错误认识。本文拟从经济全球化背景下贸易统计制度的角度分析中美统计差异的因素。首先,对原产地规则的相关内容进行了初步探讨,并分析了原产地规则对外贸统计可比性的影响。从而进一步从更大的尺度和角度探讨中美贸易不平衡的影响因素,为研究中美双边贸易统计误差问题提供有益的参考。
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引用次数: 0
CORPORATE IMAGE AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN THE DENTAL HEALTH SECTOR 口腔健康领域的企业形象和顾客忠诚度
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.41
Ali Köseoğlu, H. Mutlu
The privatization of healthcare services has become commonplace nowadays. Many different marketing strategies are used during privatizations in order to reach the desired volume of customers. Among these marketing methods, it is believed that verbal marketing is effective in terms of influencing the preferences of customers. However, it seems that research in this field is not sufficient. In this context, the aims of this paper are to explore the effects of word–of-mouth marketing (WOM) and corporate image (CI) on customer loyalty (CL) in individuals who have undergone dental healthcare, and to investigate certain related factors. Questionnaires were prepared as the principal data collection method for the research. The study consisted of a total of 172 respondents. According to the correlation analysis that was conducted in order to analyze the relationships between WOM promotion, CI and CL, it was found that these variables have an effective positive relationship with each other. In order to increase customer satisfaction levels and patient loyalty to health institutions, it is necessary to consider variables such as the quality of service, word-of-mouth marketing, corporate image, corporate reputation, and customer loyalty, both in terms of the basic human right to healthcare, and in terms of commercial interests.
如今,医疗保健服务私有化已经司空见惯。在私有化过程中使用了许多不同的营销策略,以达到预期的客户数量。在这些营销方法中,人们认为口头营销在影响顾客偏好方面是有效的。然而,这一领域的研究似乎还不够充分。在此背景下,本文的目的是探讨口碑营销(WOM)和企业形象(CI)对接受牙科保健的个人客户忠诚度(CL)的影响,并调查某些相关因素。问卷调查是本研究的主要数据收集方法。这项研究共有172名受访者。为了分析口碑提升与CI、CL之间的关系,我们进行了相关分析,发现这些变量之间存在着有效的正相关关系。为了提高客户满意度和患者对医疗机构的忠诚度,有必要考虑服务质量、口碑营销、企业形象、企业声誉和客户忠诚度等变量,无论是在医疗保健的基本人权方面,还是在商业利益方面。
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引用次数: 0
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INNOVATION-BASED AND IMITATION-BASED ECONOMIES IN THE ERA OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 第四次工业革命时代创新经济与模仿经济的比较研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.303
Julianna Csugány
Nowadays, we live in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which the digitization, automatization and robotization process enabling the wider use of information and communication technologies reorganizes the operation of the economies. In previous research, innovationand imitation-based economies have been classified using multivariate statistical methods to highlight the duality of technological progress. The Fourth Industrial Revolution offers an opportunity to reorganize global power relations; innovation followers can become innovation leaders due to new technologies, as well as, innovation leaders can lag behind without innovation. The World Economic Forum creates the new Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 which measures the relevant components of competitiveness in 140 countries in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This research aims to compare the economic performance of innovationand imitation-based economies in the relevant field of technological progress based on GCI 4.0 using multivariate statistical methods.
当前,我们正处于第四次工业革命时代,数字化、自动化和机器人化进程使信息和通信技术得到更广泛的应用,从而重新调整了经济的运行方式。在以往的研究中,利用多元统计方法对创新型和模仿型经济进行了分类,以突出技术进步的二元性。第四次工业革命提供了重组全球权力关系的机会;创新的追随者可以因为新技术而成为创新的领导者,创新的领导者也可以因为没有创新而落后。世界经济论坛制定了新的全球竞争力指数4.0,该指数衡量了140个国家在第四次工业革命时代的竞争力相关组成部分。本研究旨在运用多元统计方法,比较基于GCI 4.0的创新型和模仿型经济体在技术进步相关领域的经济绩效。
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引用次数: 0
MARKETING IN THE NON-PROFIT SPHERE ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ORGANIZATION “BEST” OF THE URAL FEDERAL UNIVERSITY 以乌拉尔联邦大学国际学生组织“最佳”为例,探讨非营利性领域的市场营销
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.153
Evgeniya Yazovskikh, O. Yatsenko
Every year, more and more non-profit organizations are being created in our country and in the world, the main purpose of which is not related to making a profit and distributing it among its members. The main goal of non-profit organizations activities is to obtain a social effect, solve the problems of certain groups of people, improve the quality of life of the region and the society. The social effect, the carrier of which is considered a non-commercial product and which arises as a result of non-commercial exchange, appears due to the satisfaction of consumer demand. It should serve as a signal to investors about the need to finance the activities of a non-commercial entity. The social effect is an indicator characterizing the qualitative aspect of the change that has already occurred (raising the educational level of the population, satisfaction with social status or a financial situation, increasing the number of children in families). One of the best examples of non-profit organizations is “BEST” (Board of European Students of Technology). It is a non-political volunteer organization aimed at developing engineering students. It helps students from Europe be internationally minded, better understand the culture of different countries and develop the potential for working at the international level. Nowadays there are ninety-six local BEST groups in thirty-three countries, four of which are located in Russia: two in Yekaterinburg, and one in Moscow and one in St. Petersburg. In the capital of the Urals, one of the groups exists on the basis of the Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N.Yeltsin.
每年,在我国和世界上都有越来越多的非营利组织被创建,其主要目的与盈利和在其成员之间分配无关。非营利组织活动的主要目标是获得社会效应,解决一定人群的问题,提高地区和社会的生活质量。社会效应的产生是由于消费者需求的满足,社会效应的载体被认为是一种非商业产品,是非商业交换的结果。它应向投资者发出一个信号,说明有必要为非商业实体的活动提供资金。社会影响是表征已经发生的变化的质量方面的一个指标(提高人口的教育水平、对社会地位或财政状况的满意程度、增加家庭中子女的数量)。非营利组织的一个最好的例子是“best”(欧洲技术学生委员会)。这是一个旨在培养工科学生的非政治性志愿组织。它帮助来自欧洲的学生具有国际视野,更好地了解不同国家的文化,并发展在国际层面上工作的潜力。如今,在33个国家有96个当地的BEST团体,其中四个位于俄罗斯:两个在叶卡捷琳堡,一个在莫斯科,一个在圣彼得堡。在乌拉尔的首都,其中一个团体以俄罗斯第一任总统叶利钦的名字命名的乌拉尔联邦大学为基础。
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引用次数: 0
CENTRAL BANK INDEPENDENCE IN TRANSITION ECONOMY JOINING THE EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION (WITH THE CASE OF SLOVENIA) 加入欧洲货币联盟的转型期经济中的中央银行独立性(以斯洛文尼亚为例)
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.15
Vesna Lukovic
Legal independence of a central bank is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for actual independence. There might always be incentives to circumvent the legal framework with an aim to influence the behaviour of the central bank. That has a particular importance in transition economies. This paper sheds new light on policy choices when preparing to enter the European Union and euro area from the viewpoint of central bank independence in transition economy. The paper shows how to adjust to the legal provisions of the Eurosystem and, at the same time, achieve Maastricht convergence criteria to join the euro area.
中央银行的法律独立性是实现实际独立的必要条件,但不是充分条件。可能总是存在规避法律框架的动机,目的是影响央行的行为。这在转型经济中具有特别重要的意义。本文从转轨经济中央行独立性的角度,对准备进入欧盟和欧元区时的政策选择进行了新的阐释。本文展示了如何适应欧元体系的法律规定,同时达到加入欧元区的马斯特里赫特趋同标准。
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引用次数: 0
EUROPEAN HERITAGE CONSUMERS AND THEIR INVOLVEMENT: A CULTURAL MARKETING PERSPECTIVE 欧洲遗产消费者及其参与:文化营销视角
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.379
C. Veghes
Cultural heritage involvement and participation in the European Union are fairly modest: lack of interest, cost and lack of time are the main reasons, but the absence of a marketing vision also contributes to this overall limited cultural experience. Paper defines the heritage involvement under a cultural marketing perspective, based on the inclination to discover, explore, experience and enjoy, and advances a corresponding classification of the heritage consumers, at the level of the European Union, using data from the dedicated Special Eurobarometer of the European Commission.
文化遗产的参与和欧盟的参与是相当适度的:缺乏兴趣、成本和时间是主要原因,但缺乏营销愿景也导致了这种整体有限的文化体验。本文基于发现、探索、体验和享受的倾向,对文化营销视角下的遗产参与进行了界定,并利用欧盟委员会专门的“欧洲晴雨表”的数据,在欧盟层面对遗产消费者进行了相应的分类。
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引用次数: 0
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA AS A BASE FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS OF INTELLECTUALS 塞尔维亚共和国的政治体制为未来几代知识分子奠定了基础
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.35
S. Petrović, Andrija Blanuša
This work uniquely illustrates the degree of development of the political system of the Republic of Serbia since 2000 to date, with all the disadvantages and advantages. It is especially important because it will give the opportunity of comparative presentation of successful and unsuccessful attempts to reform the Serbian society, economy, culture, in the time of globalization and political legal acclimatization to world trends that are an imperative of the 21st century. The accent will be placed on the achieved level of development of the economy, political culture, social corps of society and culture in general as a unique name of all the nations of the world. It will be especially emphasized how much the Republic of Serbia has progressed today and what are the standards of further life and intellectual development in it, which is of crucial importance for the survival of young people in this region, which are the carriers of all the closest changes and social challenges.
这项工作独特地说明了自2000年以来塞尔维亚共和国政治制度的发展程度,以及所有的缺点和优点。它特别重要,因为它将提供机会,比较在全球化和政治法律适应21世纪必不可少的世界趋势的时代改革塞尔维亚社会、经济、文化的成功和不成功的尝试。重点将放在经济、政治、文化、社会和文化的总体发展水平上,作为世界上所有国家的独特名称。特别要强调的是,塞尔维亚共和国今天取得了多大的进步,该国今后的生活和智力发展的标准是什么,这对该地区青年人的生存至关重要,因为他们是所有最密切的变化和社会挑战的载体。
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引用次数: 0
UNIVARIATE METHOD OF MEASURING NATURAL RATE OF INTEREST: ALBANIA 衡量自然利率的单变量方法:阿尔巴尼亚
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.159
Altin Zefi
We use univariate methods to measure the natural rate of interest for Albania. Natural rate of interest is an important tool in monetary policy. It has been described as the rate that provides price stability and full employment. The natural rate of interest is widely used as an indicator for the monetary policy. A policy interest rate below the natural rate of interest is seen as expansionary, while a policy interest rate by a Central bank, is seen as contractionary for the monetary policy. We find that Albania’s natural rate of interest is below zero while the real interest rate is also below zero but close to the natural rate of interest. We conclude that Albania’s central Bank monetary policy is not as accommodative and expansionary as it’s indicated in the central bank’s public announcements.
我们使用单变量方法来测量阿尔巴尼亚的自然利率。自然利率是货币政策的重要工具。它被描述为提供价格稳定和充分就业的利率。自然利率被广泛用作货币政策的指标。低于自然利率的政策利率被视为扩张性的,而中央银行的政策利率被视为货币政策的紧缩性的。我们发现阿尔巴尼亚的自然利率低于零,而实际利率也低于零,但接近自然利率。我们得出的结论是,阿尔巴尼亚央行的货币政策并不像央行公告中所表明的那样宽松和扩张性。
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引用次数: 0
ETHICS MANAGEMENT AT THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 欧盟委员会的道德管理
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.79
Daniela Viviane Abratzky
This article reports on ethic management at the European Commission services and analyses its implementation measures. The European Commission is one of the most powerful international executives in the world and it is a very particular bureaucracy employing approximately 33.000 officials from twenty-eight Member States. The European Commission fulfils a very complex mandate by implementing EU policies and the budget as well as enforcing EU legislation. This challenging task is carried out in a unique structure, which combines professional bureaucratic processes with cultural richness. As of the year 2000 – driven by external pressure – European Commission enhanced its Ethic and Compliance policy by issuing guidelines and implementation measures at its headquarters; subsequently these efforts were also transported to the agencies, most of them being established in the Member States. The article will analyse recognized Ethics management tools applied at the European Commission services with a special view to the efficiency of the role of an Ethics officer. The article provides a concise overview on how Ethics policy is implemented in a highly complex and international structure. The reader will learn about organisational aspects of the European Commission and applied management techniques in terms of Ethical reforms. The method is a sound literature research combined with a practical analysis of the current state of Ethics management in European bodies.
本文报道了欧盟委员会服务中的伦理管理,并分析了其实施措施。欧盟委员会是世界上最有权力的国际行政机构之一,它是一个非常特殊的官僚机构,雇用了来自28个成员国的大约33,000名官员。欧盟委员会通过执行欧盟政策和预算以及执行欧盟立法来履行一项非常复杂的任务。这项具有挑战性的任务是在一个独特的结构中进行的,它将专业的官僚程序与文化的丰富性相结合。自2000年起,在外部压力的推动下,欧洲委员会在其总部发布准则和实施措施,加强其道德与合规政策;随后,这些努力也转交给各机构,其中大多数是在会员国设立的。本文将分析公认的道德管理工具应用于欧盟委员会服务,特别着眼于道德官员的作用效率。本文简要概述了如何在高度复杂的国际结构中实施道德政策。读者将了解欧盟委员会的组织方面和应用管理技术方面的道德改革。该方法是一个健全的文献研究结合了欧洲机构的道德管理现状的实际分析。
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引用次数: 0
ANALYSIS OF THE TOURISTS SATISFACTION IN RELATION TO THE COUNTRY THEY COME FROM WITHIN THE V4 4国内游客对本国的满意度分析
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/eraz.2019.141
V. Kohútová
The aim of this study is to identify the relations considering from which countries the visitors are and how satisfy they are. During our survey we found out there are four major nationalities that have visited Slovak destinations – Slovaks, Czechs, Hungarians and inhabitants of Poland, as well as we call this group of states V4 (Visegrad Group). By using linear regression, we reveal if there is a relation between satisfaction and nationality of tourists in chosen destinations, national parks – Pieniny, Slovak Paradise and well known High Tatras – and how the findings differ. The respondentś satisfaction was determined by a questionnaire survey asked in destinations, where it was necessary to evaluate the various attributes with which the visitor meets during the holiday or trip. Attributes included services, potential and development of destination, as well as insight into various other factors visible in the national park. Overall, we identified 16 attributes and evaluated in the R program. The results are tables with numerical representations of the effect of the variables.
本研究的目的是确定考虑到游客来自哪些国家和他们的满意度的关系。在我们的调查中,我们发现有四个主要国家的人去过斯洛伐克的目的地——斯洛伐克人、捷克人、匈牙利人和波兰居民,以及我们称之为V4(维谢格拉德集团)的国家。通过使用线性回归,我们揭示了在选定的目的地、国家公园(Pieniny、斯洛伐克天堂和著名的高塔特拉)中,游客的满意度与国籍之间是否存在关系,以及结果如何不同。受访者的满意度是通过在目的地进行问卷调查来确定的,在那里有必要评估游客在假期或旅行中遇到的各种属性。这些属性包括服务、目的地的潜力和发展,以及对国家公园中可见的各种其他因素的洞察。总的来说,我们确定了16个属性,并在R程序中进行了评估。结果是用数值表示变量影响的表格。
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引用次数: 0
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Conference Proceedings (part of ERAZ conference collection)
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