Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1843588
R. Egan, M. Blank
ABSTRACT Spirituality permeates our land, our waters, and our people; it is inherent in Māori culture, often explicit for new migrants, but frequently ignored or tokenistically acknowledged in mainstream culture. Older New Zealanders are a pluralistic population, often fiercely secular, with a small but active religious population. How we now treat our elders requires work, needs careful consideration, and vision. As a country, New Zealand has embraced the notion of ‘well-being’, with the first ‘well-being budget’ announced in 2019. But well-being, or hauora as it is known for Māori, is incomplete without spirituality. This paper examines the place of spirituality, based on understandings and observations grounded in the New Zealand context, which comprises four interrelated areas: zeitgeist, scope and definitions, models, and evidence. We suggest this framework is a useful approach to examining what can be an ineffable personal experience and challenge to society’s provision of aged care and healthy ageing.
{"title":"A framework for understanding spirituality and healthy ageing: perspectives from Aotearoa New Zealand","authors":"R. Egan, M. Blank","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1843588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1843588","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spirituality permeates our land, our waters, and our people; it is inherent in Māori culture, often explicit for new migrants, but frequently ignored or tokenistically acknowledged in mainstream culture. Older New Zealanders are a pluralistic population, often fiercely secular, with a small but active religious population. How we now treat our elders requires work, needs careful consideration, and vision. As a country, New Zealand has embraced the notion of ‘well-being’, with the first ‘well-being budget’ announced in 2019. But well-being, or hauora as it is known for Māori, is incomplete without spirituality. This paper examines the place of spirituality, based on understandings and observations grounded in the New Zealand context, which comprises four interrelated areas: zeitgeist, scope and definitions, models, and evidence. We suggest this framework is a useful approach to examining what can be an ineffable personal experience and challenge to society’s provision of aged care and healthy ageing.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79303924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1847238
M. Trey
ABSTRACT The promotion of mind-body and spiritual health for graceful and positive aging has undergone cultural changes and requires on-going considerations. People from diverse cultures are exploring options, looking to Eastern mind-body, spiritual practices for creative health-wellness solutions. Falun Gong, an ancient Chinese practice, based on Buddhist and Taoist philosophies, offers a viable alternative. The values of Falun Gong, Truthfulness-Compassion-Forbearance, are qualities recognized by all spiritual traditions and can be embraced by older people from all walks of life. This paper introduces and provides knowledge about Falun Gong, and outlines how the mindful way is beneficial for graceful aging.
{"title":"The Mindful Way of Falun Gong for graceful and positive aging","authors":"M. Trey","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1847238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1847238","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The promotion of mind-body and spiritual health for graceful and positive aging has undergone cultural changes and requires on-going considerations. People from diverse cultures are exploring options, looking to Eastern mind-body, spiritual practices for creative health-wellness solutions. Falun Gong, an ancient Chinese practice, based on Buddhist and Taoist philosophies, offers a viable alternative. The values of Falun Gong, Truthfulness-Compassion-Forbearance, are qualities recognized by all spiritual traditions and can be embraced by older people from all walks of life. This paper introduces and provides knowledge about Falun Gong, and outlines how the mindful way is beneficial for graceful aging.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72735970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-23DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1845279
Elizabeth MacKinlay
ABSTRACT Frailty awaits many of us if we live long enough. Frailty may often be seen as a precursor to the process of dying and as such can be a confronting life and death challenge; one that we cannot fully comprehend until or unless we are experiencing it ourselves. It is only through listening to the narrative of those making these final life journeys that we can learn, first what the experience is like, find commonalities and differences in the experience and then to begin to learn how we may more effectively walk beside those who are making this crucial final life journey. This paper outlines current understandings of frailty from a biomedical and psychosocial perspective before considering a spiritual perspective of the lived experience of frail older people in residential and community care through their stories.
{"title":"Ageing and frailty: a spiritual perspective of the lived experience","authors":"Elizabeth MacKinlay","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1845279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1845279","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Frailty awaits many of us if we live long enough. Frailty may often be seen as a precursor to the process of dying and as such can be a confronting life and death challenge; one that we cannot fully comprehend until or unless we are experiencing it ourselves. It is only through listening to the narrative of those making these final life journeys that we can learn, first what the experience is like, find commonalities and differences in the experience and then to begin to learn how we may more effectively walk beside those who are making this crucial final life journey. This paper outlines current understandings of frailty from a biomedical and psychosocial perspective before considering a spiritual perspective of the lived experience of frail older people in residential and community care through their stories.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80016131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-23DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1845280
Samantha Bews
ABSTRACT Breaking Bread: A Dementia Awareness Café was a theatre installation held on the forecourt of a busy city café in regional Victoria. The aim of the work was to reduce the fear and stigma associated with dementia by engaging an audience in an imaginative, participatory artwork, which challenged prejudice inherent within a medical term used to diagnose dementia. Included in the installation was the Loss and Nourishment Book, a collection of edited interviews with people experiencing the effects of dementia. The installation was successful in attracting a large and diverse audience, and in fostering conversation about dementia in a non-threatening manner.
在维多利亚地区一个繁忙的城市咖啡馆的前院举办了一场名为“打破面包:痴呆症意识咖啡馆”的戏剧装置活动。这项工作的目的是通过让观众参与到富有想象力的参与性艺术作品中来减少与痴呆症相关的恐惧和耻辱，挑战用于诊断痴呆症的医学术语中固有的偏见。该装置包括《损失与营养书》(Loss and nutrition Book)，这是一本对经历痴呆症影响的人进行编辑采访的合集。这个装置成功地吸引了大量不同的观众，并以一种不具威胁性的方式促进了关于痴呆症的对话。
{"title":"Breaking bread: a dementia awareness café – a theatre installation for dementia awareness","authors":"Samantha Bews","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1845280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1845280","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Breaking Bread: A Dementia Awareness Café was a theatre installation held on the forecourt of a busy city café in regional Victoria. The aim of the work was to reduce the fear and stigma associated with dementia by engaging an audience in an imaginative, participatory artwork, which challenged prejudice inherent within a medical term used to diagnose dementia. Included in the installation was the Loss and Nourishment Book, a collection of edited interviews with people experiencing the effects of dementia. The installation was successful in attracting a large and diverse audience, and in fostering conversation about dementia in a non-threatening manner.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84888052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1845278
J. Swinton
ABSTRACT The paper explores the issue of personhood and citizenship. It looks at some of the philosophical and cultural challenges that accompany the experience of dementia and offers a way of thinking that can hold together the vital relationality that comes with certain models of philosophical personhood with the more concrete and politically engaged understandings of dementia that come through a focus on citizenship in general and social citizenship in particular. It suggests that if we bring together relational models of personhood with citizenship approaches, we can end up with a politically informed spirituality that has much potential in terms of developing and protecting the well-being of people living with dementia and those who seek to offer care and support.
{"title":"Re-imagining personhood: dementia, culture and citizenship","authors":"J. Swinton","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1845278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1845278","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper explores the issue of personhood and citizenship. It looks at some of the philosophical and cultural challenges that accompany the experience of dementia and offers a way of thinking that can hold together the vital relationality that comes with certain models of philosophical personhood with the more concrete and politically engaged understandings of dementia that come through a focus on citizenship in general and social citizenship in particular. It suggests that if we bring together relational models of personhood with citizenship approaches, we can end up with a politically informed spirituality that has much potential in terms of developing and protecting the well-being of people living with dementia and those who seek to offer care and support.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85828963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1845277
Zahra Asadi-piri, I. Harvey, M. Imani-Nasab, S. Zare, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Nasim Cheraghi
ABSTRACT Chronic pain is the most common complaint in older people. Evidence indicates that spirituality is effective in pain management. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between pain self-efficacy and spirituality among older adults in Khorramabad, Iran. A significant positive correlation was observed between pain self-efficacy and spirituality (r = 0.31, p < .001). Spirituality, gender, education, and economic status explained 0.68 of the study population’s pain self-efficacy variance. Regarding the relationship between spirituality and pain self-efficacy, promoting spirituality can improve pain self-efficacy among older adults.
慢性疼痛是老年人最常见的主诉。有证据表明，精神疗法在治疗疼痛方面是有效的。本研究旨在调查伊朗霍拉马巴德的老年人疼痛自我效能感与灵性之间的关系。疼痛自我效能感与精神状态呈显著正相关(r = 0.31, p < 0.001)。精神、性别、教育和经济状况解释了0.68的研究人群的疼痛自我效能方差。关于灵性与疼痛自我效能的关系，提升灵性可以提高老年人的疼痛自我效能。
{"title":"Spirituality and pain self-efficacy in older adults with chronic pain: evidence from Iran","authors":"Zahra Asadi-piri, I. Harvey, M. Imani-Nasab, S. Zare, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Nasim Cheraghi","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1845277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1845277","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Chronic pain is the most common complaint in older people. Evidence indicates that spirituality is effective in pain management. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between pain self-efficacy and spirituality among older adults in Khorramabad, Iran. A significant positive correlation was observed between pain self-efficacy and spirituality (r = 0.31, p < .001). Spirituality, gender, education, and economic status explained 0.68 of the study population’s pain self-efficacy variance. Regarding the relationship between spirituality and pain self-efficacy, promoting spirituality can improve pain self-efficacy among older adults.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85244799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-04DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1837332
Robyn Wrigley-Carr
ABSTRACT This article explores ways of making chapel services more accessible and meaningful for people with dementia through rituals and sensory stimulation. I was a participant-observer for 6 months at weekly chapel services at an aged care home in Sydney, Australia, and interviewed residents after those services. I also led small group sessions where residents engaged in ‘Ignatian meditation’ on a Biblical narrative. The theoretical schema for this research is von Hügel’s three 'Elements of Religion.' The best way to respond to the diminution of the 'Intellectual Element' for people with dementia is to increase the attention and nurture we give to the other two “Elements” - the 'Mystical' and the 'Institutional.' Focusing particularly upon the 'Institutional Element' through rituals and sensory stimulation can enhance experiences of God for people with dementia during corporate worship.
{"title":"Corporate worship for people with dementia: rituals and sensory stimulation","authors":"Robyn Wrigley-Carr","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1837332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1837332","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores ways of making chapel services more accessible and meaningful for people with dementia through rituals and sensory stimulation. I was a participant-observer for 6 months at weekly chapel services at an aged care home in Sydney, Australia, and interviewed residents after those services. I also led small group sessions where residents engaged in ‘Ignatian meditation’ on a Biblical narrative. The theoretical schema for this research is von Hügel’s three 'Elements of Religion.' The best way to respond to the diminution of the 'Intellectual Element' for people with dementia is to increase the attention and nurture we give to the other two “Elements” - the 'Mystical' and the 'Institutional.' Focusing particularly upon the 'Institutional Element' through rituals and sensory stimulation can enhance experiences of God for people with dementia during corporate worship.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90713443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1839624
M. Fernández Lorca, E. Valenzuela
ABSTRACT Aging raises several new challenges for the elderly, such as ensuring their wellbeing. Using a nationally representative sample, we studied the association between religiosity and the subjective wellbeing of the elderly in Chile, developing two possible mediation mechanisms for the role of social religiosity and private religiosity, respectively. Using linear regression models and statistical mediation analysis, we found that the association between attending religious services and satisfaction with life is mediated by social networks and the availability of support. While the relationship between praying and satisfaction was corroborated, the mediating effect of self-efficacy was not confirmed.
{"title":"Religiosity and subjective wellbeing of the elderly in Chile: a mediation analysis","authors":"M. Fernández Lorca, E. Valenzuela","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1839624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1839624","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Aging raises several new challenges for the elderly, such as ensuring their wellbeing. Using a nationally representative sample, we studied the association between religiosity and the subjective wellbeing of the elderly in Chile, developing two possible mediation mechanisms for the role of social religiosity and private religiosity, respectively. Using linear regression models and statistical mediation analysis, we found that the association between attending religious services and satisfaction with life is mediated by social networks and the availability of support. While the relationship between praying and satisfaction was corroborated, the mediating effect of self-efficacy was not confirmed.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82937653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-27DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1843589
Sabine Wardle, Cary Bennett
ABSTRACT This article draws on data generated from a wider study into experiences of the Punjabi Indians with palliative care services at regional residential aged care facilities (RACFs) in the Riverina region of New South Wales (NSW) Australia. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, group interviews with the Punjabi Indians and the care staff of RACFs reveal a perceived substandard quality of psychosocial care, one that overlooks religious and spiritual aspects for service users. The findings of this study highlight the importance of restoring the balance between biomedical and psychosocial-spiritual aspects of palliative care especially for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) and faith groups, such as Punjabi Indians within the aged care sector.
{"title":"Spiritual inclusiveness at end-of-life for Punjabi Indians: experience with Regional Residential Aged Care Facilities","authors":"Sabine Wardle, Cary Bennett","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1843589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1843589","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article draws on data generated from a wider study into experiences of the Punjabi Indians with palliative care services at regional residential aged care facilities (RACFs) in the Riverina region of New South Wales (NSW) Australia. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, group interviews with the Punjabi Indians and the care staff of RACFs reveal a perceived substandard quality of psychosocial care, one that overlooks religious and spiritual aspects for service users. The findings of this study highlight the importance of restoring the balance between biomedical and psychosocial-spiritual aspects of palliative care especially for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) and faith groups, such as Punjabi Indians within the aged care sector.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76303431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-18DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2020.1827480
Zain Ul Abideen, Farrukh Abbas
ABSTRACT Although many studies have been conducted in the Western context on congregational-based social support systems focusing on non-Islamic perspectives, studies among Muslims on mosque-based social support networks in Islamic context remained unexplored. The purpose of this study is to understand and empirically examine the religious behavior-based and demographic-related correlates of mosque-based social support among 240 Muslims (believers) from Pakistan. The study is based on dimensions that include providing and receiving emotional support, anticipating emotional support, and non-positive interactions with other believers of the believer’s mosque. Results indicated that one in every five respondents received higher levels of emotional support from their co-religionists, whereas half of the respondents received moderate levels of emotional support. Involvement in congregations and mosque attendance indicated positive relationships with receiving, providing, and anticipating social support from other believer congregants. Thus, co-religionists who were actively involved in their congregations received, provided, and anticipated higher levels of emotional support from other believers as compared to respondents not actively involved in such congregations and who did not attend the mosque frequently. Female believers were provided with and anticipated receiving higher levels of support from other believers than did male believers. The co-religionists who attend mosques frequently were expected to have high levels of emotional support compared to those who attend mosques less frequently. The respondents with high school or less education received more emotional support than the respondents with higher education. However, believers with higher qualifications reported few negative interactions with other believers than those having lower education levels. Overall, the findings show that the believers do care, provide support and assistance, cooperate and help other believers, instead of criticizing them. Such selflessness results in creating and strengthening social-ties that keep the co-religionists connected with each other backed by the bond of Islamic brotherhood, in which a believer provides support to others, considering it a religious obligation.
{"title":"Believers, Islamic Brotherhood and Mosque-Based Emotional and Informal Social Support System among Muslims in Pakistan","authors":"Zain Ul Abideen, Farrukh Abbas","doi":"10.1080/15528030.2020.1827480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1827480","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although many studies have been conducted in the Western context on congregational-based social support systems focusing on non-Islamic perspectives, studies among Muslims on mosque-based social support networks in Islamic context remained unexplored. The purpose of this study is to understand and empirically examine the religious behavior-based and demographic-related correlates of mosque-based social support among 240 Muslims (believers) from Pakistan. The study is based on dimensions that include providing and receiving emotional support, anticipating emotional support, and non-positive interactions with other believers of the believer’s mosque. Results indicated that one in every five respondents received higher levels of emotional support from their co-religionists, whereas half of the respondents received moderate levels of emotional support. Involvement in congregations and mosque attendance indicated positive relationships with receiving, providing, and anticipating social support from other believer congregants. Thus, co-religionists who were actively involved in their congregations received, provided, and anticipated higher levels of emotional support from other believers as compared to respondents not actively involved in such congregations and who did not attend the mosque frequently. Female believers were provided with and anticipated receiving higher levels of support from other believers than did male believers. The co-religionists who attend mosques frequently were expected to have high levels of emotional support compared to those who attend mosques less frequently. The respondents with high school or less education received more emotional support than the respondents with higher education. However, believers with higher qualifications reported few negative interactions with other believers than those having lower education levels. Overall, the findings show that the believers do care, provide support and assistance, cooperate and help other believers, instead of criticizing them. Such selflessness results in creating and strengthening social-ties that keep the co-religionists connected with each other backed by the bond of Islamic brotherhood, in which a believer provides support to others, considering it a religious obligation.","PeriodicalId":44539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82512114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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