Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1017/S0068245421000150
Graham C. Braun, Jacob M. Engstrom
This paper presents the collections history and typological characteristics of a small collection of Laconian lead figurines from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia currently held in the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The collection, which first belonged to Ramsay Traquair, serves as a case study for the applicability of the traditional lead figurine typology to decontextualised artefacts, demonstrating its limitations for assigning precise and accurate dates based on style without the benefit of stratigraphic and contextual evidence. The paper further attests to the value of comprehensively analysing small museum and gallery collections in order to gain more individualised understandings of the figurines within the large Laconian corpus than could be afforded upon excavation. Thus, this study helps to elucidate some of the limitations to the means by which we interpret Laconian material culture as well as to nuance our understanding of Laconian lead figurines by demonstrating the varied capability of the typology and published comparanda in dating and stylistic description.
{"title":"LEAD FIGURINES FROM THE SANCTUARY OF ARTEMIS ORTHIA AT SPARTA IN THE ART GALLERY OF GREATER VICTORIA (CANADA): PROBLEMS OF TYPOLOGY AND COLLECTIONS HISTORY","authors":"Graham C. Braun, Jacob M. Engstrom","doi":"10.1017/S0068245421000150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245421000150","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the collections history and typological characteristics of a small collection of Laconian lead figurines from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia currently held in the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The collection, which first belonged to Ramsay Traquair, serves as a case study for the applicability of the traditional lead figurine typology to decontextualised artefacts, demonstrating its limitations for assigning precise and accurate dates based on style without the benefit of stratigraphic and contextual evidence. The paper further attests to the value of comprehensively analysing small museum and gallery collections in order to gain more individualised understandings of the figurines within the large Laconian corpus than could be afforded upon excavation. Thus, this study helps to elucidate some of the limitations to the means by which we interpret Laconian material culture as well as to nuance our understanding of Laconian lead figurines by demonstrating the varied capability of the typology and published comparanda in dating and stylistic description.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86543692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-11DOI: 10.1017/S0068245421000137
S. Paton
The excavated part of the building known as the Villa Dionysos consists of a peristyle court with rooms on three sides. The rooms have fine mosaic floors, found in a remarkable state of preservation. The excavator, Michael Gough, believed that the building was an isolated structure intended for the practice of Dionysiac cult, and he interpreted his finds in the light of this conviction. After his last season of work in 1971, his views were expressed in a short report (Catling 1972, 21–2). Gough died in 1973 having published no further details of his four seasons of work on the site and, except for some diaries and photographs, many of the records are lost. The pottery from his excavations was, however, fully published in 1983 by John Hayes, and the mosaics were published by Rebecca Sweetman in 2013. Further study of the site, together with the pottery evidence, indicates that the peristyle and its associated rooms were the public reception area of an elaborately decorated Roman domus of the second century AD, and that adjacent buildings to the south may have been the private quarters of this house. A large cistern, connected to the aqueduct, provided a copious water supply. The Dionysiac imagery of the mosaics, together with the extraordinary range of imported wine amphorae found on the premises, suggest that the owner may have prospered through the wine trade.
{"title":"THE SO-CALLED VILLA DIONYSOS AT KNOSSOS","authors":"S. Paton","doi":"10.1017/S0068245421000137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245421000137","url":null,"abstract":"The excavated part of the building known as the Villa Dionysos consists of a peristyle court with rooms on three sides. The rooms have fine mosaic floors, found in a remarkable state of preservation. The excavator, Michael Gough, believed that the building was an isolated structure intended for the practice of Dionysiac cult, and he interpreted his finds in the light of this conviction. After his last season of work in 1971, his views were expressed in a short report (Catling 1972, 21–2). Gough died in 1973 having published no further details of his four seasons of work on the site and, except for some diaries and photographs, many of the records are lost. The pottery from his excavations was, however, fully published in 1983 by John Hayes, and the mosaics were published by Rebecca Sweetman in 2013. Further study of the site, together with the pottery evidence, indicates that the peristyle and its associated rooms were the public reception area of an elaborately decorated Roman domus of the second century AD, and that adjacent buildings to the south may have been the private quarters of this house. A large cistern, connected to the aqueduct, provided a copious water supply. The Dionysiac imagery of the mosaics, together with the extraordinary range of imported wine amphorae found on the premises, suggest that the owner may have prospered through the wine trade.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84373183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.2972/hesperia.91.1.0001
A. Dimoula, Z. Tsirtsoni, S. Valamoti
ABSTRACT:This article discusses the history of cooking dishes—namely, large, open and shallow, undecorated ceramic vessels—following their diachronic development from the Neolithic to the Iron Age (6th millennium to 8th century b.c.), and their synchronic distribution across the Aegean and the Balkans. The methodological approach involves a synthesis of the information available in the archaeological literature, including experimental and ethnographic material. The morphological, technological, and functional attributes of cooking dishes are reviewed, and their contexts of use are reconstructed. The ultimate aim is to deduce the role of these vessels in past culinary activities, to contribute to discussions on their function(s), and to aid ceramicists in further developing protocols for future analyses and experimentation.
{"title":"Ceramic Cooking Dishes in the Prehistoric Aegean: Variability and Uses","authors":"A. Dimoula, Z. Tsirtsoni, S. Valamoti","doi":"10.2972/hesperia.91.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.91.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article discusses the history of cooking dishes—namely, large, open and shallow, undecorated ceramic vessels—following their diachronic development from the Neolithic to the Iron Age (6th millennium to 8th century b.c.), and their synchronic distribution across the Aegean and the Balkans. The methodological approach involves a synthesis of the information available in the archaeological literature, including experimental and ethnographic material. The morphological, technological, and functional attributes of cooking dishes are reviewed, and their contexts of use are reconstructed. The ultimate aim is to deduce the role of these vessels in past culinary activities, to contribute to discussions on their function(s), and to aid ceramicists in further developing protocols for future analyses and experimentation.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77477485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.2972/hesperia.91.1.00133
D. R. Jordan
ABSTRACT:This article presents 30 curse tablets from underground bodies of water in the Athenian Agora. These include 22 tablets from a well by the Civic Offices concerning slaves (a manumission, the prosecution of runaways), unpaid loans, and foreigners. Tablets from other wells include curses against athletes and thieves, a "ritual diabolê" to bring harm to an enemy, and the first known curse tablet in Athens addressed to the Nymphs. Three previously published texts (reread with a stereoscopic microscope) are presented again; the majority are published here for the first time.
{"title":"Curse Tablets of the Roman Period from the Athenian Agora","authors":"D. R. Jordan","doi":"10.2972/hesperia.91.1.00133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.91.1.00133","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article presents 30 curse tablets from underground bodies of water in the Athenian Agora. These include 22 tablets from a well by the Civic Offices concerning slaves (a manumission, the prosecution of runaways), unpaid loans, and foreigners. Tablets from other wells include curses against athletes and thieves, a \"ritual diabolê\" to bring harm to an enemy, and the first known curse tablet in Athens addressed to the Nymphs. Three previously published texts (reread with a stereoscopic microscope) are presented again; the majority are published here for the first time.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83903626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.2972/hesperia.91.1.0089
Andrew M. Stewart, Erin Lawrence, Rebecca Levitan, Kelsey Turbeville
ABSTRACT:This article, the last of four, summarizes the results of a decade of work on the sculptures of the Temple of Ares, and supersedes some of the tentative conclusions advanced earlier in the series. It assesses the original Periklean project (especially its possible genesis as a response to the plague of 430–426 b.c.) and the Augustan modifications to it after the temple's transfer from Pallene to the Agora ca. 15 b.c. A chronological appendix charts the temple's prehistory from the 8th century b.c. through the Persian sack of 480; its history from ca. 430 through its destruction in late antiquity; and finally its recovery from the Greek excavations of 1891 to the present.
{"title":"Classical Sculpture from the Athenian Agora, Part 4: Concluding Remarks on the Sculptures of the Temple of Ares (Athena Pallenis)","authors":"Andrew M. Stewart, Erin Lawrence, Rebecca Levitan, Kelsey Turbeville","doi":"10.2972/hesperia.91.1.0089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.91.1.0089","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article, the last of four, summarizes the results of a decade of work on the sculptures of the Temple of Ares, and supersedes some of the tentative conclusions advanced earlier in the series. It assesses the original Periklean project (especially its possible genesis as a response to the plague of 430–426 b.c.) and the Augustan modifications to it after the temple's transfer from Pallene to the Agora ca. 15 b.c. A chronological appendix charts the temple's prehistory from the 8th century b.c. through the Persian sack of 480; its history from ca. 430 through its destruction in late antiquity; and finally its recovery from the Greek excavations of 1891 to the present.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74647027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.1017/S0068245421000162
J. Mokrišová, M. Verčík
This article argues that Ionia, located in the central part of western Anatolia, was one of key areas of metallurgical innovation in the Aegean during the transitional period from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age. Recent evidence from this region challenges the established narrative that envisions a rather consistent diffusion of iron technologies from Cyprus arriving predominantly via the western part of the Aegean region. This contribution provides a new understanding of the spread of iron technologies in the Aegean by paying particular attention to the social context of technological change and by stressing the need for regional approaches within the Aegean. Crucially, it reassesses the latest evidence from central western Anatolia, and contextualises it within the key cultural, social and technological axes of continuity and change between the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. This study complements the recent methodological discussions related to the integration of bronze and iron technologies that foreground regional perspectives and pay attention to local knowledge-scapes.
{"title":"TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN AEGEAN IRON TECHNOLOGIES: A VIEW FROM EARLY IRON AGE IONIA","authors":"J. Mokrišová, M. Verčík","doi":"10.1017/S0068245421000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245421000162","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that Ionia, located in the central part of western Anatolia, was one of key areas of metallurgical innovation in the Aegean during the transitional period from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age. Recent evidence from this region challenges the established narrative that envisions a rather consistent diffusion of iron technologies from Cyprus arriving predominantly via the western part of the Aegean region. This contribution provides a new understanding of the spread of iron technologies in the Aegean by paying particular attention to the social context of technological change and by stressing the need for regional approaches within the Aegean. Crucially, it reassesses the latest evidence from central western Anatolia, and contextualises it within the key cultural, social and technological axes of continuity and change between the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. This study complements the recent methodological discussions related to the integration of bronze and iron technologies that foreground regional perspectives and pay attention to local knowledge-scapes.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90745834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-11DOI: 10.1017/S0068245422000016
S. Aulsebrook
Aegean Archaeology is one of the oldest branches of prehistoric archaeological scholarship, and many important settlements and cemeteries, such as those at Mycenae, were excavated before the development of more advanced recording techniques that we take for granted today. Nevertheless, the significance of these legacy data as a source of knowledge means we must still find ways to integrate them into our interpretations, despite their limitations. To derive the most robust results possible, it is important to understand exactly what types of impact these earlier recording strategies may have had on our perception of their findings. Yet this type of investigation is rare, meaning that in many cases we know more about the repercussions of taphonomy and the social practices of past societies on the archaeological record than those caused by the actions of our own predecessors. In preparation for a holistic study of all aspects of the use of metals at the Late Bronze Age site of Mycenae, this paper details the exploration of the recording processes in place during the 1939 excavation season. This has been identified as an ideal case study for examining recording strategies because its organisational structure gave each trench supervisor a great deal of individual freedom. Concentrating on their consequences for metal artefacts in particular, each stage of the recording process, in the field, in the museum and in publications, is discussed, as is the aftermath of the Second World War.
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDING ON THE STUDY OF METAL ARTEFACTS. MYCENAE 1939: A CASE STUDY","authors":"S. Aulsebrook","doi":"10.1017/S0068245422000016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245422000016","url":null,"abstract":"Aegean Archaeology is one of the oldest branches of prehistoric archaeological scholarship, and many important settlements and cemeteries, such as those at Mycenae, were excavated before the development of more advanced recording techniques that we take for granted today. Nevertheless, the significance of these legacy data as a source of knowledge means we must still find ways to integrate them into our interpretations, despite their limitations. To derive the most robust results possible, it is important to understand exactly what types of impact these earlier recording strategies may have had on our perception of their findings. Yet this type of investigation is rare, meaning that in many cases we know more about the repercussions of taphonomy and the social practices of past societies on the archaeological record than those caused by the actions of our own predecessors. In preparation for a holistic study of all aspects of the use of metals at the Late Bronze Age site of Mycenae, this paper details the exploration of the recording processes in place during the 1939 excavation season. This has been identified as an ideal case study for examining recording strategies because its organisational structure gave each trench supervisor a great deal of individual freedom. Concentrating on their consequences for metal artefacts in particular, each stage of the recording process, in the field, in the museum and in publications, is discussed, as is the aftermath of the Second World War.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86194496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-10DOI: 10.1017/S0068245421000149
S. Wallace
This paper investigates the transformative effects on technology of state collapse and related major cultural transitions in the period 1200–1000 BC (Late Bronze to Iron Age). It documents and assesses a notably large, preserved metal artefact assemblage (mainly bronze) from one of the best-known Mediterranean sites of the period. This is the large mountaintop town of Karphi, recently confirmed through excavation as occupied solely at the Bronze–Iron transition. Few other contemporary Aegean settlements sharing these characteristics of size, complexity and single-period occupation have been excavated, producing a lack of comparably informative metals assemblages. This contextual interpretative study considers in-depth knowledge of the archaeology of the site and its landscape alongside the results (published and discussed in Archaeometry in 2021) of surface HH-XRF testing on the whole assemblage. The latter is preserved in similar condition throughout, offering opportunities for broad internal alloy composition profiling by the latter method, as well as limited general compositional comparison with other assemblages from the contemporary Mediterranean. Comparisons of an interregional nature are attempted through typological, technological and contextual study of the Karphi material. In considering using this range of evidence, and considering how procurement, manufacturing technology and consumption processes around bulk metals and metal artefacts changed following state collapse, the analysis dwells on and highlights signs of locally centred, agent-driven shifts in contact, cultural and economic networks. On the basis of the full range of evidence addressed, it argues that Lasithian groups made specific, informed choices about manufacture and consumption without relying on specialised manufacture and supply from other points within Crete.
{"title":"MOBILITY AND METALS: INSIGHTS ON MANUFACTURING, CONSUMPTION, KNOWLEDGE AND PROCUREMENT NETWORKS AT THE BRONZE–IRON TRANSITION FROM THE KARPHI ASSEMBLAGE","authors":"S. Wallace","doi":"10.1017/S0068245421000149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245421000149","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the transformative effects on technology of state collapse and related major cultural transitions in the period 1200–1000 BC (Late Bronze to Iron Age). It documents and assesses a notably large, preserved metal artefact assemblage (mainly bronze) from one of the best-known Mediterranean sites of the period. This is the large mountaintop town of Karphi, recently confirmed through excavation as occupied solely at the Bronze–Iron transition. Few other contemporary Aegean settlements sharing these characteristics of size, complexity and single-period occupation have been excavated, producing a lack of comparably informative metals assemblages. This contextual interpretative study considers in-depth knowledge of the archaeology of the site and its landscape alongside the results (published and discussed in Archaeometry in 2021) of surface HH-XRF testing on the whole assemblage. The latter is preserved in similar condition throughout, offering opportunities for broad internal alloy composition profiling by the latter method, as well as limited general compositional comparison with other assemblages from the contemporary Mediterranean. Comparisons of an interregional nature are attempted through typological, technological and contextual study of the Karphi material. In considering using this range of evidence, and considering how procurement, manufacturing technology and consumption processes around bulk metals and metal artefacts changed following state collapse, the analysis dwells on and highlights signs of locally centred, agent-driven shifts in contact, cultural and economic networks. On the basis of the full range of evidence addressed, it argues that Lasithian groups made specific, informed choices about manufacture and consumption without relying on specialised manufacture and supply from other points within Crete.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76485833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.2972/HESPERIA.85.3.0491
B. Lis
Abstract:This article offers a reanalysis of the ceramic assemblage from room 60, one of the pantries of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos. The study is based on the original 1966 publication by Blegen and Rawson, excavation notebooks, archive photographs, and personal investigation of the pottery recovered from that room. It is argued that a particular manufacturing technique, characteristic of a group of shapes from room 60 but distinct from the standard Mycenaean potting tradition, betrays the activity of a foreign potter. This study also demonstrates that pottery from room 60 served at least two different functions—as paraphernalia used during funerary feasts and as utensils for manufacturing perfumed oil, a crucial commodity for the Pylian economy.
摘要:本文对皮洛斯内斯特宫(Palace of Nestor at Pylos) 60号储藏室的陶瓷组合进行了重新分析。这项研究是基于1966年布莱根和罗森的原始出版物，挖掘笔记，档案照片，以及对从那个房间找到的陶器的个人调查。有人认为，一种特殊的制造技术，具有60号房间的一组形状的特征，但与标准的迈锡尼制罐传统不同，暴露了外国陶工的活动。这项研究还表明，60号房间的陶器至少有两种不同的功能——作为葬礼宴会上使用的用具，以及作为制造香油的器皿，香油是Pylian经济的重要商品。
{"title":"A Foreign Potter in the Pylian Kingdom? A Reanalysis of the Ceramic Assemblage of Room 60 in the Palace of Nestor at Pylos","authors":"B. Lis","doi":"10.2972/HESPERIA.85.3.0491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2972/HESPERIA.85.3.0491","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article offers a reanalysis of the ceramic assemblage from room 60, one of the pantries of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos. The study is based on the original 1966 publication by Blegen and Rawson, excavation notebooks, archive photographs, and personal investigation of the pottery recovered from that room. It is argued that a particular manufacturing technique, characteristic of a group of shapes from room 60 but distinct from the standard Mycenaean potting tradition, betrays the activity of a foreign potter. This study also demonstrates that pottery from room 60 served at least two different functions—as paraphernalia used during funerary feasts and as utensils for manufacturing perfumed oil, a crucial commodity for the Pylian economy.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73873301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.2972/HESPERIA.82.4.0551
H. Forbes
Abstract:This article addresses the debate over the origin(s) of “background” artifacts found between archaeological sites in Greek survey projects, within the general context of refuse disposal practices. Ethnographic and practical data on manure formation and deposition, combined with archaeological and ethnoarchaeological studies, indicate that both the definition of refuse and its disposal are governed by complex, culturally determined rules. In antiquity these rules meant that the wholesale disposal of artifact trash into organic waste used as fertilizer was not the norm. Quantified models demonstrate that despite this fact, the high levels of “background” found in some survey projects are best interpreted as resulting from low levels of artifacts inadvertently incorporated in manure.
{"title":"Off-Site Scatters and the Manuring Hypothesis in Greek Survey Archaeology: An Ethnographic Approach","authors":"H. Forbes","doi":"10.2972/HESPERIA.82.4.0551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2972/HESPERIA.82.4.0551","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article addresses the debate over the origin(s) of “background” artifacts found between archaeological sites in Greek survey projects, within the general context of refuse disposal practices. Ethnographic and practical data on manure formation and deposition, combined with archaeological and ethnoarchaeological studies, indicate that both the definition of refuse and its disposal are governed by complex, culturally determined rules. In antiquity these rules meant that the wholesale disposal of artifact trash into organic waste used as fertilizer was not the norm. Quantified models demonstrate that despite this fact, the high levels of “background” found in some survey projects are best interpreted as resulting from low levels of artifacts inadvertently incorporated in manure.","PeriodicalId":44554,"journal":{"name":"Annual of the British School at Athens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75429460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：