Pub Date : 2010-12-05DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749833
S. Abdulla, P. Wen, W. Xiang
The manual control of anaesthesia is still the dominant practice during surgery. An increasing number of studies have been conducted to explore the possibility of automating this process. The major difficulty in the design of closed-loop control during anaesthesia is the inherent patient variability due to differences in demographic and drug tolerance. These discrepancies are translated into the differences in pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD). This study develops patient dose-response models and provides an adequate drug administration regimen for the anaesthesia to avoid under or over dosing of the patients. The controllers are designed to compensate for patients inherent drug response variability, to achieve the best output disturbance rejection, and to maintain optimal set point response. The results are evaluated and compared with traditional PID controller. The performance is confirmed in our simulation.
{"title":"The design and investigation of model based internal model control for the regulation of hypnosis","authors":"S. Abdulla, P. Wen, W. Xiang","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749833","url":null,"abstract":"The manual control of anaesthesia is still the dominant practice during surgery. An increasing number of studies have been conducted to explore the possibility of automating this process. The major difficulty in the design of closed-loop control during anaesthesia is the inherent patient variability due to differences in demographic and drug tolerance. These discrepancies are translated into the differences in pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD). This study develops patient dose-response models and provides an adequate drug administration regimen for the anaesthesia to avoid under or over dosing of the patients. The controllers are designed to compensate for patients inherent drug response variability, to achieve the best output disturbance rejection, and to maintain optimal set point response. The results are evaluated and compared with traditional PID controller. The performance is confirmed in our simulation.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125596166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749794
Liwei Shi, Shuxiang Guo, K. Asaka, Shilian Mao
Compact structure, multifunction, and flexibility are normally considered as incompatible characteristics for legged microrobots. Most robots focused on complex structure of multi-joint legs to attain the multifunction and flexibility, while others had poor flexibility for miniaturization. In the field of underwater monitoring for applications such as pollution detection and video mapping in limited space, underwater microrobots are urgently demanded. To realize these purposes, we have developed several types of microrobots with both compact structure and flexible locomotion. However, they just realized walking, rotating, swimming, or floating motions. Without biomimetic fingers, they could not do some simple operations, such as grasping and carrying any objects to desired place. So, in this paper, we designed a novel type of biomimetic locomotion employing ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuator as one-DOF leg. Then we proposed a new type of underwater microrobot using ten ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators as legs or fingers, which could realize walking, rotating, floating, and grasping motions. Also, we developed a prototype of this underwater microrobot and carried out some experiments to evaluate its walking and floating speeds. In addition, we used six IPMC actuators as fingers to grasp some small objects and float up. To realize the closed-loop control for the microrobot, we used three proximity sensors to detect and avoid the obstacle while walking.
{"title":"Development and experiments of a novel multifunctional underwater microrobot","authors":"Liwei Shi, Shuxiang Guo, K. Asaka, Shilian Mao","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749794","url":null,"abstract":"Compact structure, multifunction, and flexibility are normally considered as incompatible characteristics for legged microrobots. Most robots focused on complex structure of multi-joint legs to attain the multifunction and flexibility, while others had poor flexibility for miniaturization. In the field of underwater monitoring for applications such as pollution detection and video mapping in limited space, underwater microrobots are urgently demanded. To realize these purposes, we have developed several types of microrobots with both compact structure and flexible locomotion. However, they just realized walking, rotating, swimming, or floating motions. Without biomimetic fingers, they could not do some simple operations, such as grasping and carrying any objects to desired place. So, in this paper, we designed a novel type of biomimetic locomotion employing ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuator as one-DOF leg. Then we proposed a new type of underwater microrobot using ten ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators as legs or fingers, which could realize walking, rotating, floating, and grasping motions. Also, we developed a prototype of this underwater microrobot and carried out some experiments to evaluate its walking and floating speeds. In addition, we used six IPMC actuators as fingers to grasp some small objects and float up. To realize the closed-loop control for the microrobot, we used three proximity sensors to detect and avoid the obstacle while walking.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117204983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749830
Ruiguo Yang, N. Xi, K. Lai, C. Fung, Chengeng Qu, Beihua Zhong, Donna H. Wang
Ion channel is the regulatory mechanism for electrical activity in pancreatic islet cells through stimulus-secretion coupling. Changes in membrane potential are regulated by the glucose concentration-dependent ion channel activities. The alteration of glucose concentration is linked to the open probability of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by insulin secretion. At the meantime, the change of glucose concentration can cause the reorganization of the membrane as well as the cytoskeleton, resulting in the change of cellular stiffness. By using an integrated AFM and cell manipulation system, we were able to measure the cell stiffness and structural change simultaneously upon the glucose stimulation. The cell stiffness increases substantially in a dosage-dependent manner after stimulation by real time AFM nanoindentation measurement. Structurally, the cell height decrease dynamically with the glucose concentration increase. Therefore we have a unique Bio Marker to characterize the ion channel activity using different modalities. This result indicates that the open and close of ion channel would lead to the change of membrane structure and thus the cell body exhibits a different cellular stiffness. The study will enhance our understanding of pancreatic islet cell stimulus coupling and insulin secretion.
{"title":"Investigations of Bio Markers for ion channel activities on insulinoma cells","authors":"Ruiguo Yang, N. Xi, K. Lai, C. Fung, Chengeng Qu, Beihua Zhong, Donna H. Wang","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749830","url":null,"abstract":"Ion channel is the regulatory mechanism for electrical activity in pancreatic islet cells through stimulus-secretion coupling. Changes in membrane potential are regulated by the glucose concentration-dependent ion channel activities. The alteration of glucose concentration is linked to the open probability of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by insulin secretion. At the meantime, the change of glucose concentration can cause the reorganization of the membrane as well as the cytoskeleton, resulting in the change of cellular stiffness. By using an integrated AFM and cell manipulation system, we were able to measure the cell stiffness and structural change simultaneously upon the glucose stimulation. The cell stiffness increases substantially in a dosage-dependent manner after stimulation by real time AFM nanoindentation measurement. Structurally, the cell height decrease dynamically with the glucose concentration increase. Therefore we have a unique Bio Marker to characterize the ion channel activity using different modalities. This result indicates that the open and close of ion channel would lead to the change of membrane structure and thus the cell body exhibits a different cellular stiffness. The study will enhance our understanding of pancreatic islet cell stimulus coupling and insulin secretion.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130515845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749829
Mi Li, Lianqing Liu, N. Xi, Yuechao Wang, Z. Dong, Guangyong Li, Xiubin Xiao, Weijing Zhang
The treatment of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) was revolutionized by the approval of rituximab in 1997. Rituximab is a CD20-directed monoclonal antibody (mAb). Despite the great success of rituximab in the treatment of B-cell NHL, the urgent need is to enhance the efficacy due to the markedly variable patient responses. Hence elucidating the molecular mechanisms of rituximab's anti-cancer effect is of great significance. In the past decade the atomic force microscopy (AFM) has proven to be a powerful tool for characterizing the morphological properties and measuring the physiological interaction forces of single cells and single molecules under native conditions. In this work, the AFM single-molecule force spectroscopy(SMFS) was applied to quantitatively measure the CD20-rituximab binding force on Burkitt's lymphoma patient bone marrow cells. The experimental results will facilitate further investigation of the molecular mechanisms of rituximab's anticancer effect.
{"title":"Measuring the molecular force of Burkitt's lymphoma patient cells using AFM","authors":"Mi Li, Lianqing Liu, N. Xi, Yuechao Wang, Z. Dong, Guangyong Li, Xiubin Xiao, Weijing Zhang","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749829","url":null,"abstract":"The treatment of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) was revolutionized by the approval of rituximab in 1997. Rituximab is a CD20-directed monoclonal antibody (mAb). Despite the great success of rituximab in the treatment of B-cell NHL, the urgent need is to enhance the efficacy due to the markedly variable patient responses. Hence elucidating the molecular mechanisms of rituximab's anti-cancer effect is of great significance. In the past decade the atomic force microscopy (AFM) has proven to be a powerful tool for characterizing the morphological properties and measuring the physiological interaction forces of single cells and single molecules under native conditions. In this work, the AFM single-molecule force spectroscopy(SMFS) was applied to quantitatively measure the CD20-rituximab binding force on Burkitt's lymphoma patient bone marrow cells. The experimental results will facilitate further investigation of the molecular mechanisms of rituximab's anticancer effect.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114321853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749816
Ruiguo Yang, C. Fung, K. Seiffert-Sinha, N. Xi, K. Lai, A. Sinha
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that occurs in multi-cellular organisms. The apoptosis process of animal cells is characterized by a series of changes on the cell body such as loss of membrane symmetry, cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis is of great importance as a cellular process, whereas the malfunction of which would lead to a variety of disease including cancer. In a potential fatal skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), it is found that auto-immune antibody will induce the apoptosis of keratinocytes, the main epithelial cell that forms the skin, resulting in the blistering of the skin. The exact mechanism of apoptosis in PV is not well understood. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), originally invented as a high resolution imaging tool, recently finds wide applications in biological science with its unique properties. It can operate in liquid where physiological conditions for biological matters can be kept, which makes it an ideal tool for structural characterization of live cells. Besides, it is a natural nanoindenter with high sensitivity and can both measure and apply extremely small forces. Furthermore, the AFM-based nanomanipulation system makes it even more convenient to change things in the molecular level. By applying the AFM-based nanorobotic system to the cellular model system in PV via statistical analysis of nanoindentation data obtained in real time combined with high resolution structural characterization, we find that the cells become stiffer when apoptosis early process begin. This methodology and technique will facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of PV in the future.
{"title":"Real time identification of apoptosis signaling pathways using AFM-based nano robot","authors":"Ruiguo Yang, C. Fung, K. Seiffert-Sinha, N. Xi, K. Lai, A. Sinha","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749816","url":null,"abstract":"Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that occurs in multi-cellular organisms. The apoptosis process of animal cells is characterized by a series of changes on the cell body such as loss of membrane symmetry, cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis is of great importance as a cellular process, whereas the malfunction of which would lead to a variety of disease including cancer. In a potential fatal skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), it is found that auto-immune antibody will induce the apoptosis of keratinocytes, the main epithelial cell that forms the skin, resulting in the blistering of the skin. The exact mechanism of apoptosis in PV is not well understood. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), originally invented as a high resolution imaging tool, recently finds wide applications in biological science with its unique properties. It can operate in liquid where physiological conditions for biological matters can be kept, which makes it an ideal tool for structural characterization of live cells. Besides, it is a natural nanoindenter with high sensitivity and can both measure and apply extremely small forces. Furthermore, the AFM-based nanomanipulation system makes it even more convenient to change things in the molecular level. By applying the AFM-based nanorobotic system to the cellular model system in PV via statistical analysis of nanoindentation data obtained in real time combined with high resolution structural characterization, we find that the cells become stiffer when apoptosis early process begin. This methodology and technique will facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of PV in the future.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130741985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749802
Li Zhang, T. Petit, K. Peyer, B. Kratochvil, Jiangnan Zhang, J. Lou, B. Nelson
This paper reports an approach to perform basic noncontact and contact manipulation tasks using rotating nickel nanowires (Ni NWs) driven by a uniform rotating magnetic field. We show that a rotating NW is capable of propulsion near a solid surface by a tumbling motion. The tumbling NW is steered with micrometer positioning precision in 2-D. The FEM simulation shows that fluid flow is induced around the rotating NW, which was applied to manipulate microobjects in a noncontact fashion. Noncontact pushing and pulling tests of individual polystyrene (PS) microbeads are conducted using a tumbling NW. We also show that a rotating Ni NW can act as a microrotor to rotate a microobject on a solid surface. In addition, contact manipulation is demonstrated by transporting individual microobjects, i.e. a PS microbead and a human blood cell, using a rotating NW. The results imply that rotating magnetic NWs are good candidates for handling cellular and sub-cellular objects in an aqueous low Reynolds number environment.
{"title":"Noncontact and contact micromanipulation using a rotating nickel nanowire","authors":"Li Zhang, T. Petit, K. Peyer, B. Kratochvil, Jiangnan Zhang, J. Lou, B. Nelson","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749802","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports an approach to perform basic noncontact and contact manipulation tasks using rotating nickel nanowires (Ni NWs) driven by a uniform rotating magnetic field. We show that a rotating NW is capable of propulsion near a solid surface by a tumbling motion. The tumbling NW is steered with micrometer positioning precision in 2-D. The FEM simulation shows that fluid flow is induced around the rotating NW, which was applied to manipulate microobjects in a noncontact fashion. Noncontact pushing and pulling tests of individual polystyrene (PS) microbeads are conducted using a tumbling NW. We also show that a rotating Ni NW can act as a microrotor to rotate a microobject on a solid surface. In addition, contact manipulation is demonstrated by transporting individual microobjects, i.e. a PS microbead and a human blood cell, using a rotating NW. The results imply that rotating magnetic NWs are good candidates for handling cellular and sub-cellular objects in an aqueous low Reynolds number environment.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"271 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130367137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749817
Yantao Shen, Zheng Chen, Xiaobo Tan
This paper presents quantitative measurements of Primary Hepatocyte (rat liver cell) adhesion on polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films. Measurements are implemented through detaching the cell from the film using a developed highly sensitive micro-force sensing tool. Experimental results demonstrate the measured detaching or adhesion forces of cells on polyelectrolyte multilayer films with different number of bilayers during detachment. These results provide an essential step toward better understanding of the cell-material interaction, and could contribute to more significant research in the fields of tissue engineering and liver disease.
{"title":"Measuring Primary Hepatocyte adhesion on polyelectrolyte multilayer films by a passive detachment sensing tool","authors":"Yantao Shen, Zheng Chen, Xiaobo Tan","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749817","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents quantitative measurements of Primary Hepatocyte (rat liver cell) adhesion on polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films. Measurements are implemented through detaching the cell from the film using a developed highly sensitive micro-force sensing tool. Experimental results demonstrate the measured detaching or adhesion forces of cells on polyelectrolyte multilayer films with different number of bilayers during detachment. These results provide an essential step toward better understanding of the cell-material interaction, and could contribute to more significant research in the fields of tissue engineering and liver disease.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123108531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749801
Terry Li, B. Chan
The current study aims to identify the type of cell-matrix adhesions of hMSCs in 3D collagen constructs and to investigate the effects of dynamic compression on the type, morphology and composition of cell-matrix adhesions, particularly to observe whether the compression stimulates the maturation or evolvement of 3D matrix adhesion in hMSC-collagen constructs. Preliminary results demonstrated the colocalization of integrin α5 β1 and fibronectin in cell-matrix adhesions in loaded constructs, partially fulfilling the requirements for 3D matrix adhesion to evolve. In addition, fibronectin was shown to be organized into tiny-dotted adhesions in loaded constructs in a loading duration dependent way, suggesting dynamic compression may be able to mature adhesions in the constructs, hopefully into 3D matrix adhesions. It was also demonstrated that hMSCs plated onto their own cell-derived matrices form elongated adhesions which are similar to 3D matrix adhesions formed by fibroblasts. Further characterization on the cell-matrix adhesions of hMSCs in 3D collagen constructs and identification of differences in adhesions between loaded and unloaded constructs are underway.
{"title":"3D matrix adhesions mediating mechanostranduction in hMSC-collagen constructs","authors":"Terry Li, B. Chan","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749801","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aims to identify the type of cell-matrix adhesions of hMSCs in 3D collagen constructs and to investigate the effects of dynamic compression on the type, morphology and composition of cell-matrix adhesions, particularly to observe whether the compression stimulates the maturation or evolvement of 3D matrix adhesion in hMSC-collagen constructs. Preliminary results demonstrated the colocalization of integrin α5 β1 and fibronectin in cell-matrix adhesions in loaded constructs, partially fulfilling the requirements for 3D matrix adhesion to evolve. In addition, fibronectin was shown to be organized into tiny-dotted adhesions in loaded constructs in a loading duration dependent way, suggesting dynamic compression may be able to mature adhesions in the constructs, hopefully into 3D matrix adhesions. It was also demonstrated that hMSCs plated onto their own cell-derived matrices form elongated adhesions which are similar to 3D matrix adhesions formed by fibroblasts. Further characterization on the cell-matrix adhesions of hMSCs in 3D collagen constructs and identification of differences in adhesions between loaded and unloaded constructs are underway.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114261989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749835
Jinping Cheng, Y. Lam, Ya‐Ping Sun, S. Cheng
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely investigated as one of the most promising nanomaterials in biomedical applications. Functionalization of CNTs with poly(ethylene glycol) diamine (PEG) is a recognized methodology with good solubility and biocompatibility. In this study, PEG conjugated (PEGylated) multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) were prepared and labeled with fluorophore FITC. Using fluorophore-conjugated PEGylated MWCNTs, we monitored their accumulation in transformed cancer cells and in normal cells. The intracellular accumulation of PEGylated MWCNTs was studied under confocal microscope and transmission electron microscope. At the same concentration and exposure time, PEGylated MWCNTs entered all three of the cancer cell lines tested much more efficiently than the three primary human fibroblast lines. This different cell-penetration efficiency was observed both in separate cell culture separate exposure conditions and in co-culture and co-exposure conditions. This study highlights that the cell-penetration efficiency of PEGylated MWCNTs is dependent on cell types, and possibly due to different metabolic rates in different cell types. Furthermore, the intracellular accumulation of PEGylated MWCNTs did not impair membrane integrity, and the treated cells remained normal morphology, indicating good biocompatibility of PEGylated MWCNTs. This study suggests that PEGylated MWCNTs can be developed as potential drug carrier with its intrinsic higher preference to tumor cells than normal cells.
{"title":"Cell-penetration efficiency of PEGylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes is dependent on cell types","authors":"Jinping Cheng, Y. Lam, Ya‐Ping Sun, S. Cheng","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749835","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely investigated as one of the most promising nanomaterials in biomedical applications. Functionalization of CNTs with poly(ethylene glycol) diamine (PEG) is a recognized methodology with good solubility and biocompatibility. In this study, PEG conjugated (PEGylated) multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) were prepared and labeled with fluorophore FITC. Using fluorophore-conjugated PEGylated MWCNTs, we monitored their accumulation in transformed cancer cells and in normal cells. The intracellular accumulation of PEGylated MWCNTs was studied under confocal microscope and transmission electron microscope. At the same concentration and exposure time, PEGylated MWCNTs entered all three of the cancer cell lines tested much more efficiently than the three primary human fibroblast lines. This different cell-penetration efficiency was observed both in separate cell culture separate exposure conditions and in co-culture and co-exposure conditions. This study highlights that the cell-penetration efficiency of PEGylated MWCNTs is dependent on cell types, and possibly due to different metabolic rates in different cell types. Furthermore, the intracellular accumulation of PEGylated MWCNTs did not impair membrane integrity, and the treated cells remained normal morphology, indicating good biocompatibility of PEGylated MWCNTs. This study suggests that PEGylated MWCNTs can be developed as potential drug carrier with its intrinsic higher preference to tumor cells than normal cells.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133724263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749811
M. Y. Yu, M. Han, C. Shee, W. T. Ang
Autofocusing is an essential technique in many machine vision aided microscopy application. This paper presents a comparison study of 6 autofocusing algorithms under bright field illumination: a) Normalized Variance (VAR), b) Tenengrad Gradient (TEN), c) DB06 wavelet filter (DB06), d) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), e) Standard Deviation (STD) and f) Sum Modulus Difference (SMD). In the study, all the 6 algorithms are integrated with the exhaustive search technique and implemented using LabVIEW on a Pentium 4 desktop computer. A total of 2,204 microscope images of a micropipette tip are acquired at different microscope objective positions controlled by a high precision stepper motor under 2.8X magnification, are used to evaluate the performance of the algorithms in terms of processing speed, accuracy, consistency, sensitivity to image size and sensitivity to movement step resolution. It can be concluded that VAR and STD perform well in all performance measures.
在许多机器视觉辅助显微镜应用中，自动对焦是一项必不可少的技术。本文对6种亮场照明下的自动聚焦算法进行了比较研究:a)归一化方差(VAR)， b) Tenengrad梯度(TEN)， c) DB06小波滤波(DB06)， d)快速傅立叶变换(FFT)， e)标准差(STD)和和模差(SMD)。在本研究中，所有6种算法都与穷举搜索技术相结合，并在Pentium 4台式计算机上使用LabVIEW实现。在2.8倍放大率下，在高精度步进电机控制下，在不同显微镜物镜位置获取2204张显微图像，从处理速度、精度、一致性、对图像大小的敏感性和对运动步进分辨率的敏感性等方面评价算法的性能。VAR和STD在各项绩效指标中均表现良好。
{"title":"Autofocusing algorithm comparison in bright field microscopy for automatic vision aided cell micromanipulation","authors":"M. Y. Yu, M. Han, C. Shee, W. T. Ang","doi":"10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749811","url":null,"abstract":"Autofocusing is an essential technique in many machine vision aided microscopy application. This paper presents a comparison study of 6 autofocusing algorithms under bright field illumination: a) Normalized Variance (VAR), b) Tenengrad Gradient (TEN), c) DB06 wavelet filter (DB06), d) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), e) Standard Deviation (STD) and f) Sum Modulus Difference (SMD). In the study, all the 6 algorithms are integrated with the exhaustive search technique and implemented using LabVIEW on a Pentium 4 desktop computer. A total of 2,204 microscope images of a micropipette tip are acquired at different microscope objective positions controlled by a high precision stepper motor under 2.8X magnification, are used to evaluate the performance of the algorithms in terms of processing speed, accuracy, consistency, sensitivity to image size and sensitivity to movement step resolution. It can be concluded that VAR and STD perform well in all performance measures.","PeriodicalId":446237,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134268163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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