In light of the drive for energy efficiency and low CO 2 emissions, extensive research is performed to reduce vehicle aerodynamic drag. The wheels are relatively shielded from the main flow compared to the exterior of the passenger car, however, they are typically responsible for around 25% of the overall vehicle drag. This contribution is large as the wheels and tyres protrude into the flow and change the flow structure around the vehicle underbody. Given that the tyre is the first part of the wheel to get in contact with the oncoming flow, its shape and features have a significant impact on the flow pattern that develops. This study aims at identifying the general effects of two main tyre features, the longitudinal rain grooves and lateral pattern grooves, using both CFD and wind tunnel tests. This is performed by cutting generic representations of these details into identical slick tyres. Combinations of the two resulted in four physical tyre patterns that are tested on both a production and a closed rim. The test setup is reproduced in CFD taking the tyre deformation under loading into account. Due to the tyre's deformation, Moving Reference Frame - grooves (MRFg) was used to model rotation, while the rim spokes were modelled with the sliding mesh approach. The results indicate that the rain grooves play a significant role in reducing drag when introduced on a slick tyre both in test and simulations, while the results from adding lateral grooves were less consistent dependent on the rim-tyre combination. The interaction between the longitudinal and lateral grooves could be observed on the overall vehicle drag. In general, CFD is able to predict the drag changes for different tyre patterns with good accuracy for the open rim, however the closed rim case proved to be more challenging.
{"title":"Tyre Pattern Features and their Effects on Passenger Vehicle Drag","authors":"Teddy Hobeika, S. Sebben","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-0710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0710","url":null,"abstract":"In light of the drive for energy efficiency and low CO 2 emissions, extensive research is performed to reduce vehicle aerodynamic drag. The wheels are relatively shielded from the main flow compared to the exterior of the passenger car, however, they are typically responsible for around 25% of the overall vehicle drag. This contribution is large as the wheels and tyres protrude into the flow and change the flow structure around the vehicle underbody. Given that the tyre is the first part of the wheel to get in contact with the oncoming flow, its shape and features have a significant impact on the flow pattern that develops. This study aims at identifying the general effects of two main tyre features, the longitudinal rain grooves and lateral pattern grooves, using both CFD and wind tunnel tests. This is performed by cutting generic representations of these details into identical slick tyres. Combinations of the two resulted in four physical tyre patterns that are tested on both a production and a closed rim. The test setup is reproduced in CFD taking the tyre deformation under loading into account. Due to the tyre's deformation, Moving Reference Frame - grooves (MRFg) was used to model rotation, while the rim spokes were modelled with the sliding mesh approach. The results indicate that the rain grooves play a significant role in reducing drag when introduced on a slick tyre both in test and simulations, while the results from adding lateral grooves were less consistent dependent on the rim-tyre combination. The interaction between the longitudinal and lateral grooves could be observed on the overall vehicle drag. In general, CFD is able to predict the drag changes for different tyre patterns with good accuracy for the open rim, however the closed rim case proved to be more challenging.","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"401-413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-0710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46671743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy Harvesting in Tire: State-Of-The-Art and Challenges","authors":"Xiaoxue Liu, Liangyao Yu, Sheng Zheng, Jinghu Chang","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"159-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-1119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45610724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. d’Ambrosio, Roberto Vitolo, Nicolò Salamone, E. Oliva
{"title":"Active Tire Pressure Control (ATPC) for Passenger Cars: Design, Performance, and Analysis of the Potential Fuel Economy Improvement","authors":"S. d’Ambrosio, Roberto Vitolo, Nicolò Salamone, E. Oliva","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-1340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1340","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"321-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-1340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49039774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flow Visualization and Experimental Measurement of Compressor Oil Separator","authors":"Jiu Xu, P. Hrnjak","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"377-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-0067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48210642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simulation of Arc Quenching in Hermetically Sealed Electric Vehicle Relays","authors":"Anand Karpatne, D. Breden, L. Raja","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-0765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0765","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"149-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-0765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49029256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pengcheng Chen, Jian Wu, Jian Zhao, Rui He, Liu Haizhen, Kui Zhang
{"title":"Design and Position Control of a Novel Electric Brake Booster","authors":"Pengcheng Chen, Jian Wu, Jian Zhao, Rui He, Liu Haizhen, Kui Zhang","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-0812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0812","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"389-400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-0812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46074246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aerodynamic Investigation of Cooling Drag of a Production Pickup Truck Part 1: Test Results","authors":"Levon Larson, S. Woodiga","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-0740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0740","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"477-491"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-0740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47401125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Lane-Changing Decision-Making Method for Intelligent Vehicle Based on Acceleration Field","authors":"Bing Zhu, Shuai Liu, Jian Zhao","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-0599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0599","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"219-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-0599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49316779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Drag Coefficient for Test Cycle Application","authors":"J. Howell, M. Passmore, S. Windsor","doi":"10.4271/2018-01-0742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0742","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"447-461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4271/2018-01-0742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41648500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-21DOI: 10.4172/2332-0796.1000252
R. Suliman, K. Bilal, I. Elemam
Now a days the telecommunication systems have been concerned as a required for a life, the number of users are improved therefore the usage of spectrum are increased. From many different studies and researches very bad utilizations of spectrum were found. To solve it cognitive radio network is introduced in order to dynamic the spectrum therefore to increase the spectrum efficiency, decreasing costs and increasing number of wireless users, cognitive radio network solved bad utilizations and in advance it improved more characteristics for the spectrum. The goal of this paper is to identify along with clearly describe the concept of cognitive radio networks.
{"title":"Review Paper on Cognitive Radio Networks","authors":"R. Suliman, K. Bilal, I. Elemam","doi":"10.4172/2332-0796.1000252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0796.1000252","url":null,"abstract":"Now a days the telecommunication systems have been concerned as a required for a life, the number of users are improved therefore the usage of spectrum are increased. From many different studies and researches very bad utilizations of spectrum were found. To solve it cognitive radio network is introduced in order to dynamic the spectrum therefore to increase the spectrum efficiency, decreasing costs and increasing number of wireless users, cognitive radio network solved bad utilizations and in advance it improved more characteristics for the spectrum. The goal of this paper is to identify along with clearly describe the concept of cognitive radio networks.","PeriodicalId":44634,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89183435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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