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RETRACTED: Modeling Tire Tread Features RETRACTED:轮胎胎面特征建模
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-01-09 DOI: 10.4271/06-13-01-0001
M. D. Bolzon
This study details an investigation into the accuracy of a recently proposed tire rotation simulation approach, termed the "MRFg" method. Physical experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted on a sedan-type passenger vehicle with various tire treads and rims. Furthermore, the effects of the wind tunnel geometry on the method's accuracy was investigated. The experimental data consisted of drag coefficients, front and rear lift coefficients, base and door surface pressures, and wake surveys at various planes around the wheels. Overall, a comprehensive set of validation data was taken. The CFD simulations were transient, and the geometry closely replicated the experimental geometry, including the tires' deformations. Generally, the MRFg method predicted the effects of the various tread patterns on the drag coefficient to within four counts. Some outliers occurred. The MRFg method predicted some of the flowfield trends and magnitudes very well, but not others. The inclusion of the wind tunnel geometry significantly increased the accuracy of the methodology.
本研究详细调查了最近提出的轮胎旋转模拟方法的准确性,称为“MRFg”方法。以轿车型乘用车为研究对象,对不同胎面和轮辋进行了物理实验和计算流体力学(CFD)仿真。此外,还研究了风洞几何形状对方法精度的影响。实验数据包括阻力系数、前后升力系数、底盘和车门表面压力以及车轮周围各平面的尾迹测量。总的来说,采用了一套全面的验证数据。CFD模拟是瞬时的,其几何形状与实验几何形状非常接近,包括轮胎的变形。一般来说,MRFg方法预测不同胎面花纹对阻力系数的影响在4个计数以内。出现了一些异常值。MRFg方法可以很好地预测某些流场趋势和量级,但不能预测其他流场。纳入风洞几何结构显著提高了方法的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Study of Reliability of Power Distribution System and Improvement Options at Awash7 kilo Substation, Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚awash7kg变电站配电系统可靠性及改进方案研究
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.37532/JEEET.2020.9(4)E.178
Jemal Mohammed Amin
This paper presents a study of reliability of power distribution system and improvement options at Awash7 kilo substation in Ethiopia. Basically, power distribution reliability has been a major challenge in Awash7 kilo city. The existing substation has encountered frequent and long power interruptions problems. The interruptions are caused mainly by the short circuit (SC) and earth fault (EF). There are also planned outages for operation and maintenance purpose. Thus, the objective of the study is to assess the reliability of the existing distribution system and suggest solutions for reliability improvement in heuristic techniques. To limit the scope of the study, 15 kV Awash7 kilo city feeder of the substation has been chosen for the reliability improvement measures. In the study, four different mitigation scenarios have been assessed using the heuristic method to improve the system reliability. From the mitigation scenarios with the lowest SAIDI, SAIFI and Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) has been selected as an optimal one. The simulation results have been done with the help of Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP 16.0) software. The result of this study reveals that the overall reliability of Awash7 kilo city feeder has been improved by 86%, 85.4% and 92.94% for SAIFI, SAIDI, and EENS respectively as compared with the existing system by incorporating a mitigation technology in to the network model. The economic analysis shows that the selected solution results in a cost saving of 20,229.47 USD per year from the unsold energy of one feeder only with three years payback period investment for the implementation of the reliability mitigation technology.
本文介绍了埃塞俄比亚Awash7千变电站配电系统可靠性及改进方案的研究。基本上,电力分配的可靠性一直是阿瓦什7千克城市面临的主要挑战。现有变电站存在频繁、长时间停电的问题。主要由短路(SC)和接地故障(EF)引起。此外,还有为操作和维护目的而计划的停机。因此,研究的目的是评估现有配电系统的可靠性,并提出解决方案的可靠性改进的启发式技术。为限制研究范围,选择变电站的15kv awash7kg城市支线作为可靠性改进措施。在研究中,采用启发式方法评估了四种不同的缓解方案,以提高系统的可靠性。从SAIDI最低的缓解方案中,选择SAIFI和预期不供应能源(EENS)作为最优方案。利用电瞬变分析程序(ETAP 16.0)软件进行了仿真计算。研究结果表明,通过在网络模型中引入缓解技术,与现有系统相比,SAIFI、SAIDI和EENS的Awash7千级城市馈线的总体可靠性分别提高了86%、85.4%和92.94%。经济分析表明,所选择的解决方案仅在实施可靠性缓解技术的3年投资回收期下,就可以从一个馈线的未售能源中节省成本20,229.47美元/年。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Simulation of Half Wave-dipole Antenna for LTE Applications Using CST microwave Studio 基于CST微波工作室的LTE半波偶极子天线设计与仿真
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.37532/JEEET.2020.9(4)E.175
Mohammed Mynuddin
One of the most important and widely used Radio frequency (RF) antennas is the dipole antenna. This is commonly used on its own and is also integrated into many other prototypes of the RF antenna, where it is the guiding factor for the antenna. An effort has been made in this project to study the latest half wave dipole antenna for LTE Applications. The dipole antenna, which is nearly one-half wavelength long, is known as the half-wave dipole antenna. The antenna was designed for resonating at the frequency of 2.6 GHz. For the simulation and design calculations CST is used. In this project various factors of antenna such as the return loss, standing wave ratio from Smith charts, Real power Vs Frequency, VSWR, E-field and H-field distribution, gain and radiation pattern are also evaluated.
偶极子天线是最重要和应用最广泛的射频天线之一。这通常单独使用,也集成到RF天线的许多其他原型中,其中它是天线的指导因素。本项目致力于研究LTE应用的最新半波偶极子天线。偶极子天线的长度接近半波长,被称为半波偶极子天线。该天线的谐振频率为2.6 GHz。在模拟和设计计算中采用了CST。本项目还对天线的回波损耗、Smith图驻波比、实际功率Vs频率、驻波比、e场和h场分布、增益和辐射方向图等因素进行了评估。
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引用次数: 2
A Review of Vibration Based Wide-Band Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters 基于振动的宽带电磁能量采集器研究进展
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.37532/JEEET.2020.9(4)E.177
H. Khan
Vibration based electromagnetic energy harvesters (VEMEHs) for powering wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) and low power devices has got enormous research interests as alternative source of power. One of the prime limitations to the application of these harvesters as a replacement to battery systems is their dependency on the limited range of operating frequencies. This paper highlights the current advancements in the area of wide-band VEMEHs. All such VEMEHs have been studied and reported based on their range of operating frequencies, frequency bandwidth, overall volume, output voltage, the value of available output power, power density and the level of vibrations these harvesters are subjected to. Moreover the reported VEMEHs are categorized on the basis of their operating mechanism i.e either resonant or non-resonant. The main focus over here is the operating range of frequencies and the frequency bandwidth where the harvester is capable of producing adequate amount of output power which could be used for operating remote WSNs. The reported VEMEHs include harvesters with a minute volume of 0.032 cm3 to as large as approx 1600 cm3. When compared on the basis of output voltage, the reported VEMEHs could produce output voltage from 0.13 mV to as high as 5700 mV. Similarly the reported VEMEHs are generating output power from 0.00096 μW to 74000 μW. The reported VEMEHs are having power densities in the range of 0.50 x 10-6 μW/ cm3 to1073 μW/ cm3. The power per acceleration of the reported VEMEHs is in the range of 16.012 x 10 -6 μW/g to 129824 μW/g. Moreover the reported VEMEHs are having power density per acceleration in the range of 0.500 x 10-6 μW/g.cm3 to 1877 μW/g.cm3. Based on the overall device’s size and resultant output power, a 1 cm³ harvester having an average power output of 0.75 μW to a harvester of 68.96 cm³ with a peak output power of 74 mW have been reported in this literature. Comparison has been made on the basis of operating frequency range, frequency bandwidth, device size, output power, acceleration of operation, power per acceleration and power densities of the reported wide-band electromagnetic energy harvesters (EMEHs).
基于振动的电磁能量采集器(VEMEHs)作为一种替代电源,为无线传感器节点(wsn)和低功耗设备供电,得到了广泛的研究兴趣。这些收割机作为电池系统替代品的主要限制之一是它们依赖于有限的工作频率范围。本文重点介绍了目前宽带超视距电磁辐射领域的研究进展。所有这些vemeh已经根据其工作频率范围、频率带宽、总体体积、输出电压、可用输出功率值、功率密度和这些收割机所承受的振动水平进行了研究和报道。此外,所报道的vemhs根据其工作机制进行了分类,即谐振或非谐振。这里的主要焦点是频率的工作范围和频率带宽,其中收割机能够产生足够的输出功率,可用于操作远程无线传感器网络。报道的vemeh包括收割机,其分钟体积为0.032 cm3至约1600 cm3。在输出电压的基础上进行比较,所报道的vemeh可以产生从0.13 mV到高达5700 mV的输出电压。同样,报道的vemeh输出功率从0.00096 μW到74000 μW。所报道的veemhs的功率密度范围为0.50 × 10-6 μW/ cm3至1073 μW/ cm3。所报道的VEMEHs的单加速功率范围为16.012 × 10 -6 μW/g ~ 129824 μW/g。此外,所报道的veemhs每加速度的功率密度在0.500 x 10-6 μW/g范围内。至1877 μW/g.cm3。根据器件的整体尺寸和输出功率,本文献中已经报道了一个平均输出功率为0.75 μW到68.96 cm³的收割机,峰值输出功率为74 mW的1 cm³收割机。根据所报道的宽带电磁能量采集器(EMEHs)的工作频率范围、频率带宽、器件尺寸、输出功率、工作加速度、每加速度功率和功率密度进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems 配电和工业系统中的电力干扰分析
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.37532/JEEET.2020.9(4)E.176
D. Abraham, oussou
The objective of this study is to clearly analyse by identifying and providing specifications on each disturbance. The main targets are the study of faults that suddenly happen on wires which supply loads, and the survey of detrimental effect coming from the load especially common loads used in industries. Simulation results were presented to illustrate analysis of these disturbances on a Distribution Line network. For signle-phase earthing fault model, the results show the duration of the voltage sag of 90 ms with the magnitudes of 0 kV, 30.97 kV and 30.98 kV respectively for Va, Vb and Vc. For phase to phase fault model, the duration is around 85 ms with Va = 21.3 kV and Vb=Vc= 0kV. When using non-linear loads, the obtained THD varies from 32.10 % to 44.32 % and the total demand distortion (TDD) from 91.42% to 95.21 %.
本研究的目的是通过识别和提供每种干扰的规格来清楚地分析。主要目标是研究供电线路突然发生的故障,以及负荷特别是工业中常用负荷所产生的有害影响的调查。仿真结果说明了对配电网中这些干扰的分析。在单相接地故障模型中,电压跌落持续时间为90 ms, Va、Vb和Vc分别为0 kV、30.97 kV和30.98 kV。对于相-相故障模型,持续时间约为85 ms, Va = 21.3 kV, Vb=Vc= 0kV。当使用非线性负载时,得到的总需求失真(TDD)在32.10% ~ 44.32%之间,总需求失真(TDD)在91.42% ~ 95.21%之间。
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引用次数: 0
Cyberattacks and Countermeasures for Intelligent and Connected Vehicles 智能网联汽车的网络攻击与对策
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2019-10-14 DOI: 10.4271/07-12-01-0005
Feng Luo, Shuo Hou
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引用次数: 6
Energy-Management Strategy for Four-Wheel Drive Electrohydraulic Hybrid System with Optimal Comprehensive Efficiency 综合效率最优的四轮驱动电液混合动力系统能量管理策略
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2019-08-22 DOI: 10.4271/07-12-01-0004
Yang Yang, Ke Lu, Chunyun Fu
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引用次数: 1
A Comprehensive Data Reduction Algorithm for Automotive Multiplexing 一种用于汽车多路复用的综合数据约简算法
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2019-04-08 DOI: 10.4271/07-12-01-0002
Aliakbar A. Baldiwala, D. Necsulescu
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引用次数: 0
Relationship between Jitter variance, Lock time and Phase noise of a second-order PLL. 二阶锁相环抖动方差、锁相时间和相位噪声的关系。
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2019-01-31 DOI: 10.4172/2325-9833.1000172
D. Mazumdar, G. Kadambi, Y. Vershinin
This paper covers analytical relationships between phase noise, lock time and jitter variance. An expression is derived for Lock time in terms phase margin. Analytical expressions have been derived in this paper for the variation of Lock time with respect to Phase Margin and lock time with respect to its damping coefficient. Analytical expressions are derived for the jitter variance with respect to the phase margin of a second-order PLL. Analytical expressions are also derived for the derivative of jitter variance of a second-order PLL with respect to its phase margin. The jitter variance is plotted separately for time varying part of the jitter variance and time invariant part pf the jitter variance.
本文分析了相位噪声、锁相时间和抖动方差之间的关系。导出了锁相时间的相位裕度表达式。本文推导了锁相时间随相裕度的变化和锁相时间随阻尼系数的变化的解析表达式。推导了二阶锁相环的相位裕度与抖动方差的解析表达式。本文还推导了二阶锁相环的抖动方差相对于相位裕度的导数的解析表达式。对抖动方差的时变部分和抖动方差的时不变部分分别绘制抖动方差。
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引用次数: 0
Modified Cable Insulation Characteristics Using Nano Composites for the Nuclear Power Plant 用纳米复合材料改进核电站电缆绝缘特性
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.4172/2332-0796.1000298
S. Esa, Othman Es, M. Ezz-eldin, H. Taha, Walaa El-kattan
Nowadays, The Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) Lifetime can be extended to around 80 Years; This Is Assist to Recommend the Modifications Some Properties of Polymeric Cross Linked Polyethylene (XLPE) Cable Insulation. This Work is A Laboratory Implementing the Nano-fillers as Silicon Dioxide (Sio2) and Clay to Enhance Cable Insulation. The Volume Resistivity, Capacitance, Dielectric Loss, Tensile Strength and Elongation Properties Were Tested and Measurement for the Nanorized Samples. Furthermore, These Measurements Have Been Carried Out for the (XLPE) with Modified XLPE/Sio2 and XLPE/Clay, at Additive Concentration of 1, 2.5, 4 and 5 Weight Percentage (Wt%). The Officially Documented Results Have Been Provided Much Better Cable Electrically Insulation and Mechanically Profile. A 205% and 189% for Volume Resistivity and Instance were improved for The XLPE/Sio2 and XLPE/Clay Respectively, and The Analytical Calculations were in Agreement with the Experimental Results.
如今,核电站(NPP)的使用寿命可以延长到80年左右;这有助于推荐修改聚合物交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘的一些性能。本工作是一个实验室实现纳米填料二氧化硅(Sio2)和粘土增强电缆绝缘。测试和测量了纳米化样品的体积电阻率、电容、介电损耗、抗拉强度和伸长率等性能。此外,在添加物浓度为1、2.5、4和5重量百分比(Wt%)时,对改性XLPE/Sio2和XLPE/Clay的XLPE进行了这些测量。官方记录的结果已经提供了更好的电缆电气绝缘和机械轮廓。XLPE/Sio2和XLPE/Clay的体积电阻率和电阻率分别提高了205%和189%,分析计算与实验结果吻合较好。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems
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