Journal of Public Health in Africa最新文献

Immunization has played a vital role in improving global health by reducing the transmission of infectious diseases. To ensure the successful implementation of immunization programs, it is crucial to thoroughly examine various elements within the Primary Health Care Centers, including immunization session management, cold-chain and logistics management, supervision, and reporting. The study aims to assess the immunization session practices in selected primary healthcare centers in Al-Najaf governorate. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at 26 primary healthcare centers, selected using simple random sampling, across six districts in Najaf governorate. A total of 143 healthcare workers, comprising 122 vaccinators and 21 doctors, were included in the study. questionnaires were utilized to assess immunization session practices. Data collection commenced on December 2, 2022, and concluded on March 2, 2023. Immunization session practices were evaluated as having poor vaccine and diluent management, fair cold chain management, communication with clients and caregivers, vaccine preparation and administration practices, and waste management practices. However, immunization session equipment availability, as well as card review and registration during immunization, received good evaluations. The overall assessment of immunization session practices was determined to be fair. In addition, the study identified significant associations between immunization practices and the number of non-vaccinators working in the immunization unit (P=0.035), and the average number of daily vaccine recipients in primary healthcare centers (P=0.046). The immunization session practices achieved a fair level of assessment, The increased number of daily visitors to the immunization unit and the number of health workers who are non-vaccinator in the unit affected negatively the immunization session practices.

On 20th September 2022, Uganda declared the 7th outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) caused by the Sudan Ebola strain following the confirmation of a case admitted at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital. Upon confirmation, the Government of Uganda immediately activated the national incident management system to initiate response activities. Additionally, a multi-country emergency stakeholder meeting was held in Kampala; convening Ministers of Health from neighbouring Member States to undertake cross-border preparedness and response actions. The outbreak spanned 69 days and recorded 164 cases (142 confirmed, 22 probable), 87 recoveries and 77 deaths (case fatality ratio of 47%). Nine out of 136 districts were affected with transmission taking place in 5 districts but spilling over in 4 districts without secondary transmission. As part of the response, the Government galvanised robust community mobilisation and initiated assessment of medical counter measures including therapeutics, new diagnostics and vaccines. This paper highlights the response actions that contributed to the containment of this outbreak in addition to the challenges faced with a special focus on key recommendations for better control of future outbreaks.

Conducting research during disease outbreaks can be ethically challenging as evidenced in the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa and COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, there has been little empirical research conducted for understanding the views and perspectives of different stakeholders regarding ethical issues in conducting research during disease outbreaks. This preliminary study was conducted to empirically explore African public health research stakeholders' views about research ethics issues during infectious disease outbreaks in Africa. We conducted an online survey of 330 participants attending the International Conference on Re-emerging and Emerging Infectious Disease (ICREID) meeting that took place from 13-15 March 2019 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to elicit their views on various research ethics complexities experienced in the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Study results revealed some divergent views on several ethical themes including: ethics of using unregistered interventions in outbreaks; acceptable study design; ethics review processes; risks-benefit assessment; exclusion of pregnant women and children; and biological sample and data sharing. Majority (76.3%) of respondents felt that in the absence of available standard treatments or prevention modalities, the use of investigational interventions can be ethically justifiable if there is a strong scientific rationale and favorable risk-benefit ratio. Regarding conventional placebo-controlled trials during outbreaks with high case fatality rates, respondents that considered this unethical were more than three times those that felt such design were ethically justifiable. We were somewhat surprised that a majority (almost 60%) of respondents were satisfied with the exclusion of pregnant women and children in clinical trials during outbreaks. All respondents concurred with the prioritization of informed consent for research during an outbreak. Based on our findings, research ethics guidance is needed to equip research stakeholders in dealing with ethical complexities arising in the conduct of research during emerging disease outbreaks-especially regarding using experimental interventions; placebo trial design; inclusion or justified exclusion of pregnant women and children; and biological sample/data sharing. The findings will be used in ongoing efforts of developing a consultative and coherent African-centric framework to support ethical conduct of research for future emerging infectious disease outbreaks in Africa.

Cervical lesions, induced by high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), in the context of HIV remains a global health challenge. We determined the effect of HR-HPV on the development of cervical lesions in women with and without HIV infection. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 257 women living in Cameroon. HIV serology, HR-HPV genotyping and cervico-vaginal smear (CVS) were performed for all participants; among those declared HIV positive, plasma HIV viral load and CD4 count were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using Graph Pad version 6.0; P#x003C;0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age of the participants in our study was 37±6.5 years. According to HIV serology, 184 (71.59%) were HIV-positive vs. 73 (28.40%) HIV-negative. Among the HIV-positive women, the median CD4 count was 438 [IQR: 317-597] cells/mm3 and the median viremia was #x003C;40 [IQR: #x003C;40-2318] copies/ml. After successful genotyping, the prevalence of HR-HPV was 36.32% (73/201), with a significantly higher proportion in HIV-infected individuals (41.98% (55/131) vs. 25.71% (18/70); P=0.02; OR=2.1). The overall rate of cervical lesions was 23.34% (60/257), with a non-significantly higher proportion in HIV-infected participants (25.00% (46/184) vs. 19.17% (14/73); P=0.31). Relevantly, the presence of HR-HPV was significantly associated with cervical lesions (P#x003C;0.0001; OR=5.07), with a higher odds of cervical lesion in HIV-positive individuals (P#x003C;0.0001 and OR=5.67) compared to HIV-negative individuals (P=0.03 and OR=3.83). Although oncogenic HPV appears to be an independent factor in the development of cervical lesions, this study reveals higher odds of cervical lesions among HIV/HPV co-infection than in HPV infection alone.

Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive, asymmetrical corneal disease, characterized by stromal thinning that leads to distortion, causing vision loss. The visual loss is secondary to corneal scarring, irregular astigmatism, and myopia. The prevalence of KC has been reported to differ in different parts of the world. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and profile of patients with KC presenting to a provincial hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A retrospective study design was used to review 412 clinical records of patients attending the McCord Provincial Eye Hospital (MPEH) during a five-year period (2016-2020). Data on age, race, refraction, clinical profile, treatment plan, and diagnosis were ascertained. The prevalence of KC in MPEH was found to be 13.7% with a mean age of 24.7±7.94 years. Black African and females had a higher frequency of KC compared to males and other ethnic groups. Most of the patients presented with a severe stage of KC and referral was the most common management. Central corneal thinning and Munson's sign were the most prevalent clinical signs. There was no statistically significant difference between the worse and better eye when comparing the clinical signs. The prevalence and clinical profile of patients with KC in this study was similar to that reported by previous studies and more in Blacks and females. Population based epidemiological studies are needed to determine the prevalence of KC in South Africa to enable early clinical interventions.

Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is a public health problem in Burkina Faso. OBI represents a risk factor for the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). OBI could be due to mutant viruses undetectable by HBsAg assays or a strong suppression of viral replication and gene expression under the pression of the host immune system. To investigate the role of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene polymorphisms in patients with OBI in Burkina Faso compared to healthy and chronic hepatitis B subjects. A total of 286 participants was recruited, including 42 cases of OBI, 110 cases of chronic hepatitis B and 134 HBV negative subjects. SSP-PCR was performed to search for the presence of KIR genes. The HBV viral load was determined by qPCR. The frequencies of the activator gene KIR2DS5 (P=0.045) and the pseudogene KIR2DP1 (P<0.001) in patients with OBI were higher than those in patients with chronic hepatitis B. These genes are associated with susceptibility of occult hepatitis B infection. The frequencies of the inhibitory KIR gene KIR2DL3 (P=0.01) of patients with occult hepatitis B were lower than those in chronic hepatitis B patients. This gene KIR2DL3 is associated with protection against occult hepatitis B infection. Also, the frequencies of the inhibitory KIR genes KIR2DL2 (P<0.001), KIR2DL3 (P<0.001) and activators KIR2DS2 (P<0.001) in chronic hepatitis B patients were higher compared to the frequencies of the KIR genes in healthy subjects. These genes KIR2DL3, KIR2DL5 (A, B), KIR3DL3, KIR3DS1, KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 are thought to be genes associated with the susceptibility to OBI. The KIR2DS5 and KIR2DP1 genes could be associated with susceptibility to OBI. As for the KIR gene KIR2DL3 could be associated with protection against occult hepatitis B infection.

Food insecurity affects close to half the population of Senegal, West Africa, a country simultaneously affected by the ongoing global diabetes pandemic. Diabetes and food insecurity are associated with adverse mental health, yet research exploring the relationship between chronic physical illness, food insecurity, and mental illness in Senegal is currently lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between food insecurity and depression and anxiety, separately, in Senegalese women living with diabetes and hypertension. Food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. Occurrence of depression and anxiety symptoms was assessed using the Modified Hopkins Symptoms Checklist Survey (HSCL-25). A sensitivity analysis examining the relationship between food insecurity and depression and anxiety was performed by comparing two previously validated cutoff values (1.75 and 2.25) on the HSCL-25. Most participants (83%) had some level of food insecurity. More than 80% of the sample were depressed or anxious using 1.75 as the cutoff, while 42 and 60% were depressed or anxious, respectively, using 2.25 as the cutoff. Food insecurity increased relative risk for depression (RRR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.05-1.31, 1.75 as cutoff; RRR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.99-1.14, 2.25 as cutoff) and anxiety (RRR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05-1.31, 1.75 as cutoff; RRR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04-1.19, 2.25 as cutoff). These findings demonstrate that among populations suffering from diabetes and hypertension, food insecurity is a modifiable risk factor for depression and anxiety and a potential intervention target in this setting.

Antero-lateral ligament complex (ALC) is a vital structure for maintaining rotational stability of the knee. Evaluation of ALC radiologically (MRI) is still unpopular in setting of anterior cruciate ligament injury. A dire necessity exists for the orthopedic surgeons in outdoor patient department settings to rule out involvement of ALC. So, that it can be addressed during operating for Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury. The authors have formulated an algorithm on a personal level and have implemented this screening program and initiated screening of young to middle aged patients reporting with rotational knee instability for ALC involvement before recommending final operative plan. This screening program which uses specifically devised physical tests have significantly reduced the number of underdiagnosed Antero Lateral Ligament tear.

Occupational exposure to cotton dust is still an important cause of respiratory problems in textile workers particularly in less developed countries like Egypt. Evaluate respiratory symptoms and diseases, and pulmonary function pattern among Egyptian textile workers. Cross sectional comparative study was conducted from December 2019 to September 2020 in a textile factory in Egypt; 364 male workers (184 cotton dust exposed workers, and 180 unexposed workers) were included. Participants were subjected to an interviewing questionnaire, British Medical Research Council questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, pulmonary function tests, and byssinosis grading format. Descriptive and analytic statistics were conducted. Chronic cough, phlegm production, and shortness of breath grade I, II and III were more reported in cotton dust exposed workers than unexposed workers (P#x003C;0.01, P#x003C;0.01, and P=0.02, respectively). Prevalence of chronic bronchitis was significantly higher among cotton dust exposed workers (12%) than unexposed workers (3.9%) (P#x003C;0.01). The mean percent predicted values of lung function indices reflecting large-1irway function (VC, FVC, FEV₁, FEV₁%, PEFR, and FEF₇₅) were significantly lower in cotton dust exposed workers (P#x003C;0.01). Prevalence of byssinosis was 22.8%. Workers with byssinosis had significantly higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms, chronic bronchitis, cross-shift reduction in PEFR and significant decrease in mean percent predicted values of FVC, FEV₁, PEFR, FEF₇₅, and FEF₅₀ than workers without byssinosis. This study revealed a substantial association between cotton dust exposure at work and respiratory symptoms and morbidity. Regular measurement of cross shift change in PEFR is recommended among exposed workers for early diagnosis of byssinosis.

Indonesia is a country that is classified as prone to disasters because of its territory that has a lot of tectonic activity and is located between the ring of fire. Given the urgency of improving people's preparedness for disasters, studies are needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors associated with disasters. One of which is disaster preparedness, that is influenced by public awareness of disasters. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between current awareness level of the community towards disaster and Community preparedness for disaster preparedness efforts in Indonesia. The design of this study was cross-sectional. Data were collected by a self-administered online survey. The study respondents were community that are accessible and were willing to fill out questionnaires voluntarily. The research was conducted in March-October 2021 with the nation as the research location. The size of the sample was 400 respondents obtained from the calculation of estimation in finite population. Respondents with lower current awareness level of the community towards disaster had higher risk 1.49 times to have lower community preparedness for disaster preparedness efforts compared to respondents with higher community preparedness for disaster preparedness efforts (PR=1.49, 95%CI=1.25-1.76, P#x003C;0.001). Increasing public awareness about disaster preparedness is very important. The government can work with non-governmental organizations and community leaders to provide understanding and training to the community to deal with disasters.