Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2023.2229851
Elina Kuorelahti, Niklas Jensen-Eriksen
This paper examines newspaper cartels, a largely unoccupied field in media history, from the perspective of longevity. We analyse Finnish newspaper industry from the 1910s to 1970s and show that newspapers sought to regulate various aspects of competition, such as subscription prices, advertisement tariffs, and newsprint prices. Data indicates that political rivalry shaped the newspaper cartel collaboration until late 1950s: the cartel was set up by right-wing and centrist papers and, unlike in other Nordic countries, the Social Democratic press remained outside of the association until 1958. Political shocks of the Finnish Civil War in 1918 and the Second World War also changed the composition of the cartel. The era of private cartels in the newspaper industry gradually started to fade away as a result of anti-cartel laws in the 1960s and governmental anti-inflation measures in the 1970s. We conclude that the economics of newspaper industry and the cartelisation of the wider business environment, newsprint suppliers in particular, encouraged newspapers to co-operate with each other. The results of this article increase the understanding on the collaborative and competitive environment of newspaper companies, but also contributes to broader questions on cartels and their inner dynamics.
{"title":"Free press, regulated competition","authors":"Elina Kuorelahti, Niklas Jensen-Eriksen","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2023.2229851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2023.2229851","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines newspaper cartels, a largely unoccupied field in media history, from the perspective of longevity. We analyse Finnish newspaper industry from the 1910s to 1970s and show that newspapers sought to regulate various aspects of competition, such as subscription prices, advertisement tariffs, and newsprint prices. Data indicates that political rivalry shaped the newspaper cartel collaboration until late 1950s: the cartel was set up by right-wing and centrist papers and, unlike in other Nordic countries, the Social Democratic press remained outside of the association until 1958. Political shocks of the Finnish Civil War in 1918 and the Second World War also changed the composition of the cartel. The era of private cartels in the newspaper industry gradually started to fade away as a result of anti-cartel laws in the 1960s and governmental anti-inflation measures in the 1970s. We conclude that the economics of newspaper industry and the cartelisation of the wider business environment, newsprint suppliers in particular, encouraged newspapers to co-operate with each other. The results of this article increase the understanding on the collaborative and competitive environment of newspaper companies, but also contributes to broader questions on cartels and their inner dynamics.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47049761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2023.2228333
D. Haygood, Glenn W. Scott
Henry Luce’s many critics accused him of using his Time Inc. media to advocate for Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist party during the pre-war, World War II, and post-war eras. Specifically, Luce is accused of using Soong Mei-ling, the English-speaking, American-educated, and Christian wife of General Chiang, as part of his strategy to generate support among Americans for the Chiangs’ Nationalist Party. This research reviews U.S. news magazines’ coverage of Madame Chiang’s three trips to America in 1943, 1944-45, and 1948 to understand the differences in the reporting, thereby potentially revealing an embedded Luce agenda. While the reportage in the U.S. news magazines evolved, this analysis demonstrated few substantive differences in the magazines’ portrayals of Madame Chiang during her three visits during the 1940s, challenging common depictions of Luce’s distinct agenda. The tone and direction of the coverage mirrored the changing relationship between the United States and China.
{"title":"MADAME’S AMERICAN ADVENTURES: U.S. news magazines’ coverage of Madame Chiang Kai-shek’s 1943, 1944-45, and 1948 visits to the United States","authors":"D. Haygood, Glenn W. Scott","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2023.2228333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2023.2228333","url":null,"abstract":"Henry Luce’s many critics accused him of using his Time Inc. media to advocate for Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist party during the pre-war, World War II, and post-war eras. Specifically, Luce is accused of using Soong Mei-ling, the English-speaking, American-educated, and Christian wife of General Chiang, as part of his strategy to generate support among Americans for the Chiangs’ Nationalist Party. This research reviews U.S. news magazines’ coverage of Madame Chiang’s three trips to America in 1943, 1944-45, and 1948 to understand the differences in the reporting, thereby potentially revealing an embedded Luce agenda. While the reportage in the U.S. news magazines evolved, this analysis demonstrated few substantive differences in the magazines’ portrayals of Madame Chiang during her three visits during the 1940s, challenging common depictions of Luce’s distinct agenda. The tone and direction of the coverage mirrored the changing relationship between the United States and China.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44379776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-08DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2023.2221273
Scott Koga-Browes
Between 1930 and 1943 over 400 public radio receiver installations were erected by Japan’s national broadcaster in public parks around Japan. They were intended to bring radio broadcasting, during this period the voice of the state, to a wider audience and to play a part in Japan’s home-front mobilisation efforts. The majority of installations seem to have been destroyed during or shortly after World War Two but roughly 40 are known to be extant, these have yet to receive systematic attention from either Japanese or foreign academics, they thus offer a fresh focus for research into the relationships between the interwar Japanese state and the listening publics. This paper aims primarily to draw attention to the existence of these little—known objects, it also offers a sketch of the media landscape into which they emerged, and covers two significant contemporary social developments—the growth of coordinated mass sport and exercise, and the ‘year 2600’ celebrations of 1940—which contributed to the spread of radio towers.
{"title":"Radio Towers","authors":"Scott Koga-Browes","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2023.2221273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2023.2221273","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1930 and 1943 over 400 public radio receiver installations were erected by Japan’s national broadcaster in public parks around Japan. They were intended to bring radio broadcasting, during this period the voice of the state, to a wider audience and to play a part in Japan’s home-front mobilisation efforts. The majority of installations seem to have been destroyed during or shortly after World War Two but roughly 40 are known to be extant, these have yet to receive systematic attention from either Japanese or foreign academics, they thus offer a fresh focus for research into the relationships between the interwar Japanese state and the listening publics. This paper aims primarily to draw attention to the existence of these little—known objects, it also offers a sketch of the media landscape into which they emerged, and covers two significant contemporary social developments—the growth of coordinated mass sport and exercise, and the ‘year 2600’ celebrations of 1940—which contributed to the spread of radio towers.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47300638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2023.2221291
Elza Ungure
This paper offers an overview of specific characteristics of newspaper output and publishing trends in Latvia, aiming to assess whether the newspaper output in Latvia plays the roles theoretically ascribed to newspapers, namely, the roles related to democracy and community building. It is argued that media pluralism is crucial for executing these roles. The assessment of pluralism is based on an exploratory analysis of quantitative data on newspaper output in Latvia. The analysis is accompanied by a discussion of challenges experienced in the newspaper publishing field in Latvia and elsewhere that can potentially hinder the ability of newspapers to execute the roles theoretically ascribed to them. Finally, insights gained during the research process are shared regarding research required to further the analysis of newspaper output in terms of plurality in the sense of access to different news sources and, by extension, perspectives and public representation.
{"title":"Media Pluralism in Latvia 2002–2020","authors":"Elza Ungure","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2023.2221291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2023.2221291","url":null,"abstract":"This paper offers an overview of specific characteristics of newspaper output and publishing trends in Latvia, aiming to assess whether the newspaper output in Latvia plays the roles theoretically ascribed to newspapers, namely, the roles related to democracy and community building. It is argued that media pluralism is crucial for executing these roles. The assessment of pluralism is based on an exploratory analysis of quantitative data on newspaper output in Latvia. The analysis is accompanied by a discussion of challenges experienced in the newspaper publishing field in Latvia and elsewhere that can potentially hinder the ability of newspapers to execute the roles theoretically ascribed to them. Finally, insights gained during the research process are shared regarding research required to further the analysis of newspaper output in terms of plurality in the sense of access to different news sources and, by extension, perspectives and public representation.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47429676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2023.2220196
Michael de Nie
{"title":"Roundtable: The European Illustrated Press and the Emergence of a Transnational Visual News Culture, 1842-1870","authors":"Michael de Nie","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2023.2220196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2023.2220196","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41352910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2023.2220191
P. Sinnema
{"title":"Roundtable: The European Illustrated Press and the Emergence of a Transnational Visual News Culture, 1842-1870","authors":"P. Sinnema","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2023.2220191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2023.2220191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45732792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2023.2220197
T. Smits
{"title":"Roundtable: The European Illustrated Press And The Emergence Of A Transnational Visual News Culture, 1842–1870","authors":"T. Smits","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2023.2220197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2023.2220197","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45226402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2022.2054409
Yi-Peng Guo
Inspired partly by the Academy Awards for Best Actress at Hollywood, the public elections of China’s movie queen in 1933 and 1934 were more than just splendid entertainment spectacles. Rather, a historical examination of the campaigns help us understand Chinese fandom and celebrity culture as well as providing insight into the social mentality of 1930s China. Using two major Chinese actresses, Butterfly Wu and Chen Yumei, as case studies, this article argues that the election campaigns were a product of negotiation between what was globally available and what was locally demanded. They point to an unravelling of an ‘extra-filmic discourse’ that converged with discourses on semi-colonialism, democracy, feudalism, and morality. These overlapping discourses were often gendered, revealing conflicting social expectations and responsibilities of actresses.
{"title":"‘Uneasy Lies the Head that Wears a Crown’","authors":"Yi-Peng Guo","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2022.2054409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2022.2054409","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired partly by the Academy Awards for Best Actress at Hollywood, the public elections of China’s movie queen in 1933 and 1934 were more than just splendid entertainment spectacles. Rather, a historical examination of the campaigns help us understand Chinese fandom and celebrity culture as well as providing insight into the social mentality of 1930s China. Using two major Chinese actresses, Butterfly Wu and Chen Yumei, as case studies, this article argues that the election campaigns were a product of negotiation between what was globally available and what was locally demanded. They point to an unravelling of an ‘extra-filmic discourse’ that converged with discourses on semi-colonialism, democracy, feudalism, and morality. These overlapping discourses were often gendered, revealing conflicting social expectations and responsibilities of actresses.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42273429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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