Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma最新文献

Examine differences in historical risk factors and psychopathology among adolescents in mental health (MH) treatment across race and gender groups. Logistic Regression and ANCOVA were utilized to examine group differences and race by gender interactions in exposure to trauma and psychopathology among 1769 adolescents ages 12-17 years (M age = 15.26 years, 42.7% male, 54.5% White, 19.7% Multiracial, 13.1% Black, 9.6% Hispanic/Latinx, 2.1% Asian) in MH treatment. Black and Multiracial youth were more likely to have an arrest (OR = 3.66 and 2.09, p <.001) and adjudication (OR = 2.36 and 2.35, p <.001) history than White youth. White youth were more likely to have a history of suicidal ideation (OR = 0.41, p <.001) and self-injurious behavior (OR = 0.33, p <.001) than Black youth. Black youth had greater trauma exposure (p =.001), but lower internalizing (p <.001) and depression (p =.032) than White youth. Multiracial youth had higher internalizing than Black youth (p <.001), but lower than White youth (p =.024). Significant race by gender interactions showed female youth-of-color had greater trauma exposure and externalizing than White or Asian female youth. Findings suggest different potential pathways for MH treatment referral for adolescents by race and gender. White youth were more likely to display "individual" level risk (i.e. SIB, suicidality, depression) while youth-of-color were more likely to report "contextual" risk (i.e. system contact, trauma). Female youth-of-color had particularly complex trauma and clinical profiles at treatment entry.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-025-00699-w.

Exposure to violence has a devastating impact on youth well-being. In urban communities with high rates of violence, negative outcomes are exacerbated by co-occurring rates of poverty and lack of resources and opportunities for youth. Recent studies highlight social media as a conduit for youth violence, though understanding online exposure to violence for youth and adults in urban communities is relatively understudied. Research on youth and adult experiences with online violence exposure has been limited to primarily quantitative methods using predominantly White, middle class samples. This study employs a mixed methods design to examine youth and adult experiences with online exposure to violence in a low-income urban community. The quantitative sample consisted of 150 youth (M _age = 15.1, 52.7% female, 90.7% Black/African American) and 155 adults (M _age = 41.6, 84.5% female, 93.5% Black/African American; < $10,000 annually) who completed a measure of Online Exposure to Violence. The qualitative sample identified as Black/African American (100%) and consisted of 16 youth (12-17 years, 64% female) and 22 adults (26-58 years, 100% female). We employed an exploratory sequential design. Guided by the Transformation Framework, analyses identified themes specific to types and frequency of social media use, and violence seen on social media.

While there are multiple risk factors associated with adolescent sexual violence perpetration, childhood trauma and adversity may be one of the most prominent factors. Trauma sequela including regulation deficits, trauma symptoms, and attachment-based disruptions may be key modifiable targets in interventions that aim to impact functional outcomes, yet treatment targets and philosophies of change are not always well defined or not robustly integrated into problem sexual behavior treatment programs for adolescents. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for problem sexual behaviors among adolescents (TF-CBT for PSB-A) has emerged as a new treatment option for adolescents with histories of victimization or adversity who may concurrently be at risk for or have detected PSB. This study explored the initial feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary promise in providing the enhanced TF-CBT for PSB-A in community-based and juvenile justice settings to youth and their caregivers. Results show feasibility and acceptability of this intervention but found notable readiness factors that warrant consideration. Results also demonstrated statistical significance and positive trends from pre-to post-test on treatment targets. This study offers promise for trauma-specific treatment services among youth and opportunities for strengthening training and implementation.

Teacher victimization has been found to have a negative impact on students' academic engagement, motivation and increased behavioral issues. However, relatively little work has examined longer term consequences of victimization by teachers. The current study was a retrospective exploratory study of 271 undergraduates focused on teacher victimization prevalence in elementary and secondary school on academic outcomes, peer relationships, self-esteem, and general psychosocial distress in college. Students who reported experiencing teacher victimization were asked to provide a brief narrative description of a typical event to enhance validity. Overall, 43% of students reported experiencing at least one incidence of bullying by a teacher, and 82% of the narratives describing those experiences were coded as meeting criteria for teacher victimization. Teacher victimization correlated with negative academic effects, poorer adjustment to college, psychosocial distress, low self-esteem, peer victimization and amotivation. When individuals report being victimized by teachers but have little experience being victimized by peers, this appears to have a negative effect on their overall motivation in college.

Mental health problems are increasing among U.S. adolescents. Numerous studies have linked adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to these growing concerns. Studies in this rapidly expanding field are calling for the inclusion of contextually and developmentally relevant ACEs, such as discrimination and bullying, alongside conventional ACEs, such as maltreatment. The current study assesses the association between an expanded set of ACEs and mental health functioning among adolescents with child welfare involvement. Participants included 245 racially/ethnically diverse youth (ages 12-15; 60.5% female) and their parents/caregivers. Multi-informant measures of ACEs and adolescent functioning (e.g., internalizing behaviors, dissociative symptoms, social problems) were used. Based on extant literature, 21 candidate ACEs were selected for possible inclusion in an expanded ACE index. Fourteen ACEs were positively associated with at least one mental health variable and included in the index: physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, witnessing domestic violence, witnessing community violence, termination of parental rights, number of caregiver transitions, number of school changes, peer emotional bullying, peer physical bullying, cyberbullying, physical violence due to discrimination, emotional/relational dating violence, and sexual/physical dating violence. The resulting index was positively associated with all outcome variables. Subgroup analyses examined the association between ACEs and mental health functioning within different sociodemographic groups, finding relatively comparable effects. These results underscore the need to consider ACEs specific to adolescence and population/context. Findings also suggest that some ACEs - although likely still impactful in other ways-may be less influential for adolescent mental health functioning among youth with child welfare involvement.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are a range of traumatic events, primarily including personal abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, which frequently are associated with maladaptive consequences into adulthood. As such, ACEs also have the potential to adversely affect an individual's response to their own children once they become a parent. While members of minority ethnic groups are at a higher risk of experiencing ACEs, research on how this affects parenting outcomes is limited. This study examines ACE exposure in a cohort of N = 64 Black and minority ethnic parents in the UK. We found that ACEs were positively associated with parents self-reported harsh parenting, and negatively associated with nurturing parenting. Examining ACE timing, exposure during middle childhood, but not early or late childhood or adolescence, was associated of both harsh and nurturing parenting. Examining the differential impact of ACE chronicity (i.e., prolonged exposure) and ACE frequency (i.e., number of ACEs), harsh parenting was significantly associated with ACE chronicity, whereas nurturing parenting was linked to ACE frequency. Mediation analyses showed a partial mediation of parental education for the link between ACE frequency and harsh and nurturing parenting outcomes. Our results contribute to a growing body of research highlighting the intricate interplay between early life adversity and parenting behaviours within minority ethnic communities. Findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and support systems aimed at breaking the cycle of ACEs, promoting healthier parenting practices, and ultimately fostering improved outcomes for both parents and their children in these communities. Future research should delve deeper into the specific mechanisms through which ACEs influence parenting behaviours and explore culturally sensitive approaches to mitigate their impact on minority ethnic parents.

This paper focuses on understandings of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) and best practice approaches in practice contexts to assessment and intervention with children who have experienced abuse. By collating data from existing reviews of literature or scoping reviews to formulate one overarching systematic scoping review, we provide a knowledge synthesis of practices in assessment and interventions into CSA. Utilising a two-phase scoping review method, the screening process resulted in twenty-two reviews for inclusion in this review. As a result of the analysis process, findings were identified across three broad themes: i) the limitations of current knowledge and official data about CSA and low rates of CSA prosecutions; ii) best practice in assessment and intervention; and iii) critical gaps in knowledge on CSA from diverse communities and those experiencing intersectional disadvantage. We conclude that whilst knowledge on CSA is continually emerging, there is limited consensus and significant challenges in the disclosure processes; poor skills in sensitive assessment and limited evidence about systemic responses, including low prosecution rates and poor integration of knowledge into practice; and promising interventions. There is also a critical gap in knowledge about CSA within racially and culturally minoritised groups, and other communities that report intersectional marginalisation.

The impact of childhood maltreatment (CM) on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a unique and critical context in Northern Syria, a region that has been impacted by protracted conflict and humanitarian crises. Children in this region are at a higher risk of developing both CM and PTSD due to the pervasive displacement, exposure to violence, and socioeconomic instability. These associations are examined in this research, which illuminates the psychological repercussions of adversity in conflict-affected populations. (1) Investigate the prevalence of CM types among young adults exposed to the Syrian conflict; (2) examine the associations between CM exposure and the development of PTSD in young individuals. Syrian people who lives in Northern Syria. Individuals were asked to complete the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5). A total of 508 people filled out the questionnaire. 55% of the participants suffered from PTSD, also, there was a significant prevalence of childhood abuse among Syrian children (93.7%). From most common to least common, the CM among Syrians was physical neglect (99.4%), emotional neglect (98.8%), emotional abuse (83.1%), physical abuse (34.4%), and sexual abuse (16.1%). The findings from the logistic regression analysis indicated that experiencing physical abuse in childhood notably increased the probability of developing PTSD in adulthood (Odds ratio [OR], 0.7; 95% [CI], 0.6-0.8, P <.00). Furthermore, exposure to emotional abuse in childhood significantly increased the probability of developing PTSD in adulthood (Odds ratio [OR], 0.7; 95% [CI], 0.5-0.9, P <.01). Childhood exposure to sexual abuse significantly elevates the risk of developing PTSD in adulthood (Odds ratio [OR], 0.7; 95% [CI], 0.6-0.9, P <.01). Due to the significant incidence of CM and its robust correlation with PTSD in conflict-affected areas such as Northern Syria, urgent targeted treatments are essential. Treatment strategies should incorporate trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and community-based psychosocial support services that are available in humanitarian contexts. Prevention strategies are addressed in the research. One of the study's limitations is that it employs a descriptive cross-sectional design, which does not infer causality. Future research could incorporate longitudinal or experimental designs to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between variables. Furthermore, the incorporation of qualitative methodologies could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that underlie these associations.

Intergenerational trauma transmission, or trauma responses transmitted from parent to child through relational mechanisms, can be detrimental to both parents and children. The present study details a trauma-informed parenting intervention group. The curriculum for the group was created using research on trauma treatment, the neuroscience of parenting, and nervous system regulation. During the modules, parents reflected on their own experiences of being parented and connected those patterns to how they now interact with their own children. This pilot intervention study ran for eight weeks with a total of 7 participants (n = 7), including two couples. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, researchers aimed to better understand both the outcomes of participation and the participants' experiences. Results indicated reduced symptoms of anxiety and stress, with improvement in couples' satisfaction and family resilience levels. These findings show promise for the delivery of trauma-informed group interventions for parents and the possible systemic benefits.

In the past 20 years, childhood trauma has often been measured by the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) scale. This cumulative risk scale asks whether 10 specific adverse experiences occurred before the age of 18, with higher scores indicating higher risk of negative biopsychosocial outcomes in adulthood. Although valuable, this binary approach may not provide rich enough information to identify those at risk for negative health and psychological outcomes. In this study, we developed a scale measuring the magnitude of adverse childhood experiences as well as a scale measuring the perceived impact of adverse childhood experiences. We compared these scales with the traditional ACEs scale to determine which of the three was most closely correlated with general health, self-esteem, aggressive behavior, social pain, social support, post-traumatic stress disorder, and loneliness. The first study population was drawn from a snowball community sample of 208 participants with an average ACE score of 3.83 (SD = 2.79). The second study population was a US nationally representative online sample of 318 participants from Prolific Academic with an average ACE score of 3.13 (SD = 2.36). In both studies, we found the three scales to be equally predictive of all seven outcome variables. Results suggest the traditional ACEs scale may be sufficient for identifying people experiencing higher levels of trauma. However, both of our participant samples had higher levels of ACEs than the US national average, indicating that more research would be needed to determine if this finding generalizes to populations with lower levels of adverse childhood experiences.