ERN: Productivity (Topic)最新文献

英文中文

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ УРОВНЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА (The Modern State of the Level of Competitiveness of Industrial Products in Azerbaijan) СОВРЕМЕННОЕСОСТОЯНИЕУРОВНЯКОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙПРОДУКЦИИАЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА(现代国家工业产品的竞争力水平在阿塞拜疆)

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3276614

Lala Hamidova

Russian Abstract: Цель исследования состоит в изучении современного состояния уровня конкурентоспособности продукции. В результате исследования использованы теоретические, практические и сравнительные методы. Основным фактором успеха любого предприятия является конкуренто-способность его продукции. Повышение конкуренто¬спо¬собности промышленной продукции – одна из главных целей предприятий. В статье рассматривается понятие конкурентоспо¬собности продукции, всесторонне анализируется уровень конкурентоспособ¬ности промышленной продукции Азербайджана на основе различных показателей. Исследуются факторы, влияющие на уровень конкурентоспособ¬ности промышленной продукции в стране. Научная новизна заключается в разработке предложений по повышению конкурентоспособности продукции. Практическая значимость исследования состоит в том, что выдвинутые предложения по повышению конкурентоспособности продукции будут способствовать выходу производимой национальной продукции на мировые рынки. Ограничение исследования: требует дальнейших исследований, основанных на более точном и обширной информационном материале.

English Abstract The goal of the research is to examine the modern state of the level of competitiveness of product. The theoretical, practical and comparative methods were used during the research. The major factor of success of an enterprise is competitiveness of its product. The increase of competitiveness of an industrial product is one of the main goals of enterprises. The concept of competitiveness of product has been described in the article, the level of competitiveness of industrial products, manufactured in Azerbaijan, has been comprehensively analyzed on the basis of various indicators. The factors affecting the level of competitiveness of industrial products in the country have been researched there. Scientific novelty is contained in the development of proposals on improvement the competitiveness of product. The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the proposals on improvement of competitiveness of product will contribute to output of manufactured national product to the world markets. Limitations of the research: requires further research, based on a more accurate and comprehensive informative material.

俄罗斯Abstract:研究的目标是研究产品竞争力水平的现代状态。因此，研究采用了理论、实践和比较方法。任何企业成功的主要因素是其产品的竞争能力。提高工业产品竞争对手是企业的主要目标之一。这篇文章探讨了产品竞争力的概念，全面分析了阿塞拜疆工业产品基于不同指标的竞争力水平。正在研究影响该国制造业竞争力水平的因素。科学创新在于制定提高产品竞争力的建议。这项研究的实际意义在于，提出的提高产品竞争力的建议将有助于将国民生产产品出口到世界市场。限制研究:需要根据更精确、更广泛的信息材料进行更多的研究。这是对现代竞争对手的一种现代状态的测试。这是一种理论，一种传统，一种共同的媒介。这是its产品的主要竞争因素。这是企业中最大的竞争对手之一。《艺术家之间的竞争》、《工业产品的竞争》、《Azerbaijan的事实》、《综艺》的基础上的复杂分析》。工厂的竞争对手在乡村有很多研究。科学创新是在proposals开发项目中共享的。事实上，proposals将与现实世界的国家产品竞争，与现实世界的国家产品竞争。研究的局限性:再研究的基础是更多的协作和协作材料。

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引用次数: 0

The Productivity J-Curve: How Intangibles Complement General Purpose Technologies 生产率j曲线:无形资产如何补充通用技术

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3346739

E. Brynjolfsson, Daniel Rock, C. Syverson

General purpose technologies (GPTs) like AI enable and require significant complementary investments. These investments are often intangible and poorly measured in national accounts. We develop a model that shows how this can lead to underestimation of productivity growth in a new GPTs early years and, later, when the benefits of intangible investments are harvested, productivity growth overestimation. We call this phenomenon the Productivity J-curve. We apply our method to US data and find that adjusting for intangibles related to computer hardware and software yields a TFP level that is 15.9 percent higher than official measures by the end of 2017. (JEL E22, E23, G31, L63, L86)

像人工智能这样的通用技术(gpt)支持并需要大量的补充投资。这些投资往往是无形的，在国民账户中衡量得很差。我们开发了一个模型，该模型显示了这如何导致在新的GPTs早期低估生产率增长，以及后来，当无形投资的收益获得时，高估生产率增长。我们把这种现象称为生产率j曲线。我们将我们的方法应用于美国的数据，发现调整与计算机硬件和软件相关的无形资产后，到2017年底，TFP水平比官方测量值高出15.9%。(jel e22, e23, g31, l63, l86)

引用次数: 218

The Impact of Migration on Productivity and Native-Born Workers' Training 移民对生产率的影响及本土工人的培训

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2018-09-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3261692

Francesco Campo, Giuseppe Forte, J. Portes

We investigate the relationship between migration and productivity in the UK, using an instrumental variable along the lines suggested by Bianchi, Buonanno and Pinotti (2012). Our results suggest that immigration has a positive and significant impact (in both the statistical sense and more broadly) on productivity, as measured at a geographical level; this appears to be driven by higher-skilled workers. The results for training are less clear, but suggest that higher-skilled immigration may have a positive impact on the training of native workers. We discuss the implications for post-Brexit immigration policy.

我们利用Bianchi、Buonanno和Pinotti(2012)提出的工具变量，研究了英国移民与生产力之间的关系。我们的研究结果表明，在地理水平上，移民对生产力有积极而显著的影响(在统计意义上和更广泛的意义上);这似乎是由高技能工人推动的。培训的结果不太清楚，但表明高技能移民可能对本地工人的培训产生积极影响。我们讨论了脱欧后移民政策的影响。

引用次数: 11

Market Size and TFP in the Melitz Model Melitz模型中的市场规模与全要素生产率

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/roie.12346

Gabriel Felbermayr, B. Jung

Trade theory in the Krugman tradition predicts a positive correlation between market size and countries' total factor productivity (TFP). However, in the data, there is no such correlation. Models with heterogeneous firms and selection can reconcile theory and empirics, when the degree of external economies of scale is lower than assumed in the standard CES case. Realistically, larger countries have an over‐proportionate share of firms. With export selection, these countries have more input varieties available, but they also have a lower average productivity of firms. Which of these effects dominates depends on the degree of external economies of scale.

克鲁格曼传统的贸易理论预测市场规模与国家的全要素生产率(TFP)呈正相关。然而，在数据中，没有这种相关性。当外部规模经济的程度低于标准CES情况下的假设时，具有异质企业和选择的模型可以调和理论和经验。实际上，较大的国家拥有过多的公司份额。通过出口选择，这些国家有更多的投入品种，但它们的企业平均生产率也较低。哪种影响占主导地位取决于外部规模经济的程度。

引用次数: 8

The Evolution of the Productivity Dispersion of Firms - A Reevaluation of Its Determinants in the Case of Japan 企业生产率分散的演变——以日本为例对其决定因素的再评价

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2018-03-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3146990

Keiko Ito, S. Lechevalier

There is a growing body of literature analyzing empirically the evolution of productivity dispersion at the firm level and its determinants. This paper contributes to this literature by investigating the case of Japanese firms during the so-called “Lost Decade” (1992- 2005), which is still under-analyzed. We use a firm-level panel dataset taken from a large-scale administrative survey, the Basic Survey of Japanese Business Structure and Activities (BSBSA) for the years 1994-2003. Our results can be summarized as follows. First, we confirm that there was an overall increase in both labor productivity and total factor productivity dispersion, especially in the manufacturing sector from 1998 onward. Second, in the case of Japanese firms during the Lost Decade, and contrary to what has been found for some other countries, we find no significant impact of the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) on productivity dispersion. On the other hand, we do find evidence of a significant and positive impact of internationalization on productivity dispersion. In addition, the evolution of the competitive environment appears to play a role: we find that the increase in the Hershman-Herfindahl index observed in some sectors, which characterizes a more oligopolistic environment, is associated with an increase in productivity dispersion.

越来越多的文献从企业层面实证分析了生产率分散的演变及其决定因素。本文通过调查日本企业在所谓的“失去的十年”(1992- 2005)期间的案例，为这一文献做出了贡献，这一案例仍未得到充分分析。我们使用了取自1994-2003年日本商业结构和活动基本调查(BSBSA)这一大规模行政调查的企业层面面板数据集。我们的结果可以总结如下。首先，我们确认，从1998年开始，劳动生产率和全要素生产率的分散总体上都有所增加，特别是在制造业。其次，在日本企业在“失去的十年”的情况下，与其他一些国家的发现相反，我们发现信息通信技术(ICT)的引入对生产率分散没有显著影响。另一方面，我们确实发现了国际化对生产率分散有显著和积极影响的证据。此外，竞争环境的演变似乎发挥了作用:我们发现，在一些行业中观察到的Hershman-Herfindahl指数的增加与生产率分散的增加有关，这些部门的特征是寡头垄断的环境。

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引用次数: 1

Unemployment Insurance as a Worker Indiscipline Device? Evidence from Scanner Data 失业保险作为工人违纪手段?来自扫描仪数据的证据

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2018-03-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3586143

Lester Lusher, Geoffrey C. Schnorr, Rebecca L. C. Taylor

We provide causal evidence of an ex ante moral hazard effect of unemployment insurance (UI ) by matching plausibly exogenous changes in UI benefit duration across state-weeks during the Great Recession to high-frequency productivity measures from individual supermarket cashiers. Estimating models with date and cashier-register fixed effects, we identify a modest but statistically significant negative relationship between UI benefits and worker productivity. This effect is strongest for more experienced and less productive cashiers, for whom UI expansions are especially relevant. Additional analyses from the American Time Use Survey reveal a similar increase in shirking during periods with increased UI benefit durations. (JEL D82, E32, J22, J24, J65, L81)

我们通过将大衰退期间失业保险(UI)福利持续时间的合理外生变化与超市收银员的高频生产率指标相匹配，为失业保险(UI)的事先道德风险效应提供了因果证据。估计具有日期和收银员固定效应的模型，我们确定了UI福利与工人生产率之间适度但统计上显着的负相关关系。这种效果对于经验丰富但效率较低的收银员来说最为明显，对他们来说UI扩展尤为重要。美国人时间使用调查的其他分析显示，在失业救济金领取时间延长期间，逃避工作的情况也有类似的增加。(j22, j24, j65, j81)

引用次数: 7

Robust LM Tests for Spatial Dynamic Panel Data Models 空间动态面板数据模型的鲁棒LM检验

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3074770

A. Bera, Osman Doğan, Suleyman Taspinar, Yufan Leiluo

Abstract In this study, we introduce adjusted Rao's score test statistics (Lagrange multiplier (LM) tests) for a spatial dynamic panel data (SDPD) model that includes a contemporaneous spatial lag, a time lag and a spatial-time lag. The maximum likelihood estimator for the estimation of SDPD models can have asymptotic bias because of individual and time fixed effects. Bias arises since the limiting distributions of the score functions derived from the corresponding concentrated log-likelihood functions are not centered on zero. First, we show how the score functions should be adjusted to avoid the effect of asymptotic bias on the standard LM test statistics. Second, we further adjust score functions such that the resulting LM test statistics are valid when there is local parametric misspecification in the alternative model. Our adjusted LM test statistics can be used to test the presence of the contemporaneous spatial lag, time lag and spatial-time lag in an SDPD model. In a Monte Carlo study, we demonstrate that our suggested test statistics have good finite sample size and power properties. Finally, we illustrate implementation of these tests in an application on public capital productivity in 48 contiguous US states.

摘要本研究针对包含同步空间滞后、时间滞后和时空滞后的空间动态面板数据(SDPD)模型，引入调整后的Rao分数检验统计量(Lagrange multiplier, LM)检验。由于个体效应和时间固定效应，SDPD模型估计的极大似然估计量可能存在渐近偏差。由于从相应的集中对数似然函数导出的分数函数的极限分布不以零为中心，因此会产生偏差。首先，我们展示了如何调整分数函数以避免渐近偏差对标准LM检验统计量的影响。其次，我们进一步调整分数函数，以便当替代模型中存在局部参数错误规范时，所得到的LM测试统计量有效。我们的调整LM检验统计量可以用来检验SDPD模型中是否存在同期空间滞后、时间滞后和时空滞后。在蒙特卡罗研究中，我们证明了我们建议的测试统计量具有良好的有限样本量和功率特性。最后，我们举例说明了这些测试在美国48个相邻州的公共资本生产率应用中的实施情况。

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引用次数: 21

Competition, Productivity, and Survival of Grocery Stores in the Great Depression 大萧条时期杂货店的竞争、生产力和生存

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2018-02-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3428043

Emek Basker, Chris Vickers, Nicolas L. Ziebarth

We study the grocery industry in Washington, DC, during the Great Depression using data from the 1929 Census of Distribution, a 1929–1930 survey by the Federal Trade Commission, and a 1935 business directory. We first document the differences between chains and independents in the Washington, DC, grocery market circa 1929 to better understand chains’ competitive advantages. Second, we study correlates of survival from 1929 to 1935, a period of major contraction and upheaval. We find that more productive stores survived at higher rates, as did stores with greater assortment and lower prices. Presaging the supermarket revolution, combination stores were much more likely to survive to 1935 than other grocery formats.

我们研究了大萧条时期华盛顿特区的食品杂货行业，使用的数据来自1929年的人口普查、1929 - 1930年联邦贸易委员会的调查和1935年的商业目录。为了更好地理解连锁店的竞争优势，我们首先记录了1929年左右华盛顿特区杂货市场上连锁店和独立店之间的差异。其次，我们研究了1929年至1935年的生存相关因素，这是一个主要的收缩和动荡时期。我们发现，生产率更高的商店在更高的利率下存活下来，种类更多、价格更低的商店也是如此。预示着超市革命的是，联合商店比其他杂货形式更有可能存活到1935年。

引用次数: 4

The Impact of Strategic Transformation on Employee Productivity 战略转型对员工生产力的影响

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2017-12-29 DOI: 10.1108/SHR-10-2017-0069

John J. Oliver

The purpose of this paper is to provide a strategic commentary on the interconnected areas of corporate strategy and employee performance by illustrating how two organizations adapted and transformed their businesses to the demands of digitalization and new media.,A longitudinal analysis (1995-2015) of employee productivity was calculated as operating income per employee for each firm and benchmarked against industry data.,Both firm’s corporate objectives and strategies were focused on ambitious levels of growth and the opportunities provided by an increasingly digital environment. However, the firms had transformed their businesses in different ways with distinct employee productivity performance outcomes.,This paper provides case studies of strategic transformation and argues that HR management strategies and practices need to be continually evaluated to assess their employee productivity in an uncertain digital operating environment.,This paper provides a longitudinal analysis of how media firms, Sky Plc and Pearson Plc, adapted, reconfigured and transformed their businesses to meet the demands of an operating environment characterized by inexorable changes in digital technologies. It presents data and conclusions on how the management of “human resources” had delivered different employee productivity outcomes over the long term.

本文的目的是通过说明两个组织如何适应和转变其业务以满足数字化和新媒体的需求，对企业战略和员工绩效这两个相互关联的领域提供战略评论。对员工生产率的纵向分析(1995-2015)以每家公司每位员工的营业收入计算，并以行业数据为基准。两家公司的企业目标和战略都集中在雄心勃勃的增长水平和日益数字化的环境所提供的机会上。然而，这些公司以不同的方式转变了他们的业务，并产生了不同的员工生产力绩效结果。本文提供了战略转型的案例研究，并认为人力资源管理战略和实践需要持续评估，以评估员工在不确定的数字化运营环境中的生产力。本文纵向分析了媒体公司Sky Plc和Pearson Plc如何适应、重新配置和转型其业务，以满足以数字技术不可阻挡的变化为特征的运营环境的需求。它提供了关于“人力资源”管理如何在长期内提供不同的员工生产力结果的数据和结论。

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引用次数: 4

Complementarity, Linkages between Firms, and the Effect of Entry Costs on Productivity 互补性、企业间的联系以及进入成本对生产率的影响

ERN: Productivity (Topic)

Pub Date : 2017-11-01 DOI: 10.1111/rode.12339

Fernando del Río, A. Sampayo

In a general equilibrium model where firms are heterogeneous in terms of productivity, we introduce differentiated goods in production that are not perfect substitutes, as well as intermediate inputs needed to produce those goods. We show that an increase in either the complementarity of differentiated goods or the share of intermediate inputs in gross output, significantly increases the negative effect of entry costs on total factor productivity (TFP) and output per worker. We also find that the effect of complementarity is quantitatively stronger. If we assume an empirically plausible value for the elasticity of substitution between differentiated goods, then the model considerably improves its ability to reproduce the observed negative relationship between entry costs and TFP or output per worker.

在一般均衡模型中，企业在生产率方面是异质的，我们在生产中引入了非完全替代品的差异化商品，以及生产这些商品所需的中间投入。我们发现，无论是差异化商品的互补性，还是中间投入在总产出中所占份额的增加，都会显著增加进入成本对全要素生产率(TFP)和人均产出的负面影响。我们还发现，互补性的效应在数量上更强。如果我们假设不同商品之间的替代弹性在经验上是合理的值，那么该模型将大大提高其再现所观察到的进入成本与TFP或人均产出之间负相关关系的能力。

引用次数: 4

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