I study the long-run consumption risk reflected in news shock, a shock to expectations about future productivity. I identify news shock using a structural Vector Autoregression analysis. News shocks cause persistent future consumption growth and explain a large share of consumption movements in the long-run. Consistent with the long-run consumption risk hypothesis, I find that news shocks have a significantly positive risk premium in the cross section of asset returns. I also find that news shocks explain the size premium.
{"title":"News Shocks, Long-Run Risk, and Asset Returns","authors":"Soohun Kim, Chang Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2491284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2491284","url":null,"abstract":"I study the long-run consumption risk reflected in news shock, a shock to expectations about future productivity. I identify news shock using a structural Vector Autoregression analysis. News shocks cause persistent future consumption growth and explain a large share of consumption movements in the long-run. Consistent with the long-run consumption risk hypothesis, I find that news shocks have a significantly positive risk premium in the cross section of asset returns. I also find that news shocks explain the size premium.","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121234460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Breunig, Michael E. Kummer, J. Ohnemus, Steffen Viete
Missing values are a major problem in all econometric applications based on survey data. A standard approach assumes data are missing-at-random and uses imputation methods, or even listwise deletion. This approach is justified if item non-response does not depend on the potentially missing variables’ realization. However, assuming missing-at-random may introduce bias if non-response is, in fact, selective. Relevant applications range from financial or strategic firm-level data to individual-level data on income or privacy-sensitive behaviors. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to deal with selective item nonresponse in the model’s dependent variable. Our approach is based on instrumental variables that affect selection only through potential outcomes. In addition, we allow for endogenous regressors. We establish identification of the structural parameter and propose a simple two-step estimation procedure for it. Our estimator is consistent and robust against biases that would prevail when assuming missingness at random. We implement the estimation procedure using firm-level survey data and a binary instrumental variable to estimate the effect of outsourcing on productivity.
{"title":"IT Outsourcing and Firm Productivity: Eliminating Bias from Selective Missingness in the Dependent Variable","authors":"C. Breunig, Michael E. Kummer, J. Ohnemus, Steffen Viete","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2896759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2896759","url":null,"abstract":"Missing values are a major problem in all econometric applications based on survey data. A standard approach assumes data are missing-at-random and uses imputation methods, or even listwise deletion. This approach is justified if item non-response does not depend on the potentially missing variables’ realization. However, assuming missing-at-random may introduce bias if non-response is, in fact, selective. Relevant applications range from financial or strategic firm-level data to individual-level data on income or privacy-sensitive behaviors. \u0000In this paper, we propose a novel approach to deal with selective item nonresponse in the model’s dependent variable. Our approach is based on instrumental variables that affect selection only through potential outcomes. In addition, we allow for endogenous regressors. We establish identification of the structural parameter and propose a simple two-step estimation procedure for it. Our estimator is consistent and robust against biases that would prevail when assuming missingness at random. We implement the estimation procedure using firm-level survey data and a binary instrumental variable to estimate the effect of outsourcing on productivity.","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133696836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We estimate whether there are productivity gains from ultrafast broadband (UFB) adoption and whether any gains are higher when firms undertake complementary organisational investments. Using an IV strategy based on proximity to schools (that were targeted in the UFB roll-out), we find that the average effect of UFB adoption on employment and (labour and multifactor) productivity is insignificantly different from zero, even for firms in industries where we might expect the returns to UFB to be relatively high. Conversely, we find that firms making concurrent investments in organisational capital specifically for the purpose of getting more from their ICTs appear to experience higher productivity growth, at least in first-difference specifications. Firms making these joint (UFB-organisational) investment decisions are significantly more likely to report other positive outcomes from their ICT investments, consistent with the identified relationship with productivity being causal.
{"title":"Picking up Speed: Does Ultrafast Broadband Increase Firm Productivity?","authors":"R. Fabling, A. Grimes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2884330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2884330","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate whether there are productivity gains from ultrafast broadband (UFB) adoption and whether any gains are higher when firms undertake complementary organisational investments. Using an IV strategy based on proximity to schools (that were targeted in the UFB roll-out), we find that the average effect of UFB adoption on employment and (labour and multifactor) productivity is insignificantly different from zero, even for firms in industries where we might expect the returns to UFB to be relatively high. Conversely, we find that firms making concurrent investments in organisational capital specifically for the purpose of getting more from their ICTs appear to experience higher productivity growth, at least in first-difference specifications. Firms making these joint (UFB-organisational) investment decisions are significantly more likely to report other positive outcomes from their ICT investments, consistent with the identified relationship with productivity being causal.","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131332376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of office design on employees’ productivity with the focus on banking organizations which are located in North Western province, Sri Lanka. In simply an office can be defined as a room, set of rooms or building where people work, usually sitting at desk. Employees’ productivity is known as an assessment of the efficiency of worker or group of workers. Productivity may be evaluated in terms of the output of an employee in a specific period of time. In order to conduct the study, with the use of random sampling technique 8 banks located in the North-Western province, Sri Lanka were taken in to consideration and eighty-two respondents were used as the sample. Self-developed questionnaires were distributed among the respondents. Correlations analysis is used to measure the degree to which independent variable (office design) and dependent variable (employees’ productivity) is related. Accordingly it was found that there is a high (significant) relationship between the office design and the employees’ productivity. Finally, it is concluded that, the Office design should be done in a careful manner otherwise employees get frustrated and they will not perform at their best. Accordingly, employees’ productivity will decrease and consequently organizational productivity will be decreased. Keywords: Arrangement, Employees’ Productivity, Office Design, Workforce Productivity
{"title":"Impact of Office Design on Employees' Productivity; A Case Study of Banking Organizations of North Western Province in Sri Lanka","authors":"W.A.M. Hansika, P. Amarathunga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2910255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2910255","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of office design on employees’ productivity with the focus on banking organizations which are located in North Western province, Sri Lanka. In simply an office can be defined as a room, set of rooms or building where people work, usually sitting at desk. Employees’ productivity is known as an assessment of the efficiency of worker or group of workers. Productivity may be evaluated in terms of the output of an employee in a specific period of time. In order to conduct the study, with the use of random sampling technique 8 banks located in the North-Western province, Sri Lanka were taken in to consideration and eighty-two respondents were used as the sample. Self-developed questionnaires were distributed among the respondents. Correlations analysis is used to measure the degree to which independent variable (office design) and dependent variable (employees’ productivity) is related. Accordingly it was found that there is a high (significant) relationship between the office design and the employees’ productivity. Finally, it is concluded that, the Office design should be done in a careful manner otherwise employees get frustrated and they will not perform at their best. Accordingly, employees’ productivity will decrease and consequently organizational productivity will be decreased. Keywords: Arrangement, Employees’ Productivity, Office Design, Workforce Productivity","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122277487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to evaluate the problems of employee turnover on productivity among small business entities in Nigeria, and recommend remedial actions. Employee turnover is the separation of employees from employers and replacement with other employees. Productive manpower is a critical element for the economic survival of any small business entity. The survey research design was used for the study. The sample comprised of 320 respondents. Data generated were analyzed by using descriptive, and Z-test statistical techniques. It was found that employee turnover adversely affects productivity in small business entities.
{"title":"Employee Turnover and Productivity Among Small Business Entities in Nigeria","authors":"J. Ugoani","doi":"10.14807/IJMP.V7I4.466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14807/IJMP.V7I4.466","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to evaluate the problems of employee turnover on productivity among small business entities in Nigeria, and recommend remedial actions. Employee turnover is the separation of employees from employers and replacement with other employees. Productive manpower is a critical element for the economic survival of any small business entity. The survey research design was used for the study. The sample comprised of 320 respondents. Data generated were analyzed by using descriptive, and Z-test statistical techniques. It was found that employee turnover adversely affects productivity in small business entities.","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124428204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study estimates differences in productivity (mfp) across New Zealand urban areas, with a focus on the size of Auckland’s productivity premium. The estimates are based on analysis of firm-level data from Statistics New Zealand’s Longitudinal Business Database. The methods used in the paper overcome some of the biases that arise in standard approaches to spatial productivity estimation - biases arising from imperfect competition, spatial price variation, firm heterogeneity, and labour-sorting across cities. Ignoring these factors leads to biased estimates of the Auckland’s relative productivity performance. The study also investigates industry differences in spatial productivity patterns.
{"title":"Urban Productivity Estimation with Heterogeneous Prices and Labour","authors":"David C. Maré","doi":"10.29310/WP.2016.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29310/WP.2016.21","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimates differences in productivity (mfp) across New Zealand urban areas, with a focus on the size of Auckland’s productivity premium. The estimates are based on analysis of firm-level data from Statistics New Zealand’s Longitudinal Business Database. The methods used in the paper overcome some of the biases that arise in standard approaches to spatial productivity estimation - biases arising from imperfect competition, spatial price variation, firm heterogeneity, and labour-sorting across cities. Ignoring these factors leads to biased estimates of the Auckland’s relative productivity performance. The study also investigates industry differences in spatial productivity patterns.","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122153850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper tests the ability of two-stage DEA to pick up on efficiency differences between two groups. Using the context of franchising, I simulate establishment-level data and give franchisee-owned establishments an artificial output bump of various sizes. Using an ownership dummy variable in the second stage regression, I find that two-stage DEA is able to detect that franchisee-owned establishments are more efficient than their franchisor-owned counterparts. The results suggest that the estimated ownership effect is a lower bound on the true value. I find that franchisee-owned establishments are 4.4 percentage points more efficient than franchisor-owned establishments when a 5% ownership effect is used. Similar results are found for effects of 10%, 15%, 25%, and 50%. The results hold up remarkably well to various robustness checks. I test the results using the DEA inputs in the second-stage regression, logged DEA scores in the second-stage regression, and alternate DEA specifications. I also check my results against the commonly-used average product measure of productivity. In all of these robustness checks, the estimated effect from ownership stays steady.
{"title":"Management Differences and Productivity: A Simulated Investigation into Dummy Variables in Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis","authors":"Matthew Sveum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2725206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2725206","url":null,"abstract":"This paper tests the ability of two-stage DEA to pick up on efficiency differences between two groups. Using the context of franchising, I simulate establishment-level data and give franchisee-owned establishments an artificial output bump of various sizes. Using an ownership dummy variable in the second stage regression, I find that two-stage DEA is able to detect that franchisee-owned establishments are more efficient than their franchisor-owned counterparts. The results suggest that the estimated ownership effect is a lower bound on the true value. I find that franchisee-owned establishments are 4.4 percentage points more efficient than franchisor-owned establishments when a 5% ownership effect is used. Similar results are found for effects of 10%, 15%, 25%, and 50%. The results hold up remarkably well to various robustness checks. I test the results using the DEA inputs in the second-stage regression, logged DEA scores in the second-stage regression, and alternate DEA specifications. I also check my results against the commonly-used average product measure of productivity. In all of these robustness checks, the estimated effect from ownership stays steady.","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124015853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I provide a selective and idiosyncratic examination of several recent, and in some cases not-so-recent, developments in productivity analysis that I find interesting. Some have been influential, among them being an analysis of the linkage between management and productivity, an analysis of productivity dispersion (or productivity gaps) and productivity-enhancing resource reallocation, the incorporation of environmental impacts into productivity measurement, and an analysis of the impact of productivity on business financial performance. Others, for whatever reason, have had less impact, including an analysis of two quite different productivity indices bearing the same name, developing the linkage between empirical and theoretical productivity indices, and the derivation, interpretation and implementation of indirect productivity indices.
{"title":"Recent Developments in Productivity Analysis","authors":"C. Lovell","doi":"10.1111/1468-0106.12191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12191","url":null,"abstract":"I provide a selective and idiosyncratic examination of several recent, and in some cases not-so-recent, developments in productivity analysis that I find interesting. Some have been influential, among them being an analysis of the linkage between management and productivity, an analysis of productivity dispersion (or productivity gaps) and productivity-enhancing resource reallocation, the incorporation of environmental impacts into productivity measurement, and an analysis of the impact of productivity on business financial performance. Others, for whatever reason, have had less impact, including an analysis of two quite different productivity indices bearing the same name, developing the linkage between empirical and theoretical productivity indices, and the derivation, interpretation and implementation of indirect productivity indices.","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126361861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Deming, Michael F. Lovenheim, Richard W. Patterson
We study the impact of online degree programs on the market for U.S. higher education. Online degree programs increase the competitiveness of local education markets by providing additional options in areas that previously only had a small number of brick-and-mortar schools. We show that local postsecondary institutions in less competitive markets experienced relative enrollment declines following a regulatory change in 2006 that increased the market entry and enrollment of online institutions. Impacts on enrollment were concentrated among private non-selective institutions, which are likely to be the closest competitors to online degree programs. We also find increases in per-student instructional spending among public institutions. Our results suggest that by increasing competitive pressure on local schools, online education can be an important driver of innovation and productivity in U.S. higher education.
{"title":"The Competitive Effects of Online Education","authors":"D. Deming, Michael F. Lovenheim, Richard W. Patterson","doi":"10.3386/W22749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W22749","url":null,"abstract":"We study the impact of online degree programs on the market for U.S. higher education. Online degree programs increase the competitiveness of local education markets by providing additional options in areas that previously only had a small number of brick-and-mortar schools. We show that local postsecondary institutions in less competitive markets experienced relative enrollment declines following a regulatory change in 2006 that increased the market entry and enrollment of online institutions. Impacts on enrollment were concentrated among private non-selective institutions, which are likely to be the closest competitors to online degree programs. We also find increases in per-student instructional spending among public institutions. Our results suggest that by increasing competitive pressure on local schools, online education can be an important driver of innovation and productivity in U.S. higher education.","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115141163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article we look at research published over a five-year time span in the economics of information systems (IS) area in four premier journals, including Management Science, Information Systems Research, MIS Quarterly, and Production and Operations Management, to identify research themes that have implications for future research in the area of Management of Technology (MOT). Through our examination of the literature, we identify three emergent themes that can be used to form foundations for future MOT research from an economics of IS perspective: productivity, vertical relations, and platforms. Within each of these themes we classify previous research into subthemes, summarize the major findings, and explore future research opportunities within the MOT domain that are relevant to these subthemes. Specifically, we examine how information technology has impacted firm productivity, their product design and development process, innovation capabilities, knowledge management capabilities, and supply chain integration.
{"title":"Emergent Themes in the Interface between Economics of Information Systems and Management of Technology","authors":"Sulin Ba, B. Nault","doi":"10.1111/POMS.12644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/POMS.12644","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we look at research published over a five-year time span in the economics of information systems (IS) area in four premier journals, including Management Science, Information Systems Research, MIS Quarterly, and Production and Operations Management, to identify research themes that have implications for future research in the area of Management of Technology (MOT). Through our examination of the literature, we identify three emergent themes that can be used to form foundations for future MOT research from an economics of IS perspective: productivity, vertical relations, and platforms. Within each of these themes we classify previous research into subthemes, summarize the major findings, and explore future research opportunities within the MOT domain that are relevant to these subthemes. Specifically, we examine how information technology has impacted firm productivity, their product design and development process, innovation capabilities, knowledge management capabilities, and supply chain integration.","PeriodicalId":448105,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Productivity (Topic)","volume":"63 2 Suppl 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122893801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：