Gabriela Villalobos-Zúñiga, T. Kujala, Antti Oulasvirta
We introduce T9+HUD, a text entry method designed to decrease visual distraction while driving and typing. T9+HUD combines a physical 3x4 keypad on the steering wheel with a head-up-display (HUD) for projecting output on the windshield. Previous work suggests this may be a visually less demanding way to type while driving than the popular case which requires shifts of visual attention away from the road. We present a prototype design and report first results from a controlled evaluation in a driving simulator. While driving, the T9+HUD text entry rate was equal compared to a dashboard-mounted touchscreen device, but it reduced lane deviations by 70%. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between T9+HUD and baseline driving in lane-keeping performance. T9+HUD decreased glance time off road by 64% in comparison to the touchscreen QWERTY. We conclude that the data are favorable and warrant more research on attention-reducing text input methods for driving.
{"title":"T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can Improve Driving Performance while Typing and Driving","authors":"Gabriela Villalobos-Zúñiga, T. Kujala, Antti Oulasvirta","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005453","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce T9+HUD, a text entry method designed to decrease visual distraction while driving and typing. T9+HUD combines a physical 3x4 keypad on the steering wheel with a head-up-display (HUD) for projecting output on the windshield. Previous work suggests this may be a visually less demanding way to type while driving than the popular case which requires shifts of visual attention away from the road. We present a prototype design and report first results from a controlled evaluation in a driving simulator. While driving, the T9+HUD text entry rate was equal compared to a dashboard-mounted touchscreen device, but it reduced lane deviations by 70%. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between T9+HUD and baseline driving in lane-keeping performance. T9+HUD decreased glance time off road by 64% in comparison to the touchscreen QWERTY. We conclude that the data are favorable and warrant more research on attention-reducing text input methods for driving.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125924268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last decade, several in-vehicle light displays have been proposed. These displays inform drivers via light patterns that go beyond simple status indicators. In this literature survey, we present 21 works with their light displays and patterns. In addition, we summarize the common methods and results of these works. This work will help researchers and designers find a good starting point for looking into in-vehicle light displays. It may further foster discussions about best practices in the community.
{"title":"Enlightening Drivers: A Survey on In-Vehicle Light Displays","authors":"Andreas Löcken, Wilko Heuten, Susanne CJ Boll","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005416","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, several in-vehicle light displays have been proposed. These displays inform drivers via light patterns that go beyond simple status indicators. In this literature survey, we present 21 works with their light displays and patterns. In addition, we summarize the common methods and results of these works. This work will help researchers and designers find a good starting point for looking into in-vehicle light displays. It may further foster discussions about best practices in the community.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126076602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is difficult enough for drivers to handle distractions when they are in a familiar environment, but what happens when drivers are placed in a new environment? We explore drivers' behaviour when they encounter road signs from three countries. We conducted two eye-tracking studies with 50 participants. Participants spent increased time looking at unfamiliar road signs. Misinterpretation occurred due to the influence of previous experience and many drivers drove at reduced speeds throughout to compensate for the anticipated cognitive load.
{"title":"An Eye-tracking Evaluation of Driver Distraction and Unfamiliar Road Signs","authors":"Stephanie Hurtado, S. Chiasson","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005407","url":null,"abstract":"It is difficult enough for drivers to handle distractions when they are in a familiar environment, but what happens when drivers are placed in a new environment? We explore drivers' behaviour when they encounter road signs from three countries. We conducted two eye-tracking studies with 50 participants. Participants spent increased time looking at unfamiliar road signs. Misinterpretation occurred due to the influence of previous experience and many drivers drove at reduced speeds throughout to compensate for the anticipated cognitive load.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130646628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gözel Shakeri, Alexander Ng, John Williamson, S. Brewster
Infotainment Systems can increase mental workload and divert visual attention away from looking ahead on the roads. When these systems give information to the driver, providing it through the tactile channel on the steering wheel might improve driving behaviour and safety. This paper describes an investigation into the perceivability of haptic feedback patterns using an actuated surface on a steering wheel. Six solenoids were embedded along the rim creating three bumps under each palm. A simulated driving study was conducted to test for recognition accuracy of the haptic patterns (81.3%). There was no significant increase in lane deviation or steering angle during haptic pattern presentation. These results suggest that drivers can reliably distinguish between cutaneous patterns presented on the steering wheel. Our findings can assist in delivering non-critical messages to the driver (e.g. driving performance, incoming text messages, etc.) without decreasing driving performance or increasing perceived mental workload.
{"title":"Evaluation of Haptic Patterns on a Steering Wheel","authors":"Gözel Shakeri, Alexander Ng, John Williamson, S. Brewster","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005417","url":null,"abstract":"Infotainment Systems can increase mental workload and divert visual attention away from looking ahead on the roads. When these systems give information to the driver, providing it through the tactile channel on the steering wheel might improve driving behaviour and safety. This paper describes an investigation into the perceivability of haptic feedback patterns using an actuated surface on a steering wheel. Six solenoids were embedded along the rim creating three bumps under each palm. A simulated driving study was conducted to test for recognition accuracy of the haptic patterns (81.3%). There was no significant increase in lane deviation or steering angle during haptic pattern presentation. These results suggest that drivers can reliably distinguish between cutaneous patterns presented on the steering wheel. Our findings can assist in delivering non-critical messages to the driver (e.g. driving performance, incoming text messages, etc.) without decreasing driving performance or increasing perceived mental workload.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"330 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123797864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander G. Mirnig, Nicole Perterer, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Alina Krischkowsky, Katja Neureiter, Arno Laminger, M. Tscheligi
The distraction potential of communication systems in the automotive context necessitates hands-free and attention undemanding systems. Today's hands-free car kits are of increasingly high quality, since bad audio quality can negatively impact the overall communication quality. Most solutions use built-in speakers for output and a microphone near the driver (e.g. on the ceiling). Thereby, audio quality can suffer e.g. from the long distance between the speaker and the listener. In a recent study, we compared perceived voice quality and social presence of a prototype with speakers installed in the headrest of a vehicle, to a high-end on-board audio system in a communication situation between a person sitting in the driver's seat and a person outside the vehicle. We found that Personal Audio received generally better results while also introducing its own set of issues, e.g., causing spatial disorientation in communication situations, in which other individuals are present in the car.
{"title":"Enhancing Telephone Communication in the Vehicle Through Audio from the Headrest: A Comparison Study","authors":"Alexander G. Mirnig, Nicole Perterer, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Alina Krischkowsky, Katja Neureiter, Arno Laminger, M. Tscheligi","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005415","url":null,"abstract":"The distraction potential of communication systems in the automotive context necessitates hands-free and attention undemanding systems. Today's hands-free car kits are of increasingly high quality, since bad audio quality can negatively impact the overall communication quality. Most solutions use built-in speakers for output and a microphone near the driver (e.g. on the ceiling). Thereby, audio quality can suffer e.g. from the long distance between the speaker and the listener. In a recent study, we compared perceived voice quality and social presence of a prototype with speakers installed in the headrest of a vehicle, to a high-end on-board audio system in a communication situation between a person sitting in the driver's seat and a person outside the vehicle. We found that Personal Audio received generally better results while also introducing its own set of issues, e.g., causing spatial disorientation in communication situations, in which other individuals are present in the car.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"354 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130948139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Driving is a social activity, and therefore driving is not only a matter of skills but also of emotion. Numerous studies show that aggressive driving makes a significant contribution to traffic accident involvement. In previous research, a concept based on Driver to Driver communication employing location-based services was proposed that enables road users to express their disapproval and appreciation of others' driving behavior. In the current study, a complete prototype based on this concept, which enables participants to send and receive feedback while driving and review their behavior afterwards, was developed. The acceptance and influence of driving behaviour of this concept were investigated in a driving simulator. It was found that the system positively influenced people's driving behavior and was accepted by most participants.
{"title":"\"Likes\" and \"Dislikes\" on the Road: A Social Feedback System for Improving Driving Behavior","authors":"Chao Wang, J. Terken, Jun Hu, G.W.M. Rauterberg","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005403","url":null,"abstract":"Driving is a social activity, and therefore driving is not only a matter of skills but also of emotion. Numerous studies show that aggressive driving makes a significant contribution to traffic accident involvement. In previous research, a concept based on Driver to Driver communication employing location-based services was proposed that enables road users to express their disapproval and appreciation of others' driving behavior. In the current study, a complete prototype based on this concept, which enables participants to send and receive feedback while driving and review their behavior afterwards, was developed. The acceptance and influence of driving behaviour of this concept were investigated in a driving simulator. It was found that the system positively influenced people's driving behavior and was accepted by most participants.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131619163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takahiro Miura, Ken-ichiro Yabu, Kenichi Tanaka, H. Ozawa, Masamitsu Furukawa, Seiko Michiyoshi, Tetsuya Yamamoto, K. Ueda, T. Ifukube
Guidelines devised to ensure that multiple and highly functional in-vehicle information systems (IVISs) are designed to present a distraction-free interface at the same time, need to consider the safety, functionality, and usability of image displays. However, no guidelines exist for quantitatively assessing drivers' cognitive workloads, and this includes usability and memorability. In this paper, we propose a method to measure drivers' visuospatial workload quantitatively. The method is incorporated in various interface tests including driving and human machine interface evaluations. The results indicated that the success rates of visuospatial working memory tasks can be used to rank the relative difficulties of the tasks, and the ranking order of these rates tended to be similar to that of the subjective difficulties.
{"title":"Visuospatial Workload Measurement of an Interface Based on a Dual Task of Visual Working Memory Test","authors":"Takahiro Miura, Ken-ichiro Yabu, Kenichi Tanaka, H. Ozawa, Masamitsu Furukawa, Seiko Michiyoshi, Tetsuya Yamamoto, K. Ueda, T. Ifukube","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005460","url":null,"abstract":"Guidelines devised to ensure that multiple and highly functional in-vehicle information systems (IVISs) are designed to present a distraction-free interface at the same time, need to consider the safety, functionality, and usability of image displays. However, no guidelines exist for quantitatively assessing drivers' cognitive workloads, and this includes usability and memorability. In this paper, we propose a method to measure drivers' visuospatial workload quantitatively. The method is incorporated in various interface tests including driving and human machine interface evaluations. The results indicated that the success rates of visuospatial working memory tasks can be used to rank the relative difficulties of the tasks, and the ranking order of these rates tended to be similar to that of the subjective difficulties.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131653166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The way drivers interact with in-car centre console controls is undergoing radical change as physical switchgear are replaced by virtual counterparts with the use of touchscreens. This provides the opportunity to design new input techniques to improve the way on-screen widgets are operated in driving situations. This paper investigates the effectiveness of pressure-based input with haptic feedback as an alternative touch modality for in-car interactions. Two user studies were conducted: one using a driving simulator and the other inside a vehicle driven on public roads, to evaluate two main pressure-based input techniques: positional and rate-based control. The results from a list-based targeting task showed that rate-based control performed well and was comparable to standard touch input and the physical dial while users had difficulties with positional pressure input. These findings from our studies will help engineers make more appropriate design decisions when developing in-car interactions with touchscreens and touch surfaces.
{"title":"Investigating Pressure Input and Haptic Feedback for In-Car Touchscreens and Touch Surfaces","authors":"Alexander Ng, S. Brewster","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005420","url":null,"abstract":"The way drivers interact with in-car centre console controls is undergoing radical change as physical switchgear are replaced by virtual counterparts with the use of touchscreens. This provides the opportunity to design new input techniques to improve the way on-screen widgets are operated in driving situations. This paper investigates the effectiveness of pressure-based input with haptic feedback as an alternative touch modality for in-car interactions. Two user studies were conducted: one using a driving simulator and the other inside a vehicle driven on public roads, to evaluate two main pressure-based input techniques: positional and rate-based control. The results from a list-based targeting task showed that rate-based control performed well and was comparable to standard touch input and the physical dial while users had difficulties with positional pressure input. These findings from our studies will help engineers make more appropriate design decisions when developing in-car interactions with touchscreens and touch surfaces.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114140980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. I. Ahmad, P. Langdon, S. Godsill, Richard Donkor, Rebecca Wilde, L. Skrypchuk
In this paper, we first give an overview of the predictive display concept, which aims to minimise the demand associated with interacting with in-vehicle displays, such as touchscreens, via free hand pointing gestures. It determines the item the user intends to select, early in the pointing gesture, and accordingly simplifies-expedites the target acquisition. A study to evaluate the impact of using a predictive touchscreen in a car is then presented. The mid-air selection pointing facilitation scheme is applied, such that the user does not have to physically touch the interactive surface. Instead, the predictive display auto-selects the predicted interface icon on behalf of the user, once the required level of inference certainty is achieved. The study results, which are based on data collected from 20 participants under various driving-road conditions, demonstrate that a predictive display can significantly reduce the workload, effort and durations of completing on-screen selection tasks in vehicles.
{"title":"You Do Not Have to Touch to Select: A Study on Predictive In-car Touchscreen with Mid-air Selection","authors":"B. I. Ahmad, P. Langdon, S. Godsill, Richard Donkor, Rebecca Wilde, L. Skrypchuk","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005461","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we first give an overview of the predictive display concept, which aims to minimise the demand associated with interacting with in-vehicle displays, such as touchscreens, via free hand pointing gestures. It determines the item the user intends to select, early in the pointing gesture, and accordingly simplifies-expedites the target acquisition. A study to evaluate the impact of using a predictive touchscreen in a car is then presented. The mid-air selection pointing facilitation scheme is applied, such that the user does not have to physically touch the interactive surface. Instead, the predictive display auto-selects the predicted interface icon on behalf of the user, once the required level of inference certainty is achieved. The study results, which are based on data collected from 20 participants under various driving-road conditions, demonstrate that a predictive display can significantly reduce the workload, effort and durations of completing on-screen selection tasks in vehicles.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122164171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many advanced driving assistance systems have been developed based on the western automobile markets. However, it is widely known that the differences between Western and Asian markets are large in terms of traffic safety culture, traffic situation, and driver behavior. This study aimed to explore the differences between Swedish and Chinese drivers' information requirements in regards to a 3D Auditory Advisory Traffic Information System design (3DAATIS). A total of 46 participants took part in the study. The results showed that both Swedish and Chinese drivers appreciated the concept of a 3DAATIS. Moreover the two groups expressed similar information needs when interacting with a single road user, e.g. giving higher priority to vulnerable road users. In contrast, they expressed different information requirements in complex traffic scenarios. The results further imply that identifying drivers' requirements under different traffic scenarios can be a feasible approach to successful cross-regional adaption design.
{"title":"Same, Same but Different: How Design Requirements for an Auditory Advisory Traffic Information System Differ Between Sweden and China","authors":"M. Wang, S. Lyckvi, Fang Chen","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005450","url":null,"abstract":"Many advanced driving assistance systems have been developed based on the western automobile markets. However, it is widely known that the differences between Western and Asian markets are large in terms of traffic safety culture, traffic situation, and driver behavior. This study aimed to explore the differences between Swedish and Chinese drivers' information requirements in regards to a 3D Auditory Advisory Traffic Information System design (3DAATIS). A total of 46 participants took part in the study. The results showed that both Swedish and Chinese drivers appreciated the concept of a 3DAATIS. Moreover the two groups expressed similar information needs when interacting with a single road user, e.g. giving higher priority to vulnerable road users. In contrast, they expressed different information requirements in complex traffic scenarios. The results further imply that identifying drivers' requirements under different traffic scenarios can be a feasible approach to successful cross-regional adaption design.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128108801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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