Marcel Walch, Tobias Sieber, Philipp Hock, M. Baumann, M. Weber
Although there are already fully autonomous vehicles on the roads for testing purposes, a rollout is far away. Autonomous vehicles are still not able to handle everyday driving and remain reliant on the driver when they reach their system limitations. One suggested approach to this problem is handing over the control entirely to the driver, which might become annoying when such situations occur frequently. In contrast, we suggest the usage of cooperative interfaces to avoid full handovers in situations in which the system needs the driver, for instance to approve or monitor a specific maneuver. A driving simulator study with 32 participants revealed that they felt comfortable choosing how the system should handle a situation. They reportedly assessed the situations first instead of relying blindly on the system and were able to handle every situation safely. We report lessons learned regarding cooperative interaction and interfaces, and their in-lab evaluation.
{"title":"Towards Cooperative Driving: Involving the Driver in an Autonomous Vehicle's Decision Making","authors":"Marcel Walch, Tobias Sieber, Philipp Hock, M. Baumann, M. Weber","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005458","url":null,"abstract":"Although there are already fully autonomous vehicles on the roads for testing purposes, a rollout is far away. Autonomous vehicles are still not able to handle everyday driving and remain reliant on the driver when they reach their system limitations. One suggested approach to this problem is handing over the control entirely to the driver, which might become annoying when such situations occur frequently. In contrast, we suggest the usage of cooperative interfaces to avoid full handovers in situations in which the system needs the driver, for instance to approve or monitor a specific maneuver. A driving simulator study with 32 participants revealed that they felt comfortable choosing how the system should handle a situation. They reportedly assessed the situations first instead of relying blindly on the system and were able to handle every situation safely. We report lessons learned regarding cooperative interaction and interfaces, and their in-lab evaluation.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"166 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132763123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the first controlled quantitative analysis on the visual distraction effects of audio-visual route guidance in simulated, but ecologically realistic driving scenarios with dynamic maneuvers and self-controlled speed (N = 24). The audio-visual route guidance system under testing passed the set verification criteria, which was based on drivers' preferred occlusion distances on the test routes. There were no significant effects of an upcoming maneuver instruction location (up, down) on the in-car display on any metric or on the experienced workload. The drivers' median occlusion distances correlated significantly with median in-car glance distances. There was no correlation between drivers' median occlusion distance and intolerance of uncertainty but significant inverse correlations between occlusion distances and age as well as driving experience were found. The findings suggest that the visual distraction effects of audio-visual route guidance are low and provide general support for the proposed testing method.
{"title":"On the Visual Distraction Effects of Audio-Visual Route Guidance","authors":"T. Kujala, Hilkka Grahn, Jakke Mäkelä, A. Lasch","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005421","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first controlled quantitative analysis on the visual distraction effects of audio-visual route guidance in simulated, but ecologically realistic driving scenarios with dynamic maneuvers and self-controlled speed (N = 24). The audio-visual route guidance system under testing passed the set verification criteria, which was based on drivers' preferred occlusion distances on the test routes. There were no significant effects of an upcoming maneuver instruction location (up, down) on the in-car display on any metric or on the experienced workload. The drivers' median occlusion distances correlated significantly with median in-car glance distances. There was no correlation between drivers' median occlusion distance and intolerance of uncertainty but significant inverse correlations between occlusion distances and age as well as driving experience were found. The findings suggest that the visual distraction effects of audio-visual route guidance are low and provide general support for the proposed testing method.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130369794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), vision and audition have been the dominating modalities for interacting with users. This is despite the fact that humans are equipped with five basic senses. Because of this, there is a limited number of tools that harness the olfactory system as a communication channel. Recently, several promising scent-delivery devices have been developed, however, there is a lack of guidance on how to use them in a meaningful way for different interactive tasks. In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional framework to compare different scent-delivery devices based on the distance, volume, and speed of the scent-delivery. We discuss how this initial exploration can guide the design of in-car olfactory interfaces beyond previous work on drivers' physical and emotional state.
{"title":"A Comparison of Scent-Delivery Devices and Their Meaningful Use for In-Car Olfactory Interaction","authors":"D. Dmitrenko, C. Vi, Marianna Obrist","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005464","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), vision and audition have been the dominating modalities for interacting with users. This is despite the fact that humans are equipped with five basic senses. Because of this, there is a limited number of tools that harness the olfactory system as a communication channel. Recently, several promising scent-delivery devices have been developed, however, there is a lack of guidance on how to use them in a meaningful way for different interactive tasks. In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional framework to compare different scent-delivery devices based on the distance, volume, and speed of the scent-delivery. We discuss how this initial exploration can guide the design of in-car olfactory interfaces beyond previous work on drivers' physical and emotional state.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116107463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabius Steinberger, Patrick Proppe, R. Schroeter, Florian Alt
We present CoastMaster, a smartphone application that serves as an ambient speedometer and driving game display. Our work is motivated by the need to re-engage drivers in the driving task, e.g., in situations where manoeuvering the vehicle is straightforward and does not require high levels of engagement. CoastMaster supports drivers during speed limit changes by (a) re-engaging them in the driving task, and; (b) providing feedback on driving behaviour. In a simulator study (N=24), we compare a gamified and a non-gamified interface with regards to user experience, driving performance, and visual distraction. Our results indicate an increase in hedonic quality and driver engagement as well as a decrease in speed violations through the gamified condition. At the same time, the gamified version leads to longer glances towards the display suggesting visual distraction. Our study findings inform specific design recommendations for ambient interfaces and gamified driving.
{"title":"CoastMaster","authors":"Fabius Steinberger, Patrick Proppe, R. Schroeter, Florian Alt","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005412","url":null,"abstract":"We present CoastMaster, a smartphone application that serves as an ambient speedometer and driving game display. Our work is motivated by the need to re-engage drivers in the driving task, e.g., in situations where manoeuvering the vehicle is straightforward and does not require high levels of engagement. CoastMaster supports drivers during speed limit changes by (a) re-engaging them in the driving task, and; (b) providing feedback on driving behaviour. In a simulator study (N=24), we compare a gamified and a non-gamified interface with regards to user experience, driving performance, and visual distraction. Our results indicate an increase in hedonic quality and driver engagement as well as a decrease in speed violations through the gamified condition. At the same time, the gamified version leads to longer glances towards the display suggesting visual distraction. Our study findings inform specific design recommendations for ambient interfaces and gamified driving.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129714582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As autonomous driving emerges, it is important to understand drivers' experiences with autonomous cars. We report the results of an online survey with Tesla owners using two autonomous driving features, Autopilot and Summon. We found that current users of these features have significant driving experience, high self-rated computer expertise and care about how automation works. Surprisingly, although automation failures are extremely common they were not perceived as risky. The most commonly occurring failures included the failure to detect lanes and uncomfortable speed changes of the vehicle. Additionally, a majority of the drivers emphasized the importance of being alert while driving with autonomous features and aware of the limitations of the current technology. Our main contribution is to provide a picture of attitudes and experiences towards semi-autonomous driving, revealing that some drivers adopting these features may not perceive autonomous driving as risky, even in an environment with regular automation failures.
{"title":"Autonomous Driving in the Real World: Experiences with Tesla Autopilot and Summon","authors":"Murat Dikmen, C. Burns","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005465","url":null,"abstract":"As autonomous driving emerges, it is important to understand drivers' experiences with autonomous cars. We report the results of an online survey with Tesla owners using two autonomous driving features, Autopilot and Summon. We found that current users of these features have significant driving experience, high self-rated computer expertise and care about how automation works. Surprisingly, although automation failures are extremely common they were not perceived as risky. The most commonly occurring failures included the failure to detect lanes and uncomfortable speed changes of the vehicle. Additionally, a majority of the drivers emphasized the importance of being alert while driving with autonomous features and aware of the limitations of the current technology. Our main contribution is to provide a picture of attitudes and experiences towards semi-autonomous driving, revealing that some drivers adopting these features may not perceive autonomous driving as risky, even in an environment with regular automation failures.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129904794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Technological advances in Head-Up Displays (HUDs) have renewed vehicle manufacturer interest. Recent research links time with eyes off of the road to increased chance of accidents, a problem that could be diminished when using HUDs. Before HUDs can be safely integrated, there must be proven methods of assessing these displays. NHTSA established guidelines for assessing in-vehicle tasks; however, these have not been examined with HUDs, differ from traditional Head-Down Displays (HDDs). This study followed most of the NHTSA guidelines for the Eye Glance Test for a visual text search task while tracking driving and secondary task performance measures. The HUD performed worse on the NHTSA eye glance test than the HDD did; however, the driving performance measures were superior when driving with the HUD. There were no significant differences in the secondary task performance between the two displays. Therefore, the NHTSA standard may not adequately assess HUDs in vehicles.
{"title":"Head-Up vs. Head-Down Displays: Examining Traditional Methods of Display Assessment While Driving","authors":"Missie Smith, Joseph L. Gabbard, Christian Conley","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005419","url":null,"abstract":"Technological advances in Head-Up Displays (HUDs) have renewed vehicle manufacturer interest. Recent research links time with eyes off of the road to increased chance of accidents, a problem that could be diminished when using HUDs. Before HUDs can be safely integrated, there must be proven methods of assessing these displays. NHTSA established guidelines for assessing in-vehicle tasks; however, these have not been examined with HUDs, differ from traditional Head-Down Displays (HDDs). This study followed most of the NHTSA guidelines for the Eye Glance Test for a visual text search task while tracking driving and secondary task performance measures. The HUD performed worse on the NHTSA eye glance test than the HDD did; however, the driving performance measures were superior when driving with the HUD. There were no significant differences in the secondary task performance between the two displays. Therefore, the NHTSA standard may not adequately assess HUDs in vehicles.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":" 36","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120830497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiin Lee, Naeun Kim, C. Imm, Beomjun Kim, K. Yi, Jinwoo Kim
Recent technological advances in automated cars have brought them closer to regular use on the roads. Accordingly, research on the driver's perspective is increasing. However, previous studies have limitations in terms of the length of the study period and richness of the user's experience. In this paper, we conducted an ethnographic experiment to observe the interaction between humans and automated cars. Six participants rode in a prototype automated car on a real road one hour a day for six days under various weather conditions. We found that even after six days of utilizing it, participants did not fully trust the automated car. We identified nine distrust factors that strongly influenced their experiences in the automated car, classifying them according to Lee and See's classification of three trust categories: process, performance, and purpose. We also present serval ideas based on the study results.
{"title":"A Question of Trust: An Ethnographic Study of Automated Cars on Real Roads","authors":"Jiin Lee, Naeun Kim, C. Imm, Beomjun Kim, K. Yi, Jinwoo Kim","doi":"10.1145/3003715.3005405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005405","url":null,"abstract":"Recent technological advances in automated cars have brought them closer to regular use on the roads. Accordingly, research on the driver's perspective is increasing. However, previous studies have limitations in terms of the length of the study period and richness of the user's experience. In this paper, we conducted an ethnographic experiment to observe the interaction between humans and automated cars. Six participants rode in a prototype automated car on a real road one hour a day for six days under various weather conditions. We found that even after six days of utilizing it, participants did not fully trust the automated car. We identified nine distrust factors that strongly influenced their experiences in the automated car, classifying them according to Lee and See's classification of three trust categories: process, performance, and purpose. We also present serval ideas based on the study results.","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114909469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3003715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448266,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127724362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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