Pub Date : 2001-05-09DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924506
S.C.Q. Chen, V. Thomas
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology holds promise for managing products through their lifecycle. Passive RFID tags can be read at a distance and do not require a line of sight between tag and reader. This paper identifies the technical parameters that harm RFID performance and evaluates measures to enhance performance. Issues addressed include read range, algorithms for communication between tag and reader, the process by which the tag modulates the carrier signal, the theory behind powering a passive tag via a LC circuit antenna, and the algorithm for simultaneously receiving and decoding information from more than one tag.
{"title":"Optimization of inductive RFID technology","authors":"S.C.Q. Chen, V. Thomas","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924506","url":null,"abstract":"Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology holds promise for managing products through their lifecycle. Passive RFID tags can be read at a distance and do not require a line of sight between tag and reader. This paper identifies the technical parameters that harm RFID performance and evaluates measures to enhance performance. Issues addressed include read range, algorithms for communication between tag and reader, the process by which the tag modulates the carrier signal, the theory behind powering a passive tag via a LC circuit antenna, and the algorithm for simultaneously receiving and decoding information from more than one tag.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123960673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-09DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924513
M. L. Socolof, J. G. Overly, L. Kincaid, R. Dhingra, D. Singh, K. Hart
The US Environmental Protection Agency's Design for the Environment Program is conducting an industry-wide environmental life-cycle assessment of cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitors. Preliminary results are presented for 16 environmental impact categories that show the relative difference in life-cycle impacts for the CRT and LCD. Considering the entire life cycle of each monitor, global warming and water eutrophication impacts were greater for the LCD while all other impact categories (e.g., resource use, energy, ozone depletion, landfill space use, etc.) were greater for the CRT. Energy inputs for CRT glass manufacturing data, for which there was relatively low confidence in the data, drive many of the CRT impacts. When comparing the manufacturing stages of each monitor type, the LCD has more relative burdens on the environment than does the CRT. Using these study results can allow industry to begin focusing on where environmental improvements can be made.
{"title":"Life-cycle environmental impacts of CRT and LCD desktop monitors","authors":"M. L. Socolof, J. G. Overly, L. Kincaid, R. Dhingra, D. Singh, K. Hart","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924513","url":null,"abstract":"The US Environmental Protection Agency's Design for the Environment Program is conducting an industry-wide environmental life-cycle assessment of cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitors. Preliminary results are presented for 16 environmental impact categories that show the relative difference in life-cycle impacts for the CRT and LCD. Considering the entire life cycle of each monitor, global warming and water eutrophication impacts were greater for the LCD while all other impact categories (e.g., resource use, energy, ozone depletion, landfill space use, etc.) were greater for the CRT. Energy inputs for CRT glass manufacturing data, for which there was relatively low confidence in the data, drive many of the CRT impacts. When comparing the manufacturing stages of each monitor type, the LCD has more relative burdens on the environment than does the CRT. Using these study results can allow industry to begin focusing on where environmental improvements can be made.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130667932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-09DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924514
F. Taiariol, P. Fea, C. Papuzza, R. Casalino, E. Galbiati, S. Zappa
The use of integrated circuits (ICs) is continually increasing in any kind of industrial products and in particular in the electronic and information and communications technology products. The environmental impact related to the use and production phases of the ICs could be potentially very strong due to the high technological level of the process, the amount of energy and the special materials used for their realization. The aim of this study is to evaluate the environmental impact of an IC during its production and use phases basing on the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. In fact the LCA is a useful tool to quantify the environmental impact. An EPROM IC has been chosen as a representative device for its technological complexity and its large diffusion in the market. Front-end and back-end technological steps have been analyzed in detail. The energy and the fixed consumables (gases, chemicals, ...,) used in the fab have been related to the number of masks. The number of the masking steps is an indicator of process complexity, The data inventory has been obtained from detailed technological analysis, from information obtained directly from material suppliers and from the commercial database. The IC process makes large use of de-ionized water (DI). The reclaim of DI water and other materials is important in order to reduce the total environmental impact. The total inventory for a single EPROM chip has been obtained. The same approach can be extended to other types of ICs.
{"title":"Life cycle assessment of an integrated circuit product","authors":"F. Taiariol, P. Fea, C. Papuzza, R. Casalino, E. Galbiati, S. Zappa","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924514","url":null,"abstract":"The use of integrated circuits (ICs) is continually increasing in any kind of industrial products and in particular in the electronic and information and communications technology products. The environmental impact related to the use and production phases of the ICs could be potentially very strong due to the high technological level of the process, the amount of energy and the special materials used for their realization. The aim of this study is to evaluate the environmental impact of an IC during its production and use phases basing on the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. In fact the LCA is a useful tool to quantify the environmental impact. An EPROM IC has been chosen as a representative device for its technological complexity and its large diffusion in the market. Front-end and back-end technological steps have been analyzed in detail. The energy and the fixed consumables (gases, chemicals, ...,) used in the fab have been related to the number of masks. The number of the masking steps is an indicator of process complexity, The data inventory has been obtained from detailed technological analysis, from information obtained directly from material suppliers and from the commercial database. The IC process makes large use of de-ionized water (DI). The reclaim of DI water and other materials is important in order to reduce the total environmental impact. The total inventory for a single EPROM chip has been obtained. The same approach can be extended to other types of ICs.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123099325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-09DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924540
J. Williams, L. Shu
The long-term goal of this work is to enable design of durable products that facilitates remanufacture. Remanufacturing, or recycling at a part level, involves the production-batch disassembly, restoration to like-new condition and reassembly of used products. Remanufacturing offers significant environmental benefits by retaining the energy, as well as material, embodied in the product during original manufacture, while diverting solid waste from landfills. Since the essential goal of remanufacture is to reuse parts, parts that are not reused enter the waste streams of remanufacturers and represent the ultimate obstacles to remanufacture. Study of these waste streams reveals insights about difficulties in remanufacture and how to avoid these difficulties through product design. Traditionally, remanufacturing has centered on products such as automotive parts and electrical motors, However, the growth in electronic and electrical product sectors has triggered a corresponding growth in the remanufacturing in these sectors. To support design for remanufacture in these sectors, waste streams of remanufacturers of different electronic products, namely laser-printer toner cartridges and telephones, were studied and quantified. This paper presents the results of these waste-stream analyses, including the identification of discard reasons, associated root causes for these discard reasons, and consequently, product design and other characteristics that are problematic for remanufacturing.
{"title":"Analysis of remanufacturer waste streams for electronic products","authors":"J. Williams, L. Shu","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924540","url":null,"abstract":"The long-term goal of this work is to enable design of durable products that facilitates remanufacture. Remanufacturing, or recycling at a part level, involves the production-batch disassembly, restoration to like-new condition and reassembly of used products. Remanufacturing offers significant environmental benefits by retaining the energy, as well as material, embodied in the product during original manufacture, while diverting solid waste from landfills. Since the essential goal of remanufacture is to reuse parts, parts that are not reused enter the waste streams of remanufacturers and represent the ultimate obstacles to remanufacture. Study of these waste streams reveals insights about difficulties in remanufacture and how to avoid these difficulties through product design. Traditionally, remanufacturing has centered on products such as automotive parts and electrical motors, However, the growth in electronic and electrical product sectors has triggered a corresponding growth in the remanufacturing in these sectors. To support design for remanufacture in these sectors, waste streams of remanufacturers of different electronic products, namely laser-printer toner cartridges and telephones, were studied and quantified. This paper presents the results of these waste-stream analyses, including the identification of discard reasons, associated root causes for these discard reasons, and consequently, product design and other characteristics that are problematic for remanufacturing.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116277734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-09DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924517
K. Schischke, M. Stutz, J. Ruelle, H. Griese, Herbert Reichl
Intrinsically, semiconductor fabrication processes contain expensive and environmentally sensitive processes. The high purity requirements of input materials coupled with the extreme cleanliness of the processing environment provide a great challenge in managing the potential environmental impacts of this industry. High energy and water consumption and the throughput of hazardous auxiliaries give rise to additional environmental concerns. This paper presents a methodology for a life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) employed for a Motorola wafer fab. The LCI focuses on the generation of a complete data set of mass and energy flows for a wafer fab and the identification of environmentally significant aspects in wafer processing. Process modules within the infrastructure and the fab processes are identified as environmentally significant according to the consumption of energy, raw water, chemicals, gases and the origin of waste, wastewater, and emissions. The use of infrastructure facilities by fab processes is taken into account. The practical methodology worked out by Fraunhofer IZM and Motorola is a guideline to combine ecological and economical aspects and can be applied to realize environmental improvements within a company. The LCI data set is a basis for an impact assessment to gain LCA data for one of the most important processes in semiconductor fabrication. Corresponding methodologies for impact assessments are discussed.
{"title":"Life cycle inventory analysis and identification of environmentally significant aspects in semiconductor manufacturing","authors":"K. Schischke, M. Stutz, J. Ruelle, H. Griese, Herbert Reichl","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924517","url":null,"abstract":"Intrinsically, semiconductor fabrication processes contain expensive and environmentally sensitive processes. The high purity requirements of input materials coupled with the extreme cleanliness of the processing environment provide a great challenge in managing the potential environmental impacts of this industry. High energy and water consumption and the throughput of hazardous auxiliaries give rise to additional environmental concerns. This paper presents a methodology for a life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) employed for a Motorola wafer fab. The LCI focuses on the generation of a complete data set of mass and energy flows for a wafer fab and the identification of environmentally significant aspects in wafer processing. Process modules within the infrastructure and the fab processes are identified as environmentally significant according to the consumption of energy, raw water, chemicals, gases and the origin of waste, wastewater, and emissions. The use of infrastructure facilities by fab processes is taken into account. The practical methodology worked out by Fraunhofer IZM and Motorola is a guideline to combine ecological and economical aspects and can be applied to realize environmental improvements within a company. The LCI data set is a basis for an impact assessment to gain LCA data for one of the most important processes in semiconductor fabrication. Corresponding methodologies for impact assessments are discussed.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129163015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-09DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924525
H. S. Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Denise L. Soh, Green
The advent of the Internet and e-commerce has brought a new way of marketing and selling many products, including books. The system-wide impacts of this shift in retail methods on cost and the environment are still unclear. While reductions in inventories and returns provide significant environmental savings, some of the major concerns of the new e-commerce business model are the energy and packaging materials used by the logistics networks for product fulfilment and delivery. In this paper, we analyze the different logistics networks and assess the environmental and cost impacts of different delivery systems. We find that the definition of analysis system boundaries and input assumptions determines the overall assessment of economic and environmental impacts of e-commerce for book retailing. With a return (remainder) rate of 35% for best-selling books, e-commerce logistics are less costly and create lower environmental impacts, especially if private auto travel for shopping is included. Without book returns, costs are comparable.
{"title":"The net effect: environmental implications of e-commerce and logistics","authors":"H. S. Matthews, Chris T. Hendrickson, Denise L. Soh, Green","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924525","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of the Internet and e-commerce has brought a new way of marketing and selling many products, including books. The system-wide impacts of this shift in retail methods on cost and the environment are still unclear. While reductions in inventories and returns provide significant environmental savings, some of the major concerns of the new e-commerce business model are the energy and packaging materials used by the logistics networks for product fulfilment and delivery. In this paper, we analyze the different logistics networks and assess the environmental and cost impacts of different delivery systems. We find that the definition of analysis system boundaries and input assumptions determines the overall assessment of economic and environmental impacts of e-commerce for book retailing. With a return (remainder) rate of 35% for best-selling books, e-commerce logistics are less costly and create lower environmental impacts, especially if private auto travel for shopping is included. Without book returns, costs are comparable.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130243543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924529
K. Hieronymi
During the 1980s, industrialised countries in Europe experienced a shortage of landfills. This lead National Governments and EU authorities to investigate regulations to direct waste streams to recycling and incineration. Besides packaging, cars and batteries, waste from electronic and electric products was identified as a major component of the generic waste stream which could be easily diverted to alternative processes other than landfill. After 2 years of discussion with interested parties, the EU-Commission has released a draft Directive on Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). This Directive is being discussed in the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers. Depending on the outcome, this Directive may be finalized in Spring 2002 (the earliest date) and will have to be implemented in national legislation within 18 months (end of 2004). However, some countries have already moved ahead and implemented local WEEE-type legislation: Norway, Holland, Italy, Switzerland (not an EU Country). The Swedish and Belgian legislation came into force in July 2001.
{"title":"Implementing the WEEE Directive","authors":"K. Hieronymi","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924529","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1980s, industrialised countries in Europe experienced a shortage of landfills. This lead National Governments and EU authorities to investigate regulations to direct waste streams to recycling and incineration. Besides packaging, cars and batteries, waste from electronic and electric products was identified as a major component of the generic waste stream which could be easily diverted to alternative processes other than landfill. After 2 years of discussion with interested parties, the EU-Commission has released a draft Directive on Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). This Directive is being discussed in the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers. Depending on the outcome, this Directive may be finalized in Spring 2002 (the earliest date) and will have to be implemented in national legislation within 18 months (end of 2004). However, some countries have already moved ahead and implemented local WEEE-type legislation: Norway, Holland, Italy, Switzerland (not an EU Country). The Swedish and Belgian legislation came into force in July 2001.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124243446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924530
B. Riise, L. Allen, M. Biddle, M. Fisher
The properties of products made from recycled plastics are in part determined by the level and types of impurities found in the primary plastic. The removal of other plastics is essential if the properties are to approach those of virgin resin. Purification of plastic resins is achieved by exploiting differences in material properties of the different plastic types. Differences in density and surface properties have been shown to allow for the separation of a number of plastic materials. In many cases, streams of recycled plastic are composed of flakes of a wide variety of colors. The flakes can also range from clear to opaque. Separation of plastics into groups of similar colors can greatly increase their value because they can be colored to meet reasonable specifications much more easily. Sometimes, the different colors might correspond to different types of plastics, so their separation is desirable. For these reasons, the sorting of plastics based on color may prove to be a valuable separation technique for recycled plastic flakes. In this study undertaken jointly by the American Plastics Council and MBA Polymers, color sorting was applied to the separation of white, gray and black plastics from end-of-life electronic equipment. The composition dependence of sorting was investigated experimentally and compared with a theoretical model. Results indicate that increased levels of impurities decrease the throughput rate and result in increased impurity levels in both product and reject streams. The removal of black from a mixture of black and gray flakes was also demonstrated as a way to control product color.
{"title":"Value added color sorting of recycled plastic flake from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment","authors":"B. Riise, L. Allen, M. Biddle, M. Fisher","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924530","url":null,"abstract":"The properties of products made from recycled plastics are in part determined by the level and types of impurities found in the primary plastic. The removal of other plastics is essential if the properties are to approach those of virgin resin. Purification of plastic resins is achieved by exploiting differences in material properties of the different plastic types. Differences in density and surface properties have been shown to allow for the separation of a number of plastic materials. In many cases, streams of recycled plastic are composed of flakes of a wide variety of colors. The flakes can also range from clear to opaque. Separation of plastics into groups of similar colors can greatly increase their value because they can be colored to meet reasonable specifications much more easily. Sometimes, the different colors might correspond to different types of plastics, so their separation is desirable. For these reasons, the sorting of plastics based on color may prove to be a valuable separation technique for recycled plastic flakes. In this study undertaken jointly by the American Plastics Council and MBA Polymers, color sorting was applied to the separation of white, gray and black plastics from end-of-life electronic equipment. The composition dependence of sorting was investigated experimentally and compared with a theoretical model. Results indicate that increased levels of impurities decrease the throughput rate and result in increased impurity levels in both product and reject streams. The removal of black from a mixture of black and gray flakes was also demonstrated as a way to control product color.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122669763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924494
R. Bailey, B. Bras, J. Allen
As the negative environmental implications of a modern industrial economy have begun to be recognized, a growing comprehension of the key role of material flows in industrial systems has developed. To this end, several indices characterizing material cycling have been developed. Current indices of material cycling for industrial systems, however, do not effectively measure cycling due to the lack of consideration of both direct and indirect flows in a system. A physical flow modeling approach from ecology, input-output flow analysis, is used in this study to develop cycling indices to address the limited scope of existing measures. The input-output cycling metrics, by definition, measure the percent of flows in a system or in a particular process that are cycled. The input-output cycling indices are compared to traditional industrial cycling metrics in this paper with a set of hypothetical cases. From these comparisons, the traditional cycling metrics are shown to not effectively measure cycling in complex material flow systems.
{"title":"Measuring material cycling in industrial systems","authors":"R. Bailey, B. Bras, J. Allen","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924494","url":null,"abstract":"As the negative environmental implications of a modern industrial economy have begun to be recognized, a growing comprehension of the key role of material flows in industrial systems has developed. To this end, several indices characterizing material cycling have been developed. Current indices of material cycling for industrial systems, however, do not effectively measure cycling due to the lack of consideration of both direct and indirect flows in a system. A physical flow modeling approach from ecology, input-output flow analysis, is used in this study to develop cycling indices to address the limited scope of existing measures. The input-output cycling metrics, by definition, measure the percent of flows in a system or in a particular process that are cycled. The input-output cycling indices are compared to traditional industrial cycling metrics in this paper with a set of hypothetical cases. From these comparisons, the traditional cycling metrics are shown to not effectively measure cycling in complex material flow systems.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"744 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122005494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924519
X. Qian, Y. Yu, H. Zhang
Nowadays, pollution caused by electromechanical products becomes more and more serious. In order to greatly reduce the pollution generated by a product at various stages of its life cycle, the designers have to consider the environmental impact of the product as early as its design stage. Because modularity design of a product will reduce its environmental impact generated at its various stages, this paper presents the modularity design schema at first. The authors introduce the fuzzy relationship to express the interaction among components in a product. Based on the popular modularity concept, this paper sets up a modularity environmentally conscious model. It provides a mathematical foundation for the future environmentally conscious design. This paper also introduces the Design for "X" and Eco-indicator to assess the alternatives for the design alternatives of a product.
{"title":"A semi-quantitative methodology of environmentally conscious design for electromechanical products","authors":"X. Qian, Y. Yu, H. Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924519","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, pollution caused by electromechanical products becomes more and more serious. In order to greatly reduce the pollution generated by a product at various stages of its life cycle, the designers have to consider the environmental impact of the product as early as its design stage. Because modularity design of a product will reduce its environmental impact generated at its various stages, this paper presents the modularity design schema at first. The authors introduce the fuzzy relationship to express the interaction among components in a product. Based on the popular modularity concept, this paper sets up a modularity environmentally conscious model. It provides a mathematical foundation for the future environmentally conscious design. This paper also introduces the Design for \"X\" and Eco-indicator to assess the alternatives for the design alternatives of a product.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128093698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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