Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924511
R. Hale, J. R. Kirby, T. Mann, D. Pitts
This paper documents IBM's experiences in its efforts to offer coordinated worldwide product takeback (PTB) services. The extensive range of activities performed by the existing large network of IBM(R) refurbishment, reutilization, and recycling centers (>30) associated with product end-of-life management (PELM) are described and related to return logistic models covering various geographies and legislative climates. Recently, there has been increased emphasis by IBM on offering a PTB program that individual consumers as well as businesses of all sizes could use to conveniently recycle computer hardware in the US. The elements of this program are reviewed. More importantly perhaps, though this offering has been well received by customers and the media, a broader industry based solution needs to be pursued to make PTB more cost effective and universally acceptable. To this end, alternatives and factors that need to be examined collectively by the IT industry, municipalities, and electronic recyclers are proposed for consideration.
{"title":"An overview of IBM product takeback programs: \"considerations for commercial and consumer computer returns\"","authors":"R. Hale, J. R. Kirby, T. Mann, D. Pitts","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924511","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents IBM's experiences in its efforts to offer coordinated worldwide product takeback (PTB) services. The extensive range of activities performed by the existing large network of IBM(R) refurbishment, reutilization, and recycling centers (>30) associated with product end-of-life management (PELM) are described and related to return logistic models covering various geographies and legislative climates. Recently, there has been increased emphasis by IBM on offering a PTB program that individual consumers as well as businesses of all sizes could use to conveniently recycle computer hardware in the US. The elements of this program are reviewed. More importantly perhaps, though this offering has been well received by customers and the media, a broader industry based solution needs to be pursued to make PTB more cost effective and universally acceptable. To this end, alternatives and factors that need to be examined collectively by the IT industry, municipalities, and electronic recyclers are proposed for consideration.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126881671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924493
F. Hermann, H. Urbach, H. Wendschlag
The IT Industry in Europe has been challenged with an increasing number of eco-labels for their products. What these ask for and which references need to be looked at are considered as well as a position paper issued by the industry association EICTA (European Information and Communications Technology Industry Association). An attempt is made to explain the industry position illustrating the current challenges and issues with the accepted ISO standards in mind.
{"title":"Eco-labelling and the information technology (IT) industry","authors":"F. Hermann, H. Urbach, H. Wendschlag","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924493","url":null,"abstract":"The IT Industry in Europe has been challenged with an increasing number of eco-labels for their products. What these ask for and which references need to be looked at are considered as well as a position paper issued by the industry association EICTA (European Information and Communications Technology Industry Association). An attempt is made to explain the industry position illustrating the current challenges and issues with the accepted ISO standards in mind.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132712105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924532
E. Grenchus, S. Johnson, D. McDonnell
Environmental performance continues to be a focus item for many information technology companies. Regulations, laws, corporate and consumer awareness, as well as competitiveness, have companies initiating actions to reduce hazardous material, to take back their products, and to minimize product energy usage to name a few. To address these concerns and resultant performance measures, companies usually implement singular programs to address specific attributes within the spectrum of environmental activity. Sometimes even two or three programs are tied together, such as design for disassembly (DFD) and design for the environment (DFE). Rarely are multiple attributes addressed through one program. However, when examined closely, key aspects of the reverse logistics network can be linked and used to demonstrate how a company might use product end of life dispositioning to support its environmental activities and achieve financial success. This paper highlights how the Global Asset Recovery Services (GARS) organization of IBM's Global Financing division has integrated some of the key components of its reverse logistics network to support and enhance environmental performance. Industry challenges and practices associated with returning IT assets are examined. IBM's approach to these challenges as well as current and planned activities within the scope of resale, reuse, remanufacturing, demanufacturing, and disposal of returned computer and peripheral systems are discussed. Where applicable, data is used to indicate potential effectiveness, savings, or improvements.
{"title":"Improving environmental performance through reverse logistics at IBM(R)","authors":"E. Grenchus, S. Johnson, D. McDonnell","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924532","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental performance continues to be a focus item for many information technology companies. Regulations, laws, corporate and consumer awareness, as well as competitiveness, have companies initiating actions to reduce hazardous material, to take back their products, and to minimize product energy usage to name a few. To address these concerns and resultant performance measures, companies usually implement singular programs to address specific attributes within the spectrum of environmental activity. Sometimes even two or three programs are tied together, such as design for disassembly (DFD) and design for the environment (DFE). Rarely are multiple attributes addressed through one program. However, when examined closely, key aspects of the reverse logistics network can be linked and used to demonstrate how a company might use product end of life dispositioning to support its environmental activities and achieve financial success. This paper highlights how the Global Asset Recovery Services (GARS) organization of IBM's Global Financing division has integrated some of the key components of its reverse logistics network to support and enhance environmental performance. Industry challenges and practices associated with returning IT assets are examined. IBM's approach to these challenges as well as current and planned activities within the scope of resale, reuse, remanufacturing, demanufacturing, and disposal of returned computer and peripheral systems are discussed. Where applicable, data is used to indicate potential effectiveness, savings, or improvements.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131697478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924538
K. Janssen, A. Stevels
In order to change their environmental product ratings the Dutch Consumer Organisation (DCO) wanted to have available a method to assess the recyclability of televisions. TNO Industrial Technology developed such a method. Several parties have been involved in the recycling of televisions. Eventually the DCO had the final say how the method is to be applied. The research project was set up in two phases. In the first phase a measuring method has been developed. This has been done through discussion meetings (with all involved parties), a pilot (assessment of four televisions) and a final review. The result of the first phase was a test protocol telling how the televisions should be dismantled and what aspects should be measured. The aspects to assess recyclability can be divided in four main categories: ease of disassembly; information provided to the user and the recycler; purity of fractions to be recycled; and chemical content in general. The second phase handles the actual benchmark on twenty televisions. The benchmark was also used to check the practicability of the test protocol and the checklists and forms that go with it. Several adjustments have been made, which resulted in a final test protocol. The results of the assessment are published by the DCO. The method developed appears straightforward in the performance and provides a simple way to assess televisions on recyclability. The method is supported by the industry. The DCO will apply it in its testing programs and will make it available to its sister organisations in Europe.
{"title":"Method to assess the recyclability of televisions from the perspective of consumer organisations","authors":"K. Janssen, A. Stevels","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924538","url":null,"abstract":"In order to change their environmental product ratings the Dutch Consumer Organisation (DCO) wanted to have available a method to assess the recyclability of televisions. TNO Industrial Technology developed such a method. Several parties have been involved in the recycling of televisions. Eventually the DCO had the final say how the method is to be applied. The research project was set up in two phases. In the first phase a measuring method has been developed. This has been done through discussion meetings (with all involved parties), a pilot (assessment of four televisions) and a final review. The result of the first phase was a test protocol telling how the televisions should be dismantled and what aspects should be measured. The aspects to assess recyclability can be divided in four main categories: ease of disassembly; information provided to the user and the recycler; purity of fractions to be recycled; and chemical content in general. The second phase handles the actual benchmark on twenty televisions. The benchmark was also used to check the practicability of the test protocol and the checklists and forms that go with it. Several adjustments have been made, which resulted in a final test protocol. The results of the assessment are published by the DCO. The method developed appears straightforward in the performance and provides a simple way to assess televisions on recyclability. The method is supported by the industry. The DCO will apply it in its testing programs and will make it available to its sister organisations in Europe.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133886008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924498
Günther Seliger, T. Keil, U. Rebafka, Alexander Stenzel
Disassembly processes require flexible tools for loosening and handling operations. Today, disassembly processes require lots of manual labour and a vast variety of tools. Partly destructive tools, which generate and use new acting surfaces, increase the economic viability and promote the reuse of components due to their flexibility. This article describes selected methods of acting surface generation and usage for prototypical tools.
{"title":"Flexible disassembly tools","authors":"Günther Seliger, T. Keil, U. Rebafka, Alexander Stenzel","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924498","url":null,"abstract":"Disassembly processes require flexible tools for loosening and handling operations. Today, disassembly processes require lots of manual labour and a vast variety of tools. Partly destructive tools, which generate and use new acting surfaces, increase the economic viability and promote the reuse of components due to their flexibility. This article describes selected methods of acting surface generation and usage for prototypical tools.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134121069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924544
C. Herrmann, J. Gediga, N. Warburg
Goal of the study is the ecological comparison between ceramic and epoxy based populated printed wiring boards (PWB) by using generic modeled LCA. All relevant differences of the product systems, their manufacturing as well as effects in and from the following life cycle stages are taken into consideration. The methodology of "generic modules based LCA" is used to realize the modeling of two product systems that are marked by so many and different characteristics and application fields. This approach consists of forming flexible modules allowing parameter variation that contain pre-modeled parts and subassemblies. It was already presented formerly and its applicability is proven. Both products focusing on the populated PWBs are modular structured. The LCA modules reflect this structure and allow the calculation of eco-profiles. Also, specific technical issues have to be regarded that a meaningful comparison can take place. For instance the ceramic based hybrid PWB uses pastes with electrical functions like resistors. The paper demonstrates the ecological profiles of both product systems assuming the same functionality and taking into consideration significant technical issues. The comparison shows which modules are affected and how they have been adapted to provide a comparable functional unit. It results in a comprehensive appraisal and evaluation of ecological benefits and burdens. All significant effects-product internal and of their periphery-caused by the differences of epoxy based and ceramic based populated printed wiring boards are discussed, evaluated and interpreted.
{"title":"Eco-comparison between ceramic and epoxy based populated PWBs","authors":"C. Herrmann, J. Gediga, N. Warburg","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924544","url":null,"abstract":"Goal of the study is the ecological comparison between ceramic and epoxy based populated printed wiring boards (PWB) by using generic modeled LCA. All relevant differences of the product systems, their manufacturing as well as effects in and from the following life cycle stages are taken into consideration. The methodology of \"generic modules based LCA\" is used to realize the modeling of two product systems that are marked by so many and different characteristics and application fields. This approach consists of forming flexible modules allowing parameter variation that contain pre-modeled parts and subassemblies. It was already presented formerly and its applicability is proven. Both products focusing on the populated PWBs are modular structured. The LCA modules reflect this structure and allow the calculation of eco-profiles. Also, specific technical issues have to be regarded that a meaningful comparison can take place. For instance the ceramic based hybrid PWB uses pastes with electrical functions like resistors. The paper demonstrates the ecological profiles of both product systems assuming the same functionality and taking into consideration significant technical issues. The comparison shows which modules are affected and how they have been adapted to provide a comparable functional unit. It results in a comprehensive appraisal and evaluation of ecological benefits and burdens. All significant effects-product internal and of their periphery-caused by the differences of epoxy based and ceramic based populated printed wiring boards are discussed, evaluated and interpreted.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128629526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924509
C. Rose, A. Stevels
The environmental impact of a product's end-of-life is modeled, using the End-of-Life Strategy Environmental Impact Model (ELSEIM). The model is based on data from case studies provided by Philips Consumer Electronics. The model calculates the environmental impact across all possible end-of-life strategies (reuse, service, remanufacture, recycle, and disposal). The environmental impacts include the following: manufacturing or extraction, transportation, energy, end-of-life, and packaging. Results from case studies from Philips Consumer Electronics show that the popular belief that reuse is the best end-of-life strategy to reduce environmental impact is only partly true: (i) for television, the reuse strategy instead of the current recycling with disassembly strategy brings little gains; if future energy consumption of televisions decreases further the gain will turn into a loss; and (ii) cellular phones are assessed as good candidates for reuse and should be redesigned accordingly.
{"title":"Metrics for end-of-life strategies (ELSEIM)","authors":"C. Rose, A. Stevels","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924509","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental impact of a product's end-of-life is modeled, using the End-of-Life Strategy Environmental Impact Model (ELSEIM). The model is based on data from case studies provided by Philips Consumer Electronics. The model calculates the environmental impact across all possible end-of-life strategies (reuse, service, remanufacture, recycle, and disposal). The environmental impacts include the following: manufacturing or extraction, transportation, energy, end-of-life, and packaging. Results from case studies from Philips Consumer Electronics show that the popular belief that reuse is the best end-of-life strategy to reduce environmental impact is only partly true: (i) for television, the reuse strategy instead of the current recycling with disassembly strategy brings little gains; if future energy consumption of televisions decreases further the gain will turn into a loss; and (ii) cellular phones are assessed as good candidates for reuse and should be redesigned accordingly.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121662949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924545
C. Murphy, G. Pitts
World-wide interest in alternatives to tin-lead (Sn-Pb) solder and to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) continues to grow, in no small part due to the WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive in the European Union. While regulatory and market pressures are the primary drivers in the search for alternatives, there are important efforts underway to understand the environmental impacts and performance of these new materials and systems relative to those they are slated to replace. This paper briefly summarizes these alternatives and the data collected to-date, which will lead to an improved understanding of the relative merits and drawbacks of conventional verses emerging technologies. Included are discussions of technical performance, end-of-life issues, and life-cycle analyses. A bibliography of published papers, reports, and web-sites is provided.
{"title":"Survey of alternatives to tin-lead solder and brominated flame retardants","authors":"C. Murphy, G. Pitts","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924545","url":null,"abstract":"World-wide interest in alternatives to tin-lead (Sn-Pb) solder and to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) continues to grow, in no small part due to the WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive in the European Union. While regulatory and market pressures are the primary drivers in the search for alternatives, there are important efforts underway to understand the environmental impacts and performance of these new materials and systems relative to those they are slated to replace. This paper briefly summarizes these alternatives and the data collected to-date, which will lead to an improved understanding of the relative merits and drawbacks of conventional verses emerging technologies. Included are discussions of technical performance, end-of-life issues, and life-cycle analyses. A bibliography of published papers, reports, and web-sites is provided.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126606475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924523
E. Kitou, E. Masanet, A. Horvath
This paper describes a WWW-based decision support tool for analyzing the environmental and economic impacts of telework over a set of likely parameters and scenarios, exposing crucial system components and sensitivities. It is expected that the analysis provided by this web tool will enable commuters, employees, company managers, and regulators to gain a better understanding of telework-related environmental impacts.
{"title":"Web-based tool for estimating the environmental impacts of telework","authors":"E. Kitou, E. Masanet, A. Horvath","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924523","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a WWW-based decision support tool for analyzing the environmental and economic impacts of telework over a set of likely parameters and scenarios, exposing crucial system components and sensitivities. It is expected that the analysis provided by this web tool will enable commuters, employees, company managers, and regulators to gain a better understanding of telework-related environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132538539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2001.924510
D. Smith, M. Small
The authors describe how the end of life recycling of electronic products can be done at no added cost to society. Recycling infrastructure for electronic waste exists in the United States today that can be both environmentally and economically sustainable. They detail how Sony, over the last ten years, has implemented a three-stage process that has addressed the end of life issues.
{"title":"End of life recycling through free enterprise","authors":"D. Smith, M. Small","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2001.924510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2001.924510","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe how the end of life recycling of electronic products can be done at no added cost to society. Recycling infrastructure for electronic waste exists in the United States today that can be both environmentally and economically sustainable. They detail how Sony, over the last ten years, has implemented a three-stage process that has addressed the end of life issues.","PeriodicalId":448468,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. 2001 IEEE ISEE (Cat. No.01CH37190)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130532667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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