Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1163/16000390-20210033
Maria Hielte
The 13 graves excavated in 1894 by Sam Wide at Aphidna only attracted sporadic attention during the first decades, even though he exposed unusually rich burials. However, over the last 20 years, there has been increased interest, but still with most focus on only one grave, Pithos Grave III. This article combines information from several sources to get a more comprehensive picture, including a thorough re-read of Wide’s original publication in German, an examination of his preserved correspondence and notes, also with a newly discovered original photo taken during the excavation. In addition, recent colour photos of the finds kept in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens are provided. This approach may, in a sense, be termed ‘archaeology in reverse’. Wide was a pioneer in Greek prehistoric studies and the first to identify a then-unknown phase between the Early and the Middle Bronze Age, based on the Aphidna finds. His detailed descriptions of the excavation, including the large bowls placed outside the pithos graves, also contribute to reconstructing burial rites. After 130 years, with many new contemporary sites now available, new insights into regional perspectives can be gained.
{"title":"Aphidna’s Prehistoric Tumulus in North Attica from around 2000 BC. A Comprehensive Re-assessment of Sam Wide’s 1894 Excavation","authors":"Maria Hielte","doi":"10.1163/16000390-20210033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The 13 graves excavated in 1894 by Sam Wide at Aphidna only attracted sporadic attention during the first decades, even though he exposed unusually rich burials. However, over the last 20 years, there has been increased interest, but still with most focus on only one grave, Pithos Grave III. This article combines information from several sources to get a more comprehensive picture, including a thorough re-read of Wide’s original publication in German, an examination of his preserved correspondence and notes, also with a newly discovered original photo taken during the excavation. In addition, recent colour photos of the finds kept in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens are provided. This approach may, in a sense, be termed ‘archaeology in reverse’. Wide was a pioneer in Greek prehistoric studies and the first to identify a then-unknown phase between the Early and the Middle Bronze Age, based on the Aphidna finds. His detailed descriptions of the excavation, including the large bowls placed outside the pithos graves, also contribute to reconstructing burial rites. After 130 years, with many new contemporary sites now available, new insights into regional perspectives can be gained.","PeriodicalId":44857,"journal":{"name":"ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46172569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1163/16000390-20210034
Matasha Mazis, Matthias Klein
Copper alloy wire fragments were examined using XRF, optical light microscopy and SEM-EDS. The specimens come from archaeological excavations at Jebel Khalid in Syria, dating from the 3rd century BCE (the Hellenistic period) to the Roman period. Our results show that several techniques were employed to make the wires: forging, folding, strip twisting, and possibly ‘strip drawing’. We investigated the morphologies, treatments, and fabrications attributed to making wire from copper alloys compared to more ductile materials such as gold and silver. Evidence of extensive annealing and non-uniform, sub-round profiles, and uneven and faceted surfaces represent the challenges of working with the material. There is no obvious evidence of solid wire drawing. The metalworkers used different copper alloys to make wire, some with high levels of lead (Pb). Subtle joins were observed in some samples, whereas others had evident folds and directional structures. The findings contribute new evidence to enhance our understanding of base-metal wire development in antiquity.
{"title":"Fold, Twist, and Draw – Techniques of Copper Alloy Wire Production from Hellenistic Jebel Khalid","authors":"Matasha Mazis, Matthias Klein","doi":"10.1163/16000390-20210034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Copper alloy wire fragments were examined using XRF, optical light microscopy and SEM-EDS. The specimens come from archaeological excavations at Jebel Khalid in Syria, dating from the 3rd century BCE (the Hellenistic period) to the Roman period. Our results show that several techniques were employed to make the wires: forging, folding, strip twisting, and possibly ‘strip drawing’. We investigated the morphologies, treatments, and fabrications attributed to making wire from copper alloys compared to more ductile materials such as gold and silver. Evidence of extensive annealing and non-uniform, sub-round profiles, and uneven and faceted surfaces represent the challenges of working with the material. There is no obvious evidence of solid wire drawing. The metalworkers used different copper alloys to make wire, some with high levels of lead (Pb). Subtle joins were observed in some samples, whereas others had evident folds and directional structures. The findings contribute new evidence to enhance our understanding of base-metal wire development in antiquity.","PeriodicalId":44857,"journal":{"name":"ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41763551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1163/16000390-20210039
A. Simniškytė, A. Selskienė
The archaeological discoveries of metallurgical waste in Lithuania have established that metallurgical activities were commonly connected to settlements. However, recent investigations suggest that even in the case of small-scale production on a homestead industry level, small isolated smelting bloomeries could have existed outside settlements. The work presented in this article introduces the material acquired from the newly discovered prehistoric site on a small island in Lake Aisetas in Eastern Lithuania. The data was acquired through surface and soil sampling surveys, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and small-scale excavations. Metallurgical waste weighing 150 kg was collected without additional evidence to facilitate archaeological interpretation of the finds and their origins. This article aims to characterise the metallurgical waste and deduce the nature of the activity and processes that produced these by-products on the island. Through an exploration of recovery circumstances and a macroscopic examination as well as composition and microstructure analysis of the metallurgical waste, this study intends to answer the following questions: what constitutes the metallurgical waste found on the island; what conclusions can be drawn regarding the ironworking techniques, production scope, and chronology; and how favourable was the studied area for early iron production?
{"title":"Prehistoric Iron Bloomery Debris on a Small Island in Lake Aisetas (Eastern Lithuania)","authors":"A. Simniškytė, A. Selskienė","doi":"10.1163/16000390-20210039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The archaeological discoveries of metallurgical waste in Lithuania have established that metallurgical activities were commonly connected to settlements. However, recent investigations suggest that even in the case of small-scale production on a homestead industry level, small isolated smelting bloomeries could have existed outside settlements.\u0000The work presented in this article introduces the material acquired from the newly discovered prehistoric site on a small island in Lake Aisetas in Eastern Lithuania. The data was acquired through surface and soil sampling surveys, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and small-scale excavations. Metallurgical waste weighing 150 kg was collected without additional evidence to facilitate archaeological interpretation of the finds and their origins.\u0000This article aims to characterise the metallurgical waste and deduce the nature of the activity and processes that produced these by-products on the island. Through an exploration of recovery circumstances and a macroscopic examination as well as composition and microstructure analysis of the metallurgical waste, this study intends to answer the following questions: what constitutes the metallurgical waste found on the island; what conclusions can be drawn regarding the ironworking techniques, production scope, and chronology; and how favourable was the studied area for early iron production?","PeriodicalId":44857,"journal":{"name":"ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47967046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1163/16000390-20210038
Elisabeth Forrestad Swensen, Roos M.R. van Oosten, A. Christophersen
This article aims to illuminate how the management of drinking water and public health in Trondheim, Norway changed from 950 to 1777, from a private to public responsibility. A systematic analysis of five excavations in Trondheim shows that during the Middle Ages, only a few citizens had a well or a cistern on their property. This suggests that fetching water from above-ground sources was a regular practice. In the post-medieval period, this changed as the number of wells increased. However, the well water got polluted, and alternative water sources were too far away for the rising population. 18th-century political ideas emphasised how the citizens were now the state’s greatest resource, which prompted new mentalities on how authorities had to take care of the people. In 1777, the public authorities of Trondheim finally established a public water pipe system, ensuring clean water to its citizens.
{"title":"The Management of Drinking Water in Trondheim from 950 to 1777 as a Source of Changing Attitudes toward Health","authors":"Elisabeth Forrestad Swensen, Roos M.R. van Oosten, A. Christophersen","doi":"10.1163/16000390-20210038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article aims to illuminate how the management of drinking water and public health in Trondheim, Norway changed from 950 to 1777, from a private to public responsibility. A systematic analysis of five excavations in Trondheim shows that during the Middle Ages, only a few citizens had a well or a cistern on their property. This suggests that fetching water from above-ground sources was a regular practice. In the post-medieval period, this changed as the number of wells increased. However, the well water got polluted, and alternative water sources were too far away for the rising population. 18th-century political ideas emphasised how the citizens were now the state’s greatest resource, which prompted new mentalities on how authorities had to take care of the people. In 1777, the public authorities of Trondheim finally established a public water pipe system, ensuring clean water to its citizens.","PeriodicalId":44857,"journal":{"name":"ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48104805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1163/16000390-20210036
Heide W. Nørgaard, E. Pernicka, Helle Vandkilde
This article presents the results of a comprehensive investigation of Fårdrup and Valsømagle-type shafthole axes from Denmark and southern Sweden. The combination of artefact style and typology with trace element and lead isotope data in the analysis has provided new insights into the chronological relationship between these two axe types. This way, we open a new window to long-standing debates surrounding these artefact types. Did Fårdrup and Valsømagle type axes evolve parallel, or did they replace each other chronologically in evolutionary progression? The archaeometallurgical dataset presented in this article includes more than 70 axes. Four axes have been analysed for this article. This large set of data is then assessed against a background of metal analyses which trace the long and winding evolution of the use of bronze in Scandinavia c.2300–1400 BC. Combining these two datasets shows the provenance of the metals and, thus, provides insights into metallurgical developments at the onset of the Nordic Bronze Age (NBA, c.1600 BC). In particular, the shafthole axes offer new evidence of the use of a novel type of copper from the East Alpine region based on chalcopyrite ores. The first occurrences of this low-impurity copper in southern Scandinavia appeared around 1700 BC. However, it would eventually become dominant in c.1600 BC, when the local production of shafthole axes began. Significantly, a fraction of the shafthole axes – Fårdrup and Valsømagle-types alike – consist of low impurity copper most likely derived from the Italian Alps (Trentino), which was absent in earlier periods. By NBA II 1500–1300 BC, most metal objects can be related to this northern Italian copper. We interpret this in terms of chronology: Fårdrup (⁓Koszider) and Valsømagle (⁓Tumulus B1) consisted of similar types of copper, which had declined by the onset of NBA II, all indicating that Fårdrup and Valsømagle style objects flourished before the beginning of NBA II (c.1500 BC). The small influx of north Italian copper in the axes indicates that its arrival began before the breakthrough of NBA II. Therefore, while the results of the metal analyses cannot exclude chronological differences between the two shafthole axe types over the 16th century BC, it is probable that their timelines coincided. In summary, our results display correlations between societal developments and thresholds on the one hand and metal provenances and trade routes on the other.
{"title":"1600 BC: Fårdrup and Valsømagle-Type Axes and the First Evidence of Southern Alpine Metal","authors":"Heide W. Nørgaard, E. Pernicka, Helle Vandkilde","doi":"10.1163/16000390-20210036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article presents the results of a comprehensive investigation of Fårdrup and Valsømagle-type shafthole axes from Denmark and southern Sweden. The combination of artefact style and typology with trace element and lead isotope data in the analysis has provided new insights into the chronological relationship between these two axe types. This way, we open a new window to long-standing debates surrounding these artefact types. Did Fårdrup and Valsømagle type axes evolve parallel, or did they replace each other chronologically in evolutionary progression? The archaeometallurgical dataset presented in this article includes more than 70 axes. Four axes have been analysed for this article. This large set of data is then assessed against a background of metal analyses which trace the long and winding evolution of the use of bronze in Scandinavia c.2300–1400 BC. Combining these two datasets shows the provenance of the metals and, thus, provides insights into metallurgical developments at the onset of the Nordic Bronze Age (NBA, c.1600 BC). In particular, the shafthole axes offer new evidence of the use of a novel type of copper from the East Alpine region based on chalcopyrite ores. The first occurrences of this low-impurity copper in southern Scandinavia appeared around 1700 BC. However, it would eventually become dominant in c.1600 BC, when the local production of shafthole axes began. Significantly, a fraction of the shafthole axes – Fårdrup and Valsømagle-types alike – consist of low impurity copper most likely derived from the Italian Alps (Trentino), which was absent in earlier periods. By NBA II 1500–1300 BC, most metal objects can be related to this northern Italian copper. We interpret this in terms of chronology: Fårdrup (⁓Koszider) and Valsømagle (⁓Tumulus B1) consisted of similar types of copper, which had declined by the onset of NBA II, all indicating that Fårdrup and Valsømagle style objects flourished before the beginning of NBA II (c.1500 BC). The small influx of north Italian copper in the axes indicates that its arrival began before the breakthrough of NBA II. Therefore, while the results of the metal analyses cannot exclude chronological differences between the two shafthole axe types over the 16th century BC, it is probable that their timelines coincided. In summary, our results display correlations between societal developments and thresholds on the one hand and metal provenances and trade routes on the other.","PeriodicalId":44857,"journal":{"name":"ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46961654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1163/16000390-20210032
Andreas Helén, A. Eliasson, S. Wärmländer
Shears, being everyday objects, have received significantly less attention by archaeometallurgists than other edged tools or weapons. Yet, shear blades were forged with the same techniques as blades of, e.g. knives and swords. The most common shear type in ancient times was the bow shears, where the bow had to be flexible so it could be repeatedly bent without cracking or breaking. The shear-maker, therefore, faced the challenge of combining hard steel (the blades) with soft/flexible steel (the bow). In fact, bow shears are one of the first tools to be invented, where metal acts as a spring. Thus, ancient bow shears can be used for investigating the history and development of spring steel technology, which is currently unclear. Here, we present the metallurgical characterization of two 11th–12th c. single-bow shears from Sigtuna, Sweden. Both the blades and the bows of the two shears were found to be of decent quality and much better than in older shears from the Roman period. Although the steel qualities are not quite up to modern standards, this does not in itself prove that the Sigtuna blacksmiths lacked the technological knowledge to make ideal spring steel. Shears are relatively cheap everyday objects intended to be used until they break, at which point they are discarded. Therefore, it might not have been worth the Medieval blacksmiths’ time and effort to perfect the material properties of steel used in shears. The shears’ blades are on par with Medieval-period knife blades, and future studies on ancient shear-making should preferably involve comparisons of shears and knives from the same origins.
{"title":"Metallurgical Characterization of Two 11th–12th Century Single-Bow Shears from Sigtuna, Sweden","authors":"Andreas Helén, A. Eliasson, S. Wärmländer","doi":"10.1163/16000390-20210032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Shears, being everyday objects, have received significantly less attention by archaeometallurgists than other edged tools or weapons. Yet, shear blades were forged with the same techniques as blades of, e.g. knives and swords. The most common shear type in ancient times was the bow shears, where the bow had to be flexible so it could be repeatedly bent without cracking or breaking. The shear-maker, therefore, faced the challenge of combining hard steel (the blades) with soft/flexible steel (the bow). In fact, bow shears are one of the first tools to be invented, where metal acts as a spring. Thus, ancient bow shears can be used for investigating the history and development of spring steel technology, which is currently unclear. Here, we present the metallurgical characterization of two 11th–12th c. single-bow shears from Sigtuna, Sweden. Both the blades and the bows of the two shears were found to be of decent quality and much better than in older shears from the Roman period. Although the steel qualities are not quite up to modern standards, this does not in itself prove that the Sigtuna blacksmiths lacked the technological knowledge to make ideal spring steel. Shears are relatively cheap everyday objects intended to be used until they break, at which point they are discarded. Therefore, it might not have been worth the Medieval blacksmiths’ time and effort to perfect the material properties of steel used in shears. The shears’ blades are on par with Medieval-period knife blades, and future studies on ancient shear-making should preferably involve comparisons of shears and knives from the same origins.","PeriodicalId":44857,"journal":{"name":"ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45255095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1163/16000390-20210037
Gytis Piličiauskas, R. Skipitytė, E. Oras, A. Lucquin, O. Craig, Harry K. Robson
Until now, Šventoji in northwest Lithuania was considered the most northern site of the Neolithic Globular Amphora Culture (hereafter GAC; ca. 3400–2500 cal BC) in Europe. Recently, however, ceramics typologically resembling GAC ware were identified among the materials from the multi-period sites of Abora 1 and Iča in Latvia and further to the north from Tamula in southeast Estonia. Here we present the multi-disciplinary analyses of these ceramics, including their morphology, function and chronology, to ascertain whether they could represent sporadic migrations of GAC groups into the region or exchange and increasing social contacts with the indigenous hunter-gatherers during the period from ca. 3000–2600 cal BC. Overall, our results align with previous studies showing that GAC groups in the Eastern Baltic possibly reorientated their economy from animal husbandry towards fishing, as recently evidenced by the composition of zooarchaeological assemblages, and the organic residue analysis of ceramic vessels, which markedly differ from the GAC communities of Central Europe. Indeed, in several coastal and southern regions of Lithuania, it would appear that some GAC migrants replaced the indigenous Subneolithic forager groups, whilst in other areas, they had little to no impact on the local cultural and economic development.
{"title":"The Globular Amphora Culture in the Eastern Baltic: New Discoveries","authors":"Gytis Piličiauskas, R. Skipitytė, E. Oras, A. Lucquin, O. Craig, Harry K. Robson","doi":"10.1163/16000390-20210037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Until now, Šventoji in northwest Lithuania was considered the most northern site of the Neolithic Globular Amphora Culture (hereafter GAC; ca. 3400–2500 cal BC) in Europe. Recently, however, ceramics typologically resembling GAC ware were identified among the materials from the multi-period sites of Abora 1 and Iča in Latvia and further to the north from Tamula in southeast Estonia. Here we present the multi-disciplinary analyses of these ceramics, including their morphology, function and chronology, to ascertain whether they could represent sporadic migrations of GAC groups into the region or exchange and increasing social contacts with the indigenous hunter-gatherers during the period from ca. 3000–2600 cal BC. Overall, our results align with previous studies showing that GAC groups in the Eastern Baltic possibly reorientated their economy from animal husbandry towards fishing, as recently evidenced by the composition of zooarchaeological assemblages, and the organic residue analysis of ceramic vessels, which markedly differ from the GAC communities of Central Europe. Indeed, in several coastal and southern regions of Lithuania, it would appear that some GAC migrants replaced the indigenous Subneolithic forager groups, whilst in other areas, they had little to no impact on the local cultural and economic development.","PeriodicalId":44857,"journal":{"name":"ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42019460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-22DOI: 10.1163/16000390-20210029
Christian Ammitzbøll Thomsen
Judging from the epigraphic record, the first through third centuries BCE saw the rise of a large number of private cult associations throughout the Greek-speaking world. This was particularly true of Athens. Some associations, however, were more devout than others, at least according to modern historians who have seen in associations of eranistai groups of “venture capitalists” operating under a religious pretext. This paper challenges the traditional taxonomy of cult associations by way of a re-examination of the literary and epigraphic evidence and a comparison between eranistai and other cult associations, primarily thiasōtai and orgeōnes, with a specific focus on various aspects of organisation, membership, and activities in Hellenistic Athens.
{"title":"The Religious Taxonomy of Attic Associations","authors":"Christian Ammitzbøll Thomsen","doi":"10.1163/16000390-20210029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Judging from the epigraphic record, the first through third centuries BCE saw the rise of a large number of private cult associations throughout the Greek-speaking world. This was particularly true of Athens. Some associations, however, were more devout than others, at least according to modern historians who have seen in associations of eranistai groups of “venture capitalists” operating under a religious pretext. This paper challenges the traditional taxonomy of cult associations by way of a re-examination of the literary and epigraphic evidence and a comparison between eranistai and other cult associations, primarily thiasōtai and orgeōnes, with a specific focus on various aspects of organisation, membership, and activities in Hellenistic Athens.","PeriodicalId":44857,"journal":{"name":"ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41658126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-22DOI: 10.1163/16000390-20210013
Dominique Mulliez
The article analyses Erik Hansen’s long collaboration with the French School at Athens and, in particular, his contribution to the architectural study of the Siphnian Treasury and the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the methods he used in this work. It concludes with a brief portrait of the man himself.
{"title":"Erik Hansen and the French School at Athens","authors":"Dominique Mulliez","doi":"10.1163/16000390-20210013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article analyses Erik Hansen’s long collaboration with the French School at Athens and, in particular, his contribution to the architectural study of the Siphnian Treasury and the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the methods he used in this work. It concludes with a brief portrait of the man himself.","PeriodicalId":44857,"journal":{"name":"ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44446562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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