Cypher, which is named ZASP/LDB3, one of the members of PDZ-LIM family, was well known to express in cardiac and skeletal muscles which played a functional role in muscles. It has shown that global deletion of Cypher in mice leads to lethality due to dysfunction of the skeletal muscles. Recently, the MGD database has been shown that conditional deletion of Cypher or gene mutations leads to human disease, the etiology and mechanism of which remained unknown. Therefore, it might be very important that we systemically investigated the expression of Cypher in organs or tissues from developmental stages through adulthood at first. We explored the expression pattern of Cypher by [Formula: see text]-gal staining of Cypher LacZ knockin mice combing with chemical staining, immunostaining and in situ hybridization, suggesting that Cypher might play a functional role in those organs. Further investigation will be done by cooperation with other groups by using the conditional deletion of Cypher or the point mutation of genes in the organs, which studied Cypher expression according to the MGD database.
{"title":"The Expression Pattern of Cypher in the Multiple Organs of Mice","authors":"Chushan Fang, Siyi Xie, Yujie Gao, Yunfu Sun, Xingqun Liang","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421400079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421400079","url":null,"abstract":"Cypher, which is named ZASP/LDB3, one of the members of PDZ-LIM family, was well known to express in cardiac and skeletal muscles which played a functional role in muscles. It has shown that global deletion of Cypher in mice leads to lethality due to dysfunction of the skeletal muscles. Recently, the MGD database has been shown that conditional deletion of Cypher or gene mutations leads to human disease, the etiology and mechanism of which remained unknown. Therefore, it might be very important that we systemically investigated the expression of Cypher in organs or tissues from developmental stages through adulthood at first. We explored the expression pattern of Cypher by [Formula: see text]-gal staining of Cypher LacZ knockin mice combing with chemical staining, immunostaining and in situ hybridization, suggesting that Cypher might play a functional role in those organs. Further investigation will be done by cooperation with other groups by using the conditional deletion of Cypher or the point mutation of genes in the organs, which studied Cypher expression according to the MGD database.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46734652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.1142/s1793984421500045
Fangyong Lou, Jianguo Lei, Jingquan Lin
A simple design of a triple-band terahertz metamaterial absorber is presented in this paper. The proposed absorber only uses a cross metal structure to achieve nearly perfect absorption of the three peaks, and the absorptivities are all over 97%. The structure shows excellent triple-band absorption by combining fundamental mode resonance with high-order resonance (third-order resonance) in a single metal structure, the absorption mechanism is different from most previous multi-band absorbers. By adjusting the structural parameters of the cross metal, a frequency tunable triple-band absorber is obtained. The metal structure is not only simple in graphics but also insensitive to the polarization waves, which is beneficial to manufacturing and practical application. Finally, the sensing performance of the absorber is analyzed in detail by changing the surrounding environmental parameters, which shows that the absorber has great application value in detection and sensing.
{"title":"A Simple Triple-Band Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber Based on Multi-Mode Resonance for Sensing Applications","authors":"Fangyong Lou, Jianguo Lei, Jingquan Lin","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421500045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421500045","url":null,"abstract":"A simple design of a triple-band terahertz metamaterial absorber is presented in this paper. The proposed absorber only uses a cross metal structure to achieve nearly perfect absorption of the three peaks, and the absorptivities are all over 97%. The structure shows excellent triple-band absorption by combining fundamental mode resonance with high-order resonance (third-order resonance) in a single metal structure, the absorption mechanism is different from most previous multi-band absorbers. By adjusting the structural parameters of the cross metal, a frequency tunable triple-band absorber is obtained. The metal structure is not only simple in graphics but also insensitive to the polarization waves, which is beneficial to manufacturing and practical application. Finally, the sensing performance of the absorber is analyzed in detail by changing the surrounding environmental parameters, which shows that the absorber has great application value in detection and sensing.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42333944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Layered double hydroxide nanomaterials (LDH NMs) have been dragging the researchers’ attention toward biomedical applications owing to their physiochemical properties, biocompatibility, environmental sensitivity and good cellular uptake mechanisms. Various synthetic methods have been presented in brief. This paper draws attention toward the modification and functionalization of LDH nanostructures for biomedical applications in targeted and controlled drug release, anticancer, bioimaging, bone therapy and regeneration, gene delivery, ophthalmic and antitumor activities. Further, it explains the properties of conjugated LDH NMs which put forward their possibilities to be used in synthesizing the most demanding vaccine for COVID-19 pandemic. Current scenario, challenges and future perspective of LDH NMs have also been discussed.
{"title":"Layered Double Hydroxide Nanomaterials: Biomedical Applications, Current Status and Challenges","authors":"Ritika Sharma, Bhawna, Sanjeev Kumar, Poonam Singh, Akanksha Gupta, Vinod Kumar","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421300089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421300089","url":null,"abstract":"Layered double hydroxide nanomaterials (LDH NMs) have been dragging the researchers’ attention toward biomedical applications owing to their physiochemical properties, biocompatibility, environmental sensitivity and good cellular uptake mechanisms. Various synthetic methods have been presented in brief. This paper draws attention toward the modification and functionalization of LDH nanostructures for biomedical applications in targeted and controlled drug release, anticancer, bioimaging, bone therapy and regeneration, gene delivery, ophthalmic and antitumor activities. Further, it explains the properties of conjugated LDH NMs which put forward their possibilities to be used in synthesizing the most demanding vaccine for COVID-19 pandemic. Current scenario, challenges and future perspective of LDH NMs have also been discussed.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49629726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-14DOI: 10.1142/s1793984421410014
Yu-Dong Zhao, Jiahui Lai, Min Wang
In recent years, 4D printing has gained increasing attention in the tissue engineering field since this advanced manufacturing platform can create stimulus-responsive structures, which can change their shapes, functions, and/or properties when appropriate external stimulus/stimuli is/are applied. A number of hydrogels with swellable/shrinkable abilities have been explored for 4D printing to fabricate different shape-morphing structures for tissue engineering. Among them, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has been 4D printed, which can self-fold into microtubular structures. Currently, the self-folding ability of 4D printed GelMA hydrogels is mainly based on the different cross-linking degrees (which control and govern the swelling degrees) across the thickness of hydrogels. However, this strategy alone can only form self-folding GelMA tubes with diameters at the micrometer level and cannot create self-folding GelMA tubes with diameters at the millimeter level, which is mainly due to the insufficient internal force generated in 4D printed GelMA hydrogels when they are exposed to water. To overcome this limitation, this study has investigated a new strategy to fabricate self-folding GelMA tubes with large diameters at the millimeter level for tissue engineering applications. The new strategy introduced a cross-linking degree gradient across the GelMA plane in addition to its thickness by printing a second layer of strips on the first 4D printed GelMA film. In the aqueous environment, under the current fabrication condition, such bilayer GelMA hydrogels could self-fold into tubes of larger diameters up to 6[Formula: see text]mm. The in vitro release behavior of heparin incorporated into the 4D printed GelMA was also studied. It was shown that heparin release could be controlled by the GelMA concentration and heparin content in 4D printed GelMA. The 4D printed GelMA hydrogels with the improved self-folding ability and controlled release of a drug are promising for targeted tissue engineering applications.
{"title":"4D Printing of Self-Folding Hydrogel Tubes for Potential Tissue Engineering Applications","authors":"Yu-Dong Zhao, Jiahui Lai, Min Wang","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421410014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421410014","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, 4D printing has gained increasing attention in the tissue engineering field since this advanced manufacturing platform can create stimulus-responsive structures, which can change their shapes, functions, and/or properties when appropriate external stimulus/stimuli is/are applied. A number of hydrogels with swellable/shrinkable abilities have been explored for 4D printing to fabricate different shape-morphing structures for tissue engineering. Among them, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has been 4D printed, which can self-fold into microtubular structures. Currently, the self-folding ability of 4D printed GelMA hydrogels is mainly based on the different cross-linking degrees (which control and govern the swelling degrees) across the thickness of hydrogels. However, this strategy alone can only form self-folding GelMA tubes with diameters at the micrometer level and cannot create self-folding GelMA tubes with diameters at the millimeter level, which is mainly due to the insufficient internal force generated in 4D printed GelMA hydrogels when they are exposed to water. To overcome this limitation, this study has investigated a new strategy to fabricate self-folding GelMA tubes with large diameters at the millimeter level for tissue engineering applications. The new strategy introduced a cross-linking degree gradient across the GelMA plane in addition to its thickness by printing a second layer of strips on the first 4D printed GelMA film. In the aqueous environment, under the current fabrication condition, such bilayer GelMA hydrogels could self-fold into tubes of larger diameters up to 6[Formula: see text]mm. The in vitro release behavior of heparin incorporated into the 4D printed GelMA was also studied. It was shown that heparin release could be controlled by the GelMA concentration and heparin content in 4D printed GelMA. The 4D printed GelMA hydrogels with the improved self-folding ability and controlled release of a drug are promising for targeted tissue engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43530748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1142/s1793984421300077
D. Das, Anuj Kumar, V. K. Vashistha
During last two decades, the biggest global epidemic had been associated with middle east respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and novel coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) with clinical symptoms of bronchitis, pneumonia, and fetal respiratory illness. Infection caused by COVID-19 initially assumed to be milder in nature but consequently spreading across the globe and devastating mortality rate rapidly made it a pandemic. Having enormous challenges, many significant issues are yet to be addressed. Scientific community is engaged in designing and developing effective nano-biosensors for the quick detection of COVID-19, easy diagnosis as well as absolute tracking of infected population in order to prevent pandemic outbreak further. In this paper, key stages like suppressing the immune response of COVID-19 patients, diagnosis of COVID-19, and prevention of COVID-19 using nanomaterials have been discussed. Further, the unresolved challenges and drawbacks toward treatments and vaccine development at the earliest to win over this war have also been critically discussed.
{"title":"Advancement in Nanomaterials for Rapid Sensing, Diagnosis, and Prevention of COVID-19","authors":"D. Das, Anuj Kumar, V. K. Vashistha","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421300077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421300077","url":null,"abstract":"During last two decades, the biggest global epidemic had been associated with middle east respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and novel coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) with clinical symptoms of bronchitis, pneumonia, and fetal respiratory illness. Infection caused by COVID-19 initially assumed to be milder in nature but consequently spreading across the globe and devastating mortality rate rapidly made it a pandemic. Having enormous challenges, many significant issues are yet to be addressed. Scientific community is engaged in designing and developing effective nano-biosensors for the quick detection of COVID-19, easy diagnosis as well as absolute tracking of infected population in order to prevent pandemic outbreak further. In this paper, key stages like suppressing the immune response of COVID-19 patients, diagnosis of COVID-19, and prevention of COVID-19 using nanomaterials have been discussed. Further, the unresolved challenges and drawbacks toward treatments and vaccine development at the earliest to win over this war have also been critically discussed.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49556428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.1142/s1793984421500033
Yichang Yu, Ziyuyang Zheng, Wei Liao, Y. Yao, F. Peng, Tingting Chen, J. Wu, Li Feng
A novel spherical N-CQDs/BiOI photocatalyst was successfully synthesized through a facile solvothermal method. The optimization experiments of hydrothermal time and temperature were carried out. The effect of ammonium citrate addition was investigated. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum and elemental analysis. The adsorption and photocatalytic performance of as-synthesized photocatalysts were studied, 0.2N-CQDs/BiOI showed the best performance. For the removal of anionic dye RhB, adsorption occupied a major position. The maximum adsorption capacity was 97.09[Formula: see text]mg/g for RhB. For the removal of cationic dyes X3B, photocatalysis occupied a major position. The photocatalytic activity of 0.2N-CQDs/BiOI was superior to that of nano-TiO2 under the simulate sunlight irradiation. Different scavengers were used to analyze the effect of active species and photocatalytic degradation mechanism of X3B. The outstanding stability and performance make 0.2N-CQDs/BiOI has highly potential applications in wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Fabrication of N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots/BiOI Nanocomposite and Its Efficient Photocatalytic Activity Under Visible-Light Irradiation","authors":"Yichang Yu, Ziyuyang Zheng, Wei Liao, Y. Yao, F. Peng, Tingting Chen, J. Wu, Li Feng","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421500033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421500033","url":null,"abstract":"A novel spherical N-CQDs/BiOI photocatalyst was successfully synthesized through a facile solvothermal method. The optimization experiments of hydrothermal time and temperature were carried out. The effect of ammonium citrate addition was investigated. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum and elemental analysis. The adsorption and photocatalytic performance of as-synthesized photocatalysts were studied, 0.2N-CQDs/BiOI showed the best performance. For the removal of anionic dye RhB, adsorption occupied a major position. The maximum adsorption capacity was 97.09[Formula: see text]mg/g for RhB. For the removal of cationic dyes X3B, photocatalysis occupied a major position. The photocatalytic activity of 0.2N-CQDs/BiOI was superior to that of nano-TiO2 under the simulate sunlight irradiation. Different scavengers were used to analyze the effect of active species and photocatalytic degradation mechanism of X3B. The outstanding stability and performance make 0.2N-CQDs/BiOI has highly potential applications in wastewater treatment.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45479716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.1142/s1793984421300090
D. Singh, R. Verma
Polymers are widely used in biomedical implants due to their low cost, ability to shape easily in different ways, low friction and strong anti-corrosion properties. Numerous polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyurethane (PU), Epoxy and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are used to develop modified biomaterials applications. Among these polymers, UHMWPE stands out as a polymer with superior customization properties to satisfy specific requirements of the human body. Investigations show that the medical-grade and prosthetic product market gained dominance in 2020, accounting for over 30% of global sales. UHMWPE has proven its dominance in tribological applications such as bearings and biomedical components. Despite its exceptional tribological properties, UHMWPE struggles with drawbacks such as poor load-bearing capability and low thermal stability. Researchers are working on various paths to develop UHMWPE composites and hybrid composites with nano/micro fillers to develop a composite framework to address these challenges. This review paper aims to amalgamate the results from these studies. It provides an overview of the studies conducted and their contribution to our current understanding of various routes taken by different researchers to enhance the tribological efficiency of UHMWPE biomaterials. This discussion may inspire the development of low friction and improved wear resistance properties in polymer (UHMWPE) biomaterial composites.
{"title":"Contemporary Development on the Performance and Functionalization of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) for Biomedical Implants","authors":"D. Singh, R. Verma","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421300090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421300090","url":null,"abstract":"Polymers are widely used in biomedical implants due to their low cost, ability to shape easily in different ways, low friction and strong anti-corrosion properties. Numerous polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyurethane (PU), Epoxy and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are used to develop modified biomaterials applications. Among these polymers, UHMWPE stands out as a polymer with superior customization properties to satisfy specific requirements of the human body. Investigations show that the medical-grade and prosthetic product market gained dominance in 2020, accounting for over 30% of global sales. UHMWPE has proven its dominance in tribological applications such as bearings and biomedical components. Despite its exceptional tribological properties, UHMWPE struggles with drawbacks such as poor load-bearing capability and low thermal stability. Researchers are working on various paths to develop UHMWPE composites and hybrid composites with nano/micro fillers to develop a composite framework to address these challenges. This review paper aims to amalgamate the results from these studies. It provides an overview of the studies conducted and their contribution to our current understanding of various routes taken by different researchers to enhance the tribological efficiency of UHMWPE biomaterials. This discussion may inspire the development of low friction and improved wear resistance properties in polymer (UHMWPE) biomaterial composites.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45359429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.1142/s1793984421410026
Zining Wang, Xinliang Ye, Yingxian Lin, Zhishan Tan, Yuming Liu, Jie Li, J. Yin, Dejian Zhu, Mingze Ma, Xiang Wang, B. Lu, Li Wang, Chong Wang
The demand for treating degenerative osteoarthritis is dramatically growing during the past decade due to the increasing aging population. Compared to arthroscopic debridement and injection of lubricating hydrogels, implantation of a cartilage tissue engineering scaffold with a customized architecture and excellent stem cell delivery ability has been deemed as a superior alternative to regenerate defected cartilage tissues. However, relatively low mechanical strength of cell-laden hydrogel limits its potential in treating diseased/defected cartilage or tissues with an anisotropic structure. In this study, a composite cell-laden scaffold composed of three-dimensional (3D) fibrous patterns which was made through near-field electrospinning direct write (NEDW) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-laden collagen I (COL I) hydrogel was fabricated. The hydrogel acted as a favorable microenvironment to load cells and growth factors to facilitate chondrogenic differentiation while the 3D fibrous patterns made of poly(caprolactone)-reinforced hydrogels and provided the composite scaffolds with a precisely designed micro-architecture. Compared to hydrogel scaffold alone, the fabricated composite scaffold had significantly higher mechanical properties. The composite scaffolds were biocompatible and can accelerate the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs by up-regulating the expression of SOX9, collagen II (COL II) and aggrecan (ACAN), when transforming growth factor (TGF)-[Formula: see text]1 was loaded in COL I hydrogel. However, the morphology of differentiated cells was not identical to that of the natural chondrocytes, suggesting that the modulation of initial MSC morphology is needed to pursue the target phenotype after the chondrogenic differentiation.
{"title":"Near-Field Direct Write Microfiber-Reinforced Collagen Hydrogel Scaffolds for Articular Cartilage Regeneration","authors":"Zining Wang, Xinliang Ye, Yingxian Lin, Zhishan Tan, Yuming Liu, Jie Li, J. Yin, Dejian Zhu, Mingze Ma, Xiang Wang, B. Lu, Li Wang, Chong Wang","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421410026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421410026","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for treating degenerative osteoarthritis is dramatically growing during the past decade due to the increasing aging population. Compared to arthroscopic debridement and injection of lubricating hydrogels, implantation of a cartilage tissue engineering scaffold with a customized architecture and excellent stem cell delivery ability has been deemed as a superior alternative to regenerate defected cartilage tissues. However, relatively low mechanical strength of cell-laden hydrogel limits its potential in treating diseased/defected cartilage or tissues with an anisotropic structure. In this study, a composite cell-laden scaffold composed of three-dimensional (3D) fibrous patterns which was made through near-field electrospinning direct write (NEDW) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-laden collagen I (COL I) hydrogel was fabricated. The hydrogel acted as a favorable microenvironment to load cells and growth factors to facilitate chondrogenic differentiation while the 3D fibrous patterns made of poly(caprolactone)-reinforced hydrogels and provided the composite scaffolds with a precisely designed micro-architecture. Compared to hydrogel scaffold alone, the fabricated composite scaffold had significantly higher mechanical properties. The composite scaffolds were biocompatible and can accelerate the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs by up-regulating the expression of SOX9, collagen II (COL II) and aggrecan (ACAN), when transforming growth factor (TGF)-[Formula: see text]1 was loaded in COL I hydrogel. However, the morphology of differentiated cells was not identical to that of the natural chondrocytes, suggesting that the modulation of initial MSC morphology is needed to pursue the target phenotype after the chondrogenic differentiation.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47937614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.1142/s1793984421300107
P. Garg
The new COVID-19 variants are triggering a fresh panic all around. Scientists still have not found any closely related identification of these variants in the context of their evolution. The scrupulous deletion/mutations recognized inside the spike protein of the variants are emerging with an amplified pace and are observed to be associated with the alterations in the receptor-binding region (RBD) of the spike protein. This paper highlights the reported mechanistic studies conducted on SARS-CoV-2 mutant variants; the mutant virus’s ability in response to the antibody recognition to evade the immune system in humans. The role of cellular immunity in response to its interaction with SARS-CoV-2 variants and importantly the discussion on the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 disease with therapeutic antibodies and vaccines has been highlighted. It is expected that this may likely be interesting and helpful for readers in clearing all their presumptions related to the spreading severity of the mutant virus strains and more importantly the effectiveness of current and upcoming vaccines for its possible control.
{"title":"The New Variants of Corona-Virus Mutations: An Understanding to Their Infectivity, Immunological Tolerance and Vaccine Efficacy","authors":"P. Garg","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421300107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421300107","url":null,"abstract":"The new COVID-19 variants are triggering a fresh panic all around. Scientists still have not found any closely related identification of these variants in the context of their evolution. The scrupulous deletion/mutations recognized inside the spike protein of the variants are emerging with an amplified pace and are observed to be associated with the alterations in the receptor-binding region (RBD) of the spike protein. This paper highlights the reported mechanistic studies conducted on SARS-CoV-2 mutant variants; the mutant virus’s ability in response to the antibody recognition to evade the immune system in humans. The role of cellular immunity in response to its interaction with SARS-CoV-2 variants and importantly the discussion on the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 disease with therapeutic antibodies and vaccines has been highlighted. It is expected that this may likely be interesting and helpful for readers in clearing all their presumptions related to the spreading severity of the mutant virus strains and more importantly the effectiveness of current and upcoming vaccines for its possible control.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46234587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Normal development of the colon is essential for well-being during the life span. Integrin linked kinase (ILK), which is a key part of the integrin signaling pathway, connects intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways and is evolutionally conserved. It has been shown that ILK knockouts can lead to abnormal formation of various organs. In our study, we found that deletion of ILK by platelet-derived growth factor receptor B (PDGFR[Formula: see text]-Cre leads to the abnormal migration of neural crest cells (NCCs) and the shortening of the gastrointestinal tract, along with the expansion of the colon cavity and dysplasia of the intestinal nerve fibers. In conclusion, ILK is required for normal colon development.
{"title":"Loss of Integrin-Linked Kinase Leads to Dysplasia of the Colon in Mice","authors":"Yujie Gao, Siyi Xie, Chushan Fang, Yunfu Sun, Xingqun Liang","doi":"10.1142/s1793984421400067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421400067","url":null,"abstract":"Normal development of the colon is essential for well-being during the life span. Integrin linked kinase (ILK), which is a key part of the integrin signaling pathway, connects intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways and is evolutionally conserved. It has been shown that ILK knockouts can lead to abnormal formation of various organs. In our study, we found that deletion of ILK by platelet-derived growth factor receptor B (PDGFR[Formula: see text]-Cre leads to the abnormal migration of neural crest cells (NCCs) and the shortening of the gastrointestinal tract, along with the expansion of the colon cavity and dysplasia of the intestinal nerve fibers. In conclusion, ILK is required for normal colon development.","PeriodicalId":44929,"journal":{"name":"Nano Life","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43276838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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