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INTRODUCTION 引言
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0017383521000279
C. Faraone, Sofía Torallas Tovar
This collection of essays arises from the ‘Curses in Context’ project, which was funded primarily by the Neubauer Collegium of the University of Chicago, with important help in this instance from an anonymous East Coast friend. Under the aegis of this project, we have in the past organized a series of international conferences with a number of aims: to encourage archaeologists, historians, and epigraphists to give thematic papers on the regional and local features of the curse tablets from the relevant areas; to provide a venue for the presentation of newly discovered curse tablets; and to share techniques for their conservation and photography.1 For the first three meetings, we roughly divided the world of curse tablets into three regional and temporal areas where they appear to be most popular: the first conference, in Lonato, focused closely on those curse tablets that were inscribed in Latin, Oscan, Etruscan, or Iberian language and were discovered on the Italian peninsula or in the Western Roman Empire;2 the second conference, in Paris, primarily dealt with Greek curses from the eastern half of the Empire;3 and the third, in Athens, with Greek curse tablets of the classical and Hellenistic periods.4 Versions of the papers printed here were almost all delivered at the fourth and final conference, held at the Franke Institute for the Humanities and the Neubauer Collegium, both of the University of Chicago.5 The purpose of this final conference was to address more general and overarching questions. We asked the participants – more
这本散文集源于“上下文中的诅咒”项目,该项目主要由芝加哥大学的Neubauer Collegium资助,在这个例子中,一位匿名的东海岸朋友提供了重要帮助。在该项目的支持下,我们过去组织了一系列国际会议,目的有:鼓励考古学家、历史学家和金石学家就相关地区诅咒石碑的区域和地方特征发表专题论文;为展示新发现的诅咒平板电脑提供场所;以及分享它们的保护和摄影技术。1在前三次会议上,我们大致将诅咒石碑的世界划分为三个区域和时间区域,它们似乎最受欢迎:第一次会议在洛纳托举行,重点讨论了用拉丁语、奥堪语、伊特鲁里亚语、,或伊比利亚语,在意大利半岛或西罗马帝国发现;2在巴黎举行的第二次会议主要讨论来自帝国东半部的希腊诅咒;3和第三次会议在雅典举行,有古典和希腊化时期的希腊诅咒石碑。4这里印刷的论文版本几乎都是在第四次也是最后一次会议上发表的,该会议在芝加哥大学的弗兰克人文研究所和纽鲍尔学院举行。5这次最后一次大会的目的是解决更普遍和更全面的问题。我们询问了参与者——更多
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引用次数: 0
GAR series 2 volume 69 issue 1 Cover and Front matter GAR系列2卷69期1封面和封面问题
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/s001738352100036x
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引用次数: 0
Greek History 希腊历史
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0017383522000109
K. Vlassopoulos
This review commences with three very important recent works that raise an important question: how is it possible that we should have to wait until 2021 to have works devoted to these fundamental subjects? First, Athens is, for better or worse, at the very centre of what we understand and practise as Greek history; yet there are hardly any books that attempt to give an overview of Athenian political, social, economic, and religious history alongside its material and visual culture. It is probably no longer possible for a single scholar to write such a book; but the fact that, despite the surge of companions and handbooks of all sorts over the last fifteen years, there has been no Companion to Athens until now, raises some very interesting questions. Second, Greek economic history has experienced an explosion of publications over the last fifteen years, which have constructed new approaches, examined new questions, and utilized new forms of evidence in innovative ways. How is it possible that there has been no systematic attention paid to the most fundamental institution of Greek economies, that of the household? Finally, the Hellenistic period is one of the most vibrant fields of Greek history, but why are there almost no volumes devoted to Hellenistic social history, in particular given the substantial number of available sources? I will comment below on the contribution of these three works, but pondering on these questions, and trying to identify other huge black holes in the study of Greek history, has a value of its own.
这篇综述从最近三部非常重要的作品开始,这些作品提出了一个重要的问题:我们怎么可能要等到2021年才能有专门研究这些基本主题的作品?首先,无论好坏,雅典都是我们理解和实践希腊历史的中心;然而,几乎没有任何书籍试图概述雅典的政治、社会、经济和宗教历史及其物质和视觉文化。一个学者可能再也不可能写这样一本书了;但事实上,尽管在过去的十五年里,各种各样的同伴和手册激增,但直到现在还没有《雅典同伴》,这引发了一些非常有趣的问题。其次,在过去的十五年里,希腊经济史经历了出版物的爆炸式增长,这些出版物构建了新的方法,研究了新的问题,并以创新的方式利用了新形式的证据。希腊经济最基本的制度,家庭制度,怎么可能没有得到系统的关注?最后,希腊化时期是希腊历史上最具活力的领域之一,但为什么几乎没有专门介绍希腊化社会史的书籍,特别是考虑到大量可用的资料来源?我将在下面评论这三部作品的贡献,但思考这些问题,并试图找出希腊历史研究中的其他巨大黑洞,有其自身的价值。
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引用次数: 0
CURSE TABLETS AGAINST THIEVES IN ROMAN BRITAIN: THE SOCIAL AND LEGAL INFLUENCES ON A MAGICAL-RELIGIOUS TECHNOLOGY 罗马不列颠的盗贼诅咒石碑:一种宗教魔法技术的社会和法律影响
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/s0017383521000243
Celia Sánchez Natalías
This article deals with curse tablets against thieves, also known as ‘prayers for justice’. In the first part, I offer a short introduction to the topic and the scholarly debate surrounding the definition of this type of inscription, concluding that a more emic approach can help us understand the complex nature of a technology that, far from being monolithic, evolved over time and space. In the second part, I compare the literary and epigraphic evidence (in Greek and Latin), pointing out the similarities and differences between our different sources of information. Finally, I turn to the handful of Latin curse tablets from Roman Britain in which the stolen object's value is divided between the principal and the invoked gods. In my view, this type of transaction should be analysed as a new take on the more traditional votum, in which legal concepts such as obligatio or ownership also play an important role. By establishing an almost contractual agreement with a deity, practitioners obtained not only divine assistance but also tangible evidence of the god's participation.
这篇文章涉及针对小偷的诅咒石碑,也称为“为正义祈祷”。在第一部分中,我简要介绍了这一主题以及围绕这类铭文定义的学术辩论,得出的结论是,更全面的方法可以帮助我们理解一种技术的复杂性,这种技术远非单一的,而是随着时间和空间的推移而演变的。在第二部分中,我比较了文学和金石学证据(希腊语和拉丁语),指出了我们不同信息来源之间的异同。最后,我来看看罗马不列颠时期的几块拉丁诅咒石碑,在这些石碑上,被盗物品的价值在主神和被召唤的神之间进行了划分。在我看来,这种类型的交易应该被分析为对更传统的遗嘱的一种新的继承,在遗嘱中,义务或所有权等法律概念也发挥着重要作用。通过与神建立近乎契约的协议,修行者不仅获得了神的帮助,还获得了神参与的有形证据。
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引用次数: 0
GAR series 2 volume 69 issue 1 Cover and Back matter GAR系列2第69卷第1期封面和封底
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/s0017383521000371
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引用次数: 0
NOT SO UNUSUAL AFTER ALL: REMARKS ON THE LATIN CURSE TABLETS OF THE IMPERIAL AGE 毕竟这并不是什么不寻常的事:对帝国时代拉丁文诅咒碑的评论
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/s0017383521000231
J. Scheid
This article examines the ritual contexts of two recent discoveries of materia magica in complex and carefully excavated archaeological sites, and situates the prayers found there within the wider range of prayer in traditional Roman religion. Both the texts found in the so-called ‘magician's cellar’ in Chartres and those on the lead tablets found behind the temple of Magna Mater in Mainz date to the first century ce and are thus among the earliest surviving magical texts in the West. Despite the usual assumption that many magical rituals migrated from east to west across the Mediterranean and then up into western Europe, it shows how these two early caches of magical text reflect, in fact, the pattern and style of early Latin votive formulae, as well as traditional Roman prayers, like those of the Arval Brethren, and traditional Roman rituals.
本文考察了最近在复杂和精心挖掘的考古遗址中发现的两种魔法物质的仪式背景,并将在那里发现的祈祷置于传统罗马宗教祈祷的更广泛范围内。在沙特尔所谓的“魔术师的地窖”中发现的文本和在美因茨的麦格纳马特神庙后面发现的铅板上的文本都可以追溯到公元一世纪,因此是西方最早幸存的魔法文本之一。尽管通常的假设是许多魔法仪式从东到西跨越地中海,然后向上迁移到西欧,但它表明,这两个早期的魔法文本实际上反映了早期拉丁祈祷公式的模式和风格,以及传统的罗马祈祷,比如阿瓦尔兄弟会的祈祷,以及传统的罗马仪式。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophy 哲学
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0017383521000334
J. Bryan
As Andrea Nightingale notes in her persuasive new monograph, scholars often seem reticent to acknowledge the theological context within which Plato develops his metaphysics. By analysing and emphasizing the language of divinity applied to the forms, soul, and cosmos across four dialogues, the Symposium, Phaedo, Phaedrus, and Timaeus, Nightingale builds a case for rehabilitating Plato's status as a fundamentally ‘theological philosopher’. She argues that the tendency to sideline Plato's theological thinking compromises our reading of the dialogues: ‘To understand his philosophy, we need to locate his ideas in the context of Greek religious discourses and practices’ (8). Nightingale achieves this in two ways. The first is by offering brief but useful explanations of key Athenian rituals and belief sets, such as the Eleusinian Mysteries, epiphany, and Orphism. The second is by analysing allusions to and adaptations of these practices and ideas within the dialogues. Her conclusion is that, via his explanation of knowledge, psychology, and metaphysics in terms of the divine, Plato develops a novel conception of human beings, and philosophers in particular, in terms of their relation to the divine.
正如安德里亚·南丁格尔在她有说服力的新专著中所指出的那样,学者们似乎经常不愿承认柏拉图发展形而上学的神学背景。南丁格尔通过分析和强调在四场对话中应用于形式、灵魂和宇宙的神性语言,即《专题讨论会》、《斐多》、《费德罗斯》和《蒂马乌斯》,为恢复柏拉图作为一个根本上的“神学哲学家”的地位奠定了基础。她认为,将柏拉图的神学思想放在一边的倾向损害了我们对对话的阅读:“要理解他的哲学,我们需要将他的思想放在希腊宗教话语和实践的背景下”(8)。南丁格尔通过两种方式实现了这一点。第一种是对雅典的主要仪式和信仰进行简短但有用的解释,如埃柳西尼亚之谜、顿悟和孤儿。第二是分析对话中对这些实践和思想的引用和改编。她的结论是,通过他从神的角度对知识、心理学和形而上学的解释,柏拉图发展了一种新颖的人类概念,尤其是哲学家与神的关系。
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引用次数: 0
BOUND FOR SUCCESS: CURSING AND COMMERCE IN CLASSICAL ATHENS 走向成功:古典雅典的诅咒与商业
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/S001738352100022X
Philip F. Venticinque
Commercial curses indicating an occupation, business, profit, workshops or shops, or targeting individuals identified by a trade number about sixty; most come from Greece and date to the fifth to third century bce. That the texts concern rivalries or conflicts between tradesmen has been the prevailing opinion, though ambiguity in curses that include multiple targets (sometimes with different trades) or family members have led some to maintain that competition may not explain commercial curses best, and instead suggest that the tablets reflect attempts to deal with risk or uncertainty arising from a range of social, legal, or political contexts. Though a steady stream of scholarship detailing economic activity, particularly at non-elite levels, has rightly reoriented the debate about the nature and scale of the ancient economy, and the strategies that craftsmen, merchants, and others engaged in commerce employed to mitigate concerns about risk and competition, the contribution of commercial curses, spells, and oracles has not been a part of the conversation. The curse tablets help further refine our understanding of the ancient economy because of what they reveal about concerns related to competitors, profit, and reputation, and the methods the practitioners used to hinder opponents. Rather than being at odds with commercial competition, those methods which target multiple craftsmen, their families, and others besides workshops, skills, and profit align with strategies of collaboration among ancient craftsmen and merchants and their reliance on social capital, described as social networks and notions of trust, reputation, and the shared norms that supported them.
商业诅咒,表明职业、业务、利润、车间或商店,或针对商业编号约为60的个人;大部分来自希腊,可追溯到公元前5至3世纪。文本涉及商人之间的竞争或冲突一直是主流观点,尽管包括多个目标(有时是不同行业)或家庭成员的诅咒中的模糊性导致一些人坚持认为,竞争可能不能最好地解释商业诅咒,相反,这些平板电脑反映了应对一系列社会、法律或政治背景下产生的风险或不确定性的尝试。尽管源源不断的详细介绍经济活动,特别是非精英阶层的经济活动的学术研究,正确地重新定位了关于古代经济的性质和规模的辩论,以及工匠、商人和其他从事商业的人为缓解对风险和竞争的担忧而采用的策略,神谕并没有成为对话的一部分。诅咒石碑有助于进一步加深我们对古代经济的理解,因为它们揭示了与竞争对手、利润和声誉有关的担忧,以及从业者用来阻碍对手的方法。这些针对多个工匠、他们的家人以及除作坊、技能和利润之外的其他人的方法,与古代工匠和商人之间的合作策略以及他们对社会资本的依赖相一致,而不是与商业竞争相冲突,这些策略被描述为社会网络以及信任、声誉和支持他们的共同规范的概念。
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引用次数: 0
Art and Archaeology 艺术与考古学
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0017383521000322
M. Squire
My first title in fact comprises two independent books. Within a section dedicated to Graeco-Roman art and archaeology, the subject may come as something of a surprise: the case study is not ‘Greek’ or ‘Roman’, nor does it derive from the extended Mediterranean. Rather, From Memory to Marble analyses the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria, inaugurated in 1949. Elizabeth Rankin and Rolf Michael Schneider have delivered a pair of volumes almost as monumental as the installation they describe, the first examining the context, origin, and legacy of the building's frieze, the second cataloguing its twenty-seven scenes. One of the many remarkable aspects of these two books is that both have been made available as free downloads. But what really stands out in the analysis is the ‘unconditional collaboration’ (5) between an art historian and a classical archaeologist: on the one hand, the project showcases how a broader art-historical training can enrich the traditional sorts of questions posed by classical archaeology, especially when it comes to issues of pictorial narrative; on the other, it demonstrates what classical archaeological formalism can offer to contemporary art history, and indeed larger debates about cultural history and contemporary identity politics. The result will be essential reading for anyone concerned with the legacy of classical ideas and imagery in South Africa.
事实上,我的第一本书包括两本独立的书。在Graeco罗马艺术和考古的一节中,这个主题可能会让人感到惊讶:案例研究不是“希腊”或“罗马”,也不是来自延伸的地中海。相反,《从记忆到大理石》分析了1949年落成的比勒陀利亚的沃特雷克纪念碑。伊丽莎白·兰金(Elizabeth Rankin)和罗尔夫·迈克尔·施耐德(Rolf Michael Schneider。这两本书的许多显著之处之一是,它们都可以免费下载。但在分析中真正突出的是艺术历史学家和古典考古学家之间的“无条件合作”:一方面,该项目展示了更广泛的艺术历史培训如何丰富古典考古提出的传统问题,尤其是在图像叙事问题上;另一方面,它展示了古典考古形式主义可以为当代艺术史提供什么,以及关于文化史和当代身份政治的更大辩论。这一结果对于任何关心南非古典思想和图像遗产的人来说都是必不可少的读物。
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引用次数: 0
Latin Literature 拉丁文学
IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0017383521000292
A. Walter
The second volume of Harm Pinkster's Oxford Latin Syntax is a stunning achievement and an admirably thorough account of the Latin ‘complex sentence and discourse’. Far from restricting itself to classical prose, the work covers Latin texts from c. 200 bc to c. ad 450, in both poetry and prose. Overall, I was struck by the good balance that Pinkster maintains between presenting Latin syntax in a systematic and well-structured way and leaving enough room for the portrayal of the Latin language as a dynamic phenomenon, in which the frequency of and predilection for certain linguistic constructions keeps changing and the ‘correctness’ of certain expressions is a matter of time and context. Equally salutary are Pinkster's reminders of the role that intonation must have played in the production and reception of Latin – and of what we lose by no longer having access to it. Throughout, Pinkster gives due consideration to the fact that it is often hard to securely classify a grammatical phenomenon, but that several analyses might be possible. Similarly, where appropriate, the importance of the larger interpretive context of a sentence for understanding and classifying its grammatical phenomena is acknowledged as well – which is a great achievement in a monumental work that quotes a wealth of examples from such a wide range of Latin texts.
哈姆·平克斯特的《牛津拉丁语句法》第二卷是一项惊人的成就,对拉丁语的“复合句和话语”进行了令人钦佩的全面描述。这本书并没有局限于古典散文,而是涵盖了从公元前200年到公元450年的拉丁文本,包括诗歌和散文。总的来说,我被Pinkster保持的良好平衡所打动,他以一种系统和结构良好的方式呈现拉丁语语法,并为拉丁语作为一种动态现象的描绘留出了足够的空间,在这种现象中,某些语言结构的频率和偏好不断变化,某些表达的“正确性”是时间和语境的问题。同样有益的是,平克斯特提醒我们,语调在拉丁语的产生和接受中必须发挥作用——以及我们不再接触它所失去的东西。从头到尾,Pinkster充分考虑到这样一个事实,即通常很难对语法现象进行可靠的分类,但几种分析可能是可能的。同样,在适当的情况下,更大的句子解释上下文对于理解和分类其语法现象的重要性也得到了承认——这是一部从如此广泛的拉丁语文本中引用了大量例子的巨著,这是一项伟大的成就。
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引用次数: 0
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GREECE & ROME
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