Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2022.2069849
Gary Osmond, Matthew Klugman
ABSTRACT Protests against racism in Australian sport have a long history, with many notable actors, agents and incidents. Of these, the on-field protest against racial abuse in Australian rules football by an Aboriginal player, Nicky Winmar, produced Australia’s most famous image of race and sport. While the moment was captured in 1993, it has reverberated throughout the intervening three decades, and the image of Winmar lifting his jersey to point proudly to his chest retains powerful currency. The Winmar protest is both an Australian precursor to the Black Lives Matter movement and remains a potent touchstone in the current debates around the topic. And while Winmar’s stance remains a moral compass point towards racism-free sport, it also highlights continuing tensions around race, racism and memory. We explore these dimensions through a discussion of the intersection of the global Black Lives Matter movement with Australia, a revisiting of Winmar’s 1993 protest and its representations, reverberations and relevance, and an analysis of the meanings and issues surrounding the placement of a statue commemorating Winmar in Perth, Western Australia. These episodes occurred against the backdrop of the Black Lives Matter movement, revealing intersections with, and unique dimensions of, racial issues in Australian sport.
{"title":"Through a long lens: racism, protest, memory and sovereignty in Australian sport","authors":"Gary Osmond, Matthew Klugman","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2022.2069849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2022.2069849","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Protests against racism in Australian sport have a long history, with many notable actors, agents and incidents. Of these, the on-field protest against racial abuse in Australian rules football by an Aboriginal player, Nicky Winmar, produced Australia’s most famous image of race and sport. While the moment was captured in 1993, it has reverberated throughout the intervening three decades, and the image of Winmar lifting his jersey to point proudly to his chest retains powerful currency. The Winmar protest is both an Australian precursor to the Black Lives Matter movement and remains a potent touchstone in the current debates around the topic. And while Winmar’s stance remains a moral compass point towards racism-free sport, it also highlights continuing tensions around race, racism and memory. We explore these dimensions through a discussion of the intersection of the global Black Lives Matter movement with Australia, a revisiting of Winmar’s 1993 protest and its representations, reverberations and relevance, and an analysis of the meanings and issues surrounding the placement of a statue commemorating Winmar in Perth, Western Australia. These episodes occurred against the backdrop of the Black Lives Matter movement, revealing intersections with, and unique dimensions of, racial issues in Australian sport.","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":"42 1","pages":"366 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42197090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2022.2066715
M. Tozer
ABSTRACT Reginald Roper (1875–1950) was the first British schoolmaster to train at the Royal Central Gymnastic Institute in Stockholm. This essay traces his career at Eton College and Bedales School before examining his seminal book, Physical Education in Relation to School Life. Roper was the leading light of the Secondary Schoolmasters’ Physical Education Association (SSPEA), founded to match the women’s Ling Physical Education Association. The SSPEA worked with the Board of Education to provide courses and conferences, and it published lectures, pamphlets and books. Support for the association was secured from leaders in universities, schools, medicine and government; and regular advocacy in national newspapers brought the need for properly qualified physical education teachers for boys to an influential readership. The repeated call for a men’s college to match the women’s colleges was answered in 1933 with the opening of Carnegie Physical Training College. The contribution of Roper and the SSPEA to physical education is properly acknowledged by McIntosh (1952/68) and Smith (1974) in their text-books but a search of the literature has revealed neither an extended analysis of their work nor a modern assessment. This essay celebrates the creation of a physical education tradition for boys.
{"title":"Reginald Roper and the Secondary Schoolmasters’ Physical Education Association: physical literacy for the whole man, 1905–1939","authors":"M. Tozer","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2022.2066715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2022.2066715","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Reginald Roper (1875–1950) was the first British schoolmaster to train at the Royal Central Gymnastic Institute in Stockholm. This essay traces his career at Eton College and Bedales School before examining his seminal book, Physical Education in Relation to School Life. Roper was the leading light of the Secondary Schoolmasters’ Physical Education Association (SSPEA), founded to match the women’s Ling Physical Education Association. The SSPEA worked with the Board of Education to provide courses and conferences, and it published lectures, pamphlets and books. Support for the association was secured from leaders in universities, schools, medicine and government; and regular advocacy in national newspapers brought the need for properly qualified physical education teachers for boys to an influential readership. The repeated call for a men’s college to match the women’s colleges was answered in 1933 with the opening of Carnegie Physical Training College. The contribution of Roper and the SSPEA to physical education is properly acknowledged by McIntosh (1952/68) and Smith (1974) in their text-books but a search of the literature has revealed neither an extended analysis of their work nor a modern assessment. This essay celebrates the creation of a physical education tradition for boys.","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":"43 1","pages":"166 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42934755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-14DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2022.2058074
Douglas Hartmann
ABSTRACT How do cultural norms, ideologies, and beliefs shape public opinion and media framing of race-based athletic activism? This paper uses media coverage of and commentary on the 1968 American ‘revolt of the Black athlete’ to explicate the deep cultural structures that help explain both support and opposition. The paper begins with a brief, schematic overview of the proposal for a Black Olympic boycott that was the centrepiece of 1968 organising and how it was reported by sports journalists and in the mainstream media. The second section identifies the reasons American reporters were, on the whole, so opposed to the proposed boycott: the inherent lack of support for the athletes’ racial change agenda and the far-more-familiar arguments that sports were not the proper venue for activism. The third section argues that a whole constellation of cultural norms and beliefs—about sport culture, colour-blind visions of racial justice, and liberal democratic ideals about politics and social change—coalesced to make race-based sport protest appear both unnecessary and inappropriate. The conclusion summarises the implications for understanding both public reception of and media responses to contemporary, race-based athletic activism as well as for tracking institutional changes and cultural shifts unfolding in the Black Lives Matter era.
{"title":"What media coverage of the 1968 Olympic protests reveals about the deep structure of attitudes about athletic activism in the United States","authors":"Douglas Hartmann","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2022.2058074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2022.2058074","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How do cultural norms, ideologies, and beliefs shape public opinion and media framing of race-based athletic activism? This paper uses media coverage of and commentary on the 1968 American ‘revolt of the Black athlete’ to explicate the deep cultural structures that help explain both support and opposition. The paper begins with a brief, schematic overview of the proposal for a Black Olympic boycott that was the centrepiece of 1968 organising and how it was reported by sports journalists and in the mainstream media. The second section identifies the reasons American reporters were, on the whole, so opposed to the proposed boycott: the inherent lack of support for the athletes’ racial change agenda and the far-more-familiar arguments that sports were not the proper venue for activism. The third section argues that a whole constellation of cultural norms and beliefs—about sport culture, colour-blind visions of racial justice, and liberal democratic ideals about politics and social change—coalesced to make race-based sport protest appear both unnecessary and inappropriate. The conclusion summarises the implications for understanding both public reception of and media responses to contemporary, race-based athletic activism as well as for tracking institutional changes and cultural shifts unfolding in the Black Lives Matter era.","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":"42 1","pages":"405 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46785693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2022.2056232
Arkadiusz Włodarczyk, Mateusz Rozmiarek
ABSTRACT The so-called pseudo-Olympics include all kinds of events organised before 1896 that referred in varying degrees to the traditions of the ancient Olympic Games. Sports historians who have studied the subject of pseudo-Olympics focus mainly on the sports games and cultural festivals initiated in the seventeenth century, which, in terms of their organisation, programme and nomenclature, imitated the games held in ancient Olympia. At the same time they often ignore various circus performances, many of which used Olympic themes and can also be classified as pseudo-Olympics. The forerunner of such performances in Europe was the English circus, which became a pattern to follow for French and German circuses. The latter had the greatest impact on the development of circus art in nineteenth-century Polish territories. Staged circus productions were examples of performance forms that popularised the Olympic tradition in a more or less conscious manner.
{"title":"Circus shows in nineteenth-century Poland as pseudo-Olympics","authors":"Arkadiusz Włodarczyk, Mateusz Rozmiarek","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2022.2056232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2022.2056232","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The so-called pseudo-Olympics include all kinds of events organised before 1896 that referred in varying degrees to the traditions of the ancient Olympic Games. Sports historians who have studied the subject of pseudo-Olympics focus mainly on the sports games and cultural festivals initiated in the seventeenth century, which, in terms of their organisation, programme and nomenclature, imitated the games held in ancient Olympia. At the same time they often ignore various circus performances, many of which used Olympic themes and can also be classified as pseudo-Olympics. The forerunner of such performances in Europe was the English circus, which became a pattern to follow for French and German circuses. The latter had the greatest impact on the development of circus art in nineteenth-century Polish territories. Staged circus productions were examples of performance forms that popularised the Olympic tradition in a more or less conscious manner.","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":"43 1","pages":"1 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48250286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-17DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2022.2049634
Samuel Brady
ABSTRACT The history of the sporting wheelchair demonstrates that wheelchair athletes and non-disabled medical professionals – two distinct social groups as defined by the Social Construction of Technology – held different interpretations of wheelchair sport and technology, and their purpose. Originating as a form of rehabilitation, wheelchairs and wheelchair sport were once interpreted solely within the medical realm, resulting in restricted technical development for sporting wheelchairs due to concerns around user safety. Wheelchair athletes, however, adapted their equipment in resistance of medicalised rules, based on their reinterpretation of the technology and desire to advance wheelchair-based sports beyond the institution, legitimising technical innovation as a site of agency for disabled athletes. In doing so, the functionality and form of wheelchairs evolved, facilitating the creation of specialised, sport-specific wheelchairs, such as the basketball wheelchair and racing wheelchair. In response to this, the rules of these sports were altered, stabilising the athletes’ interpretation of wheelchair technology as sporting devices, and wheelchair sport as elite competition.
{"title":"‘A small leap for disabled man’: the athlete-led evolution of the sports wheelchair and adaptive sports","authors":"Samuel Brady","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2022.2049634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2022.2049634","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The history of the sporting wheelchair demonstrates that wheelchair athletes and non-disabled medical professionals – two distinct social groups as defined by the Social Construction of Technology – held different interpretations of wheelchair sport and technology, and their purpose. Originating as a form of rehabilitation, wheelchairs and wheelchair sport were once interpreted solely within the medical realm, resulting in restricted technical development for sporting wheelchairs due to concerns around user safety. Wheelchair athletes, however, adapted their equipment in resistance of medicalised rules, based on their reinterpretation of the technology and desire to advance wheelchair-based sports beyond the institution, legitimising technical innovation as a site of agency for disabled athletes. In doing so, the functionality and form of wheelchairs evolved, facilitating the creation of specialised, sport-specific wheelchairs, such as the basketball wheelchair and racing wheelchair. In response to this, the rules of these sports were altered, stabilising the athletes’ interpretation of wheelchair technology as sporting devices, and wheelchair sport as elite competition.","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":"43 1","pages":"103 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45474547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-27DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2022.2042648
Dilwyn Porter
{"title":"From football to soccer: the early history of the beautiful game in the United States","authors":"Dilwyn Porter","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2022.2042648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2022.2042648","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47859598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2022.2029760
Hendrik Snyders
ABSTRACT Boxing and its predecessor, prizefighting, is a form of precarious labour and forms part of a broader field of work that young itinerant black men could participate in during the nineteenth century. Practised in an era of institutionalised racism, it was characterised by exploitative working arrangements and a high degree of precarity. These forces, encountered in North America, the British Empire and Europe, fundamentally shaped the careers of these fighters. This article traces the career of one such boxer, Josef ‘Young Pluto’ or ‘Joe Pluto’ Brown, a South African of mixed-race and the first to fight for an officially recognised World Boxing Champion Title. More significantly, though, his life serves as a means to cast a light on and help to inform a broader understanding of race, labour, sport, precarity and international migration in the nineteenth- and early twentieth century.
{"title":"‘Scientific exponent of the art’ or ‘punching bag in chocolate’?: colonialism, race and precarity in the prizefighting and boxing career of Joe ‘Young Pluto’ Brown, c. 1872–1931","authors":"Hendrik Snyders","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2022.2029760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2022.2029760","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Boxing and its predecessor, prizefighting, is a form of precarious labour and forms part of a broader field of work that young itinerant black men could participate in during the nineteenth century. Practised in an era of institutionalised racism, it was characterised by exploitative working arrangements and a high degree of precarity. These forces, encountered in North America, the British Empire and Europe, fundamentally shaped the careers of these fighters. This article traces the career of one such boxer, Josef ‘Young Pluto’ or ‘Joe Pluto’ Brown, a South African of mixed-race and the first to fight for an officially recognised World Boxing Champion Title. More significantly, though, his life serves as a means to cast a light on and help to inform a broader understanding of race, labour, sport, precarity and international migration in the nineteenth- and early twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":"42 1","pages":"320 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47507168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2021.2024976
Geoffrey Levett
{"title":"Different class: the untold story of English cricket","authors":"Geoffrey Levett","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2021.2024976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2021.2024976","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43181109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2021.2025415
Fiona Skillen, H. Byrne, J. Carrier, Gary James
ABSTRACT On 5 December 1921, the English Football Association (FA) implemented a ban on affiliated clubs allowing women’s teams to use their grounds and the use of FA registered referees, thus undermining and restricting the women’s game. The FA claimed that football was unsuitable for women and that it should not be encouraged. 2021 also marks 50 years since UEFA directed its members to recognise women’s football. The FA ban has been well documented; however, the English experience of the ban implemented by the FA has been conflated with the experience of the rest of Britain and Ireland. This article examines the impact, the FA ban had on women’s football in these regions. It explores if a similar ban was introduced by the four other British and Irish governing bodies (Scottish Football Association, Welsh Football Association, Irish Football Association and the Football Association of Ireland formerly the Football Association of the Irish Free State) and what impact this had on women’s football there.
{"title":"‘The game of football is quite unsuitable for females and ought not to be encouraged’: a comparative analysis of the 1921 English Football Association ban on women's football in Britain and Ireland","authors":"Fiona Skillen, H. Byrne, J. Carrier, Gary James","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2021.2025415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2021.2025415","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT On 5 December 1921, the English Football Association (FA) implemented a ban on affiliated clubs allowing women’s teams to use their grounds and the use of FA registered referees, thus undermining and restricting the women’s game. The FA claimed that football was unsuitable for women and that it should not be encouraged. 2021 also marks 50 years since UEFA directed its members to recognise women’s football. The FA ban has been well documented; however, the English experience of the ban implemented by the FA has been conflated with the experience of the rest of Britain and Ireland. This article examines the impact, the FA ban had on women’s football in these regions. It explores if a similar ban was introduced by the four other British and Irish governing bodies (Scottish Football Association, Welsh Football Association, Irish Football Association and the Football Association of Ireland formerly the Football Association of the Irish Free State) and what impact this had on women’s football there.","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":"42 1","pages":"49 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44721577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2021.2024975
Jon Dart
{"title":"Soccer diplomacy: international relations and football since 1914","authors":"Jon Dart","doi":"10.1080/17460263.2021.2024975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2021.2024975","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44984,"journal":{"name":"Sport in History","volume":"42 1","pages":"154 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43979348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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