Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20937583
N. Renwick, Darren R. Reid, Jorge Alejandro Santos, Leonel Piovezana
Indigenous Peoples continue to face substantial challenges. This article focuses on the Kaingang People in Southern Brazil and is contextualized by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) adopted by all the United Nations member states in 2015. The authors adopted an Indigenist research methodology to obtain oral evidence and provided an education-focused case-study. The research findings reveal that, despite Brazilian Constitutional recognition and SDG provisions, in practice, the Indigenous People in Brazil are experiencing renewed threats to their indigeneity. The SDGs need to be implemented more robustly at the local level to overcome these emancipatory barriers. The article reveals the key role of empowerment that can be played by carefully articulated indigenous education programs.
{"title":"Indigenous People and The Sustainable Development Goals in Brazil: A Study of the Kaingang People","authors":"N. Renwick, Darren R. Reid, Jorge Alejandro Santos, Leonel Piovezana","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20937583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20937583","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous Peoples continue to face substantial challenges. This article focuses on the Kaingang People in Southern Brazil and is contextualized by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) adopted by all the United Nations member states in 2015. The authors adopted an Indigenist research methodology to obtain oral evidence and provided an education-focused case-study. The research findings reveal that, despite Brazilian Constitutional recognition and SDG provisions, in practice, the Indigenous People in Brazil are experiencing renewed threats to their indigeneity. The SDGs need to be implemented more robustly at the local level to overcome these emancipatory barriers. The article reveals the key role of empowerment that can be played by carefully articulated indigenous education programs.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20937583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41721837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20962878
A. Hira
The emergence of “corporate social responsibility” (CSR) among Western multinationals reflects doubts about governments in the South to regulate production as well as a vacuum of global regulatory capacity and authority. In response to criticism, media shaming, and protests from NGOs and civil society organizations centered around labor and environmental concerns, corporations began to organize a global public regime, as reflected in the Global Compact, in the 1990s. CSR is the focus of both national and global agreements, with companies starting to work with international organizations and NGOs in emerging CSR “mixed regimes.” Yet there are inherent contradictions in both CSR and mixed regimes, ones that can only be resolved by reasserting a more activist role for the developing state.
{"title":"Developing State Capacity: The Missing Variable for Corporate Social Responsibility?","authors":"A. Hira","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20962878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20962878","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of “corporate social responsibility” (CSR) among Western multinationals reflects doubts about governments in the South to regulate production as well as a vacuum of global regulatory capacity and authority. In response to criticism, media shaming, and protests from NGOs and civil society organizations centered around labor and environmental concerns, corporations began to organize a global public regime, as reflected in the Global Compact, in the 1990s. CSR is the focus of both national and global agreements, with companies starting to work with international organizations and NGOs in emerging CSR “mixed regimes.” Yet there are inherent contradictions in both CSR and mixed regimes, ones that can only be resolved by reasserting a more activist role for the developing state.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20962878","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41399808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20948002
A. Hira
In the introduction to this special issue, we point to the large-scale failure of existing corporate social responsibility systems to address ongoing global environmental and labor standards issues. Competing codes, absent harmonization, conflicted and limited auditing and transparency, and an almost complete lack of enforcement mean that the considerable efforts by corporations and their partner international organizations, consultants, and NGOs have not led to any objectively measurable improvements in outcomes. If anything, ongoing labor and environmental disasters and conflicts threaten to undermine the positive intentions and resources dedicated to improving conditions for workers in the South as reflected in anti-immigrant and anti-globalization populist outbreaks in the North. This volume offers a series of ideas about how to begin to reform the system to move towards sustainability and decency in environmental and labor conditions.
{"title":"Introduction: Journal of Developing Societies’ Special Edition on Corporate Social Responsibility","authors":"A. Hira","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20948002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20948002","url":null,"abstract":"In the introduction to this special issue, we point to the large-scale failure of existing corporate social responsibility systems to address ongoing global environmental and labor standards issues. Competing codes, absent harmonization, conflicted and limited auditing and transparency, and an almost complete lack of enforcement mean that the considerable efforts by corporations and their partner international organizations, consultants, and NGOs have not led to any objectively measurable improvements in outcomes. If anything, ongoing labor and environmental disasters and conflicts threaten to undermine the positive intentions and resources dedicated to improving conditions for workers in the South as reflected in anti-immigrant and anti-globalization populist outbreaks in the North. This volume offers a series of ideas about how to begin to reform the system to move towards sustainability and decency in environmental and labor conditions.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20948002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44425637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-03DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20924577
Kelly Pike
This article examines the factors that limit and support the capacity of developing states to regulate labor in the public and private spheres, as well as the role of international parties in strengthening that capacity. The purpose is to better understand the potential for a more coordinated approach informed by hybrid models of enforcement, which can contribute to closing regulatory gaps. Fieldwork was carried out in the garment sectors in South Africa and Lesotho during 2018, including 20 semi-structured interviews with industry stakeholders representing government, business, and labor. Findings indicate that the developing state has an important role to play in facilitating a more coordinated approach between systems of enforcement, including public and private enforcement agencies, national development agencies, manufacturers, buyers, and unions. The case studies indicate the potential of such an approach to, for example, improve inspection quality, accountability, and transparency. The state can play an active role in facilitating a hybrid approach to regulation that involves both state and non-state actors, with dialogue and coordination at the core of addressing broader challenges for enforcement.
{"title":"Dialogue and Coordination: How Hybrid Models Can Strengthen Labor Standards Enforcement","authors":"Kelly Pike","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20924577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20924577","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the factors that limit and support the capacity of developing states to regulate labor in the public and private spheres, as well as the role of international parties in strengthening that capacity. The purpose is to better understand the potential for a more coordinated approach informed by hybrid models of enforcement, which can contribute to closing regulatory gaps. Fieldwork was carried out in the garment sectors in South Africa and Lesotho during 2018, including 20 semi-structured interviews with industry stakeholders representing government, business, and labor. Findings indicate that the developing state has an important role to play in facilitating a more coordinated approach between systems of enforcement, including public and private enforcement agencies, national development agencies, manufacturers, buyers, and unions. The case studies indicate the potential of such an approach to, for example, improve inspection quality, accountability, and transparency. The state can play an active role in facilitating a hybrid approach to regulation that involves both state and non-state actors, with dialogue and coordination at the core of addressing broader challenges for enforcement.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20924577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46599345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-22DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20924365
P. Haslam
This article examines policy options that are co-produced by both states and firms, with the purpose of regulating an area of public policy and the practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by companies. The contributions of this article are twofold. First, it creates a typology of the co-production of corporate social responsibility, adding “delegated,” “brokered,” and “partnership” as intermediate categories between the natural end points of “voluntary” and “regulated.” Second, it proposes a framework for understanding why governments opt for a particular version of co-produced regulation, by focusing on the interaction between two key variables, the “net enforcement cost” and the “political salience of the demand for regulation.” The framework is tested on examples of the co-production of CSR from Argentina and Peru, where I identify pathways of change from one category of co-production to another.
{"title":"States and Firms Co-producing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Developing World","authors":"P. Haslam","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20924365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20924365","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines policy options that are co-produced by both states and firms, with the purpose of regulating an area of public policy and the practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by companies. The contributions of this article are twofold. First, it creates a typology of the co-production of corporate social responsibility, adding “delegated,” “brokered,” and “partnership” as intermediate categories between the natural end points of “voluntary” and “regulated.” Second, it proposes a framework for understanding why governments opt for a particular version of co-produced regulation, by focusing on the interaction between two key variables, the “net enforcement cost” and the “political salience of the demand for regulation.” The framework is tested on examples of the co-production of CSR from Argentina and Peru, where I identify pathways of change from one category of co-production to another.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20924365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44196964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20924576
Michel-Alexandre Rioux, C. Vaillancourt
Multinationals affirm corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a way to go further than national and international law to build a social compact. While CSR can contribute to an effective global labor governance scheme, we argue that national and international laws must be engaged to regulate CSR private governance schemes. We will support this argument and, furthermore, we will argue that international trade agreements can provide, if effectively enforced, grounds for the articulation. It can be argued that hybrid governance schemes could ensure that result-oriented and pragmatic developmental processes are at the core of the CSR–development nexus. In this article, we argue for the need to socialize CSR to make it more efficient, and that trade agreements can be part of this process. CSR is not an autonomous regulatory trajectory, and it will probably become increasingly regulated through institutional means.
{"title":"Regulating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for Economic and Social Development Through Trade Rules","authors":"Michel-Alexandre Rioux, C. Vaillancourt","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20924576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20924576","url":null,"abstract":"Multinationals affirm corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a way to go further than national and international law to build a social compact. While CSR can contribute to an effective global labor governance scheme, we argue that national and international laws must be engaged to regulate CSR private governance schemes. We will support this argument and, furthermore, we will argue that international trade agreements can provide, if effectively enforced, grounds for the articulation. It can be argued that hybrid governance schemes could ensure that result-oriented and pragmatic developmental processes are at the core of the CSR–development nexus. In this article, we argue for the need to socialize CSR to make it more efficient, and that trade agreements can be part of this process. CSR is not an autonomous regulatory trajectory, and it will probably become increasingly regulated through institutional means.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20924576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44119813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-26DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20912632
David Michael M. San Juan
Informed by theoretical discussions and statistics on the Anthropocene and sustainable development, this article is focused on tackling Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primarily SDG 1 (“end poverty in all its forms everywhere”); SDG 7 (“ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”); SDG 10 (“reduce inequality within and among countries”); and related SDGs that are at the nexus of poverty, inequality, and renewable energy. This discussion serves as a springboard for (re)crafting a state-led sustainable development plan for the progressive transition to a green economy in the Philippines, as a pro-active response to global environmental change.
{"title":"Transitioning to a Progressive Green Economy in the Philippines","authors":"David Michael M. San Juan","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20912632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20912632","url":null,"abstract":"Informed by theoretical discussions and statistics on the Anthropocene and sustainable development, this article is focused on tackling Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primarily SDG 1 (“end poverty in all its forms everywhere”); SDG 7 (“ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”); SDG 10 (“reduce inequality within and among countries”); and related SDGs that are at the nexus of poverty, inequality, and renewable energy. This discussion serves as a springboard for (re)crafting a state-led sustainable development plan for the progressive transition to a green economy in the Philippines, as a pro-active response to global environmental change.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20912632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46913451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20912631
Koustab Majumdar
Rural transformation in general has been conceptualized as modernization, rural development, changes in economic structure, and the migration of the population from the farming sector to the non-farming sectors of the economy. Different theoretical approaches (unidimensional and multidimensional) have been applied to the study of rural transformation, and these approaches have involved different indicators to examine the nature and magnitude of rural change/transformation. The rural development approach to the study of rural transformation has been criticized on the grounds that rural transformation does not always involve development. This article examines the Indian experience and contends that India’s rural transformation has involved migration from the farming sector into the non-farming sectors and the de-agrarianization of the Indian economy.
{"title":"Rural Transformation in India: Deagrarianization and the Transition from a Farming to Non-farming Economy","authors":"Koustab Majumdar","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20912631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20912631","url":null,"abstract":"Rural transformation in general has been conceptualized as modernization, rural development, changes in economic structure, and the migration of the population from the farming sector to the non-farming sectors of the economy. Different theoretical approaches (unidimensional and multidimensional) have been applied to the study of rural transformation, and these approaches have involved different indicators to examine the nature and magnitude of rural change/transformation. The rural development approach to the study of rural transformation has been criticized on the grounds that rural transformation does not always involve development. This article examines the Indian experience and contends that India’s rural transformation has involved migration from the farming sector into the non-farming sectors and the de-agrarianization of the Indian economy.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20912631","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48929449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20916048
Priniti Panday
This article examines the relationship between women’s empowerment and child well-being in Nepal. Various indicators of women’s empowerment and child well-being are presented and compared across the seven provinces in the country. A strong positive relationship between the two is established. In fact, women’s empowerment appears to have a stronger relationship to children’s well-being than wealth indicators.
{"title":"Women’s Empowerment and the Well-being of Children in Nepal","authors":"Priniti Panday","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20916048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20916048","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the relationship between women’s empowerment and child well-being in Nepal. Various indicators of women’s empowerment and child well-being are presented and compared across the seven provinces in the country. A strong positive relationship between the two is established. In fact, women’s empowerment appears to have a stronger relationship to children’s well-being than wealth indicators.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20916048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48641151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.1177/0169796X20910600
J. Amzat, J. Amzat
This article discusses the impediments to science-community engagement and identifies five forms of underdevelopment sentiments: primordial, mystical, ethnoreligious, conspiracy, and fatalistic. It also critically examines wishful thinking, which takes the form of superficial recommendations that do not hold any implications for society except on the paper on which they are written. This article argues that both inadequate community-science engagement and wishful thinking are inimical to the African transformation agenda. The article explains community engagement (CE) as a “practical” paradigm and approach to action research, which provides a way of moving beyond wishful thinking. CE is an implementation research approach that can replace wishful thinking with practical solutions by building a community’s capacity to address its issues scientifically and sustainably. The article concludes that it is through engagement with science and community-oriented implementation research that desired transformations can be achieved in Africa.
{"title":"Beyond Wishful Thinking: The Promise of Science Engagement at the Community Level in Africa","authors":"J. Amzat, J. Amzat","doi":"10.1177/0169796X20910600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20910600","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the impediments to science-community engagement and identifies five forms of underdevelopment sentiments: primordial, mystical, ethnoreligious, conspiracy, and fatalistic. It also critically examines wishful thinking, which takes the form of superficial recommendations that do not hold any implications for society except on the paper on which they are written. This article argues that both inadequate community-science engagement and wishful thinking are inimical to the African transformation agenda. The article explains community engagement (CE) as a “practical” paradigm and approach to action research, which provides a way of moving beyond wishful thinking. CE is an implementation research approach that can replace wishful thinking with practical solutions by building a community’s capacity to address its issues scientifically and sustainably. The article concludes that it is through engagement with science and community-oriented implementation research that desired transformations can be achieved in Africa.","PeriodicalId":45003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developing Societies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0169796X20910600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48117767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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