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Multiple borders in one war: Constructing mental maps of Syrian refugees as threats 一场战争中的多重边界:构建叙利亚难民作为威胁的心理地图
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12443
Jennifer Skulte‐Ouaiss, Jasmin Lilian Diab
This study delves into the intricate mechanisms by which states employ a complex network of competing and intersecting borders—both real and imagined—to delineate and perpetuate the image of Syrian refugees as security risks. Drawing upon insights from border studies, securitization theory, and framing analysis, we explore the nuanced processes of mental mapping and bordering within the context of the Syrian crisis. By scrutinizing the construction of these borders and mental maps, we highlight the deliberate state‐driven narrative that portrays Syrians as threats, emphasizing that such perceptions are not inherent but rather intentionally crafted. Our investigation sheds light on the state's agency in framing Syrians as threats, a narrative rarely challenged despite the multifaceted nature of the refugee crisis. Through an expanded discussion on historical, geopolitical, and socio‐cultural dimensions, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics underlying the portrayal of Syrian refugees as perennial security concerns.
本研究深入探讨了各国利用相互竞争、相互交织的复杂边界网络--无论是真实的还是想象的--来划分并延续叙利亚难民作为安全风险的形象的复杂机制。借鉴边界研究、安全化理论和框架分析的见解,我们探讨了叙利亚危机背景下心理映射和边界划分的微妙过程。通过仔细研究这些边界和心理地图的构建过程,我们强调了将叙利亚人描绘成威胁的由国家驱动的蓄意叙事,并强调这种看法并非与生俱来,而是有意为之。我们的调查揭示了国家在将叙利亚人描绘成威胁的过程中所起的作用,尽管难民危机具有多面性,但这一叙事很少受到质疑。通过对历史、地缘政治和社会文化层面的扩展讨论,我们旨在全面理解将叙利亚难民描绘成长期安全问题背后错综复杂的动态。
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引用次数: 0
Contentious emancipation. Processual frames on national self‐determination in Catalonia 有争议的解放。加泰罗尼亚民族自决的过程框架
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12444
Ion Vazquez
This paper looks into the frames of the Catalan quest for national self‐determination during the second decade of the XXI century. Specifically, it analyzes how pro‐independence actors frame the intermediate steps to move forward towards national sovereignty within a process that becomes contentious. In this regard, the Catalan pro‐independence movement is a good contemporary opportunity for analysis. From a combined view on nationalism, this paper deductively introduces two collective action frames: institutionalization and mobilization. Institutionalization frames are depicted as the agency‐oriented and material steps needed to advance towards a political goal. Mobilization frames, on the other hand, are focused on the contentious episodes of a process. This paper concludes that while the two frames are present in the Catalan case, mobilization frames stand out for its relevance.
本文探讨了二十一世纪第二个十年期间加泰罗尼亚寻求民族自决的框架。具体地说,本文分析了支持独立的行动者如何在一个充满争议的过程中确定实现国家主权的中间步骤。在这方面,加泰罗尼亚的独立运动是一个很好的当代分析机会。从民族主义的综合视角出发,本文演绎性地引入了两个集体行动框架:制度化和动员。制度化框架被描述为实现政治目标所需的以机构为导向的物质步骤。而动员框架则侧重于进程中的争议事件。本文的结论是,虽然加泰罗尼亚案例中存在这两种框架,但动员框架的相关性更为突出。
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引用次数: 0
Media representation of ethnic minorities in Pakistani newspapers 巴基斯坦报纸对少数民族的媒体报道
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12442
Mohammed Habes, Mokhtar Elareshi, Sana Ali
Pakistani is a diverse society, and media are vital in highlighting their identity, presence, and contributions. Newspapers play a pivotal role in shaping perceptions of ethnic minorities, highlighting the need for impartial and responsible journalism. This study examines the role of newspapers in this context, focusing on the portrayal of ethnic minorities through a content analysis of 84 news articles from leading Pakistani Urdu‐language newspapers (Daily Jang, Daily Express and Daily Khabrain) to scrutinise the portrayal of ethnic minorities. The study aims to uncover the patterns and themes in the portrayal of these communities. Findings reveal that patterns in coverage allocation, with Christians dominating news coverage compared to other religious groups. The portrayal of non‐Muslim groups is predominantly positive, yet the articles featured anti‐Ahmadi content, reflecting complexity. The findings emphasise the well‐being of minorities, showcasing a positive trend. The news articles accentuated the positive contributions of non‐Muslims, and a significant majority (85.7%) covered religious events of minority groups. Positive representation aligns with societal discourse acknowledging diverse contributions and cultural expressions. Critical inquiry is prompted by editorial decisions, journalistic priorities, and societal dynamics shaping media narratives.
巴基斯坦是一个多元化的社会,媒体对于彰显他们的身份、存在和贡献至关重要。报纸在塑造人们对少数族裔的看法方面发挥着关键作用,这也凸显了公正、负责任的新闻报道的必要性。本研究通过对巴基斯坦主要乌尔都语报纸(Daily Jang、Daily Express 和 Daily Khabrain)的 84 篇新闻文章进行内容分析,仔细研究了报纸在这方面的作用,重点关注对少数族裔的描述。研究的目的是揭示描绘这些社区的模式和主题。研究结果表明,报道的分配模式是,与其他宗教团体相比,基督徒在新闻报道中占主导地位。对非穆斯林群体的描述以正面为主,但文章中也有反阿赫马迪的内容,这反映了问题的复杂性。调查结果强调了少数民族的福祉,展示了一种积极的趋势。新闻报道突出了非穆斯林的积极贡献,绝大多数(85.7%)报道了少数群体的宗教活动。积极的表现形式与承认不同贡献和文化表现形式的社会言论相一致。编辑的决定、新闻报道的优先顺序以及影响媒体报道的社会动态都会引发批判性的探究。
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引用次数: 0
Neoliberal Nationalism in Television Commercials: Discursive Representations of Exploring and Entrepreneurial Indonesians 电视广告中的新自由民族主义:探索型和创业型印尼人的话语表述
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12441
Stefani Nugroho
The article examines the intertwinement of neoliberalism with nationalism and the new conceptualizations of Indonesianness that it generates. The principles of the two paradigms are often seen as antitheses, but this article shows that the growing neoliberal ideas and practices have informed notions of the nation and Indonesianness. The conjunction of the two paradigms indicates a shift in Indonesia, where until 1998, the state portrayed neoliberal principles as un‐Indonesian. Examining 212 nationalistic television commercials aired between 2005 and 2021, two discourses of Indonesianness can be identified. The first depicts Indonesians as passionately productive and entrepreneurial people, and the second frames the partaking in the marketization and promotion of exotic cultural diversity as acts of nationalism. These discourses reflect the growing acceptance of neoliberal values, especially among the middle class. Despite the relatively new conjunction of neoliberalism and nationalism, these new imaginings continue to build on the older state's discourse that excludes socio‐economic and ethnic minorities. Thus, diverging from the vision of a democratic post‐authoritarian Indonesia, this point of convergence between nationalism and neoliberalism continues to marginalize minorities.
文章探讨了新自由主义与民族主义的交织以及由此产生的新的印度尼西亚概念。这两种范式的原则通常被视为对立的,但本文指出,新自由主义思想和实践的不断发展为民族和印尼性的概念提供了依据。这两种范式的结合表明印尼发生了转变,在 1998 年之前,印尼政府一直将新自由主义原则描述为非印尼式的。通过研究 2005 年至 2021 年间播出的 212 个民族主义电视广告,可以发现两种关于印尼的论述。第一种话语将印尼人描绘成充满激情的生产者和企业家,第二种话语将参与市场化和促进异国文化多样性视为民族主义行为。这些论述反映出人们,尤其是中产阶级对新自由主义价值观的接受程度越来越高。尽管新自由主义与民族主义的结合相对较新,但这些新的想象仍然建立在排斥社会经济少数群体和少数民族的旧国家话语基础之上。因此,民族主义与新自由主义之间的这一交汇点与民主的后专制印尼的愿景背道而驰,继续将少数群体边缘化。
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引用次数: 0
Perceived professional autonomy among Ethiopian regional state media journalists: A post‐reform account of Amhara Media Corporation 埃塞俄比亚地区国家媒体记者的职业自主感:阿姆哈拉媒体公司改革后的叙述
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12440
Melkamu Mekonnen Mazengia, Jemal Mohammed Haile
This study examined the degree of perceived editorial autonomy possessed by journalists working in the Amhara Media Corporation (AMC) in determining the emphasis of news stories. It also identifies the factors that exert the greatest influence on journalists’ decision‐making regarding story selection, source determination and framing the news following the 2018 political reform, in Ethiopia using the “hierarchy‐of‐influences” model. The research employed a sequential explanatory mixed method approach, using stratified random sampling to survey 152 participants, and purposive sampling to conduct in‐depth interviews with 7 selected journalists. The quantitative data indicates that journalists’ autonomy at AMC remains restricted. On the other hand, the qualitative data divulges that the extent of professional autonomy among AMC journalists is contingent upon the support received from assigned managers and by the political climate of the country. As a result, the professional autonomy experienced by journalists at AMC is subject to situational factors and fluctuating. Furthermore, procedural, professional, organizational, and political influences are found with the most decisive influence, respectively.
本研究探讨了在阿姆哈拉媒体公司(AMC)工作的记者在确定新闻报道重点时所拥有的编辑自主权的程度。研究还利用 "影响层级 "模型,确定了在埃塞俄比亚 2018 年政治改革之后,对记者在选择新闻报道、确定新闻来源和新闻框架方面的决策产生最大影响的因素。研究采用了顺序解释混合方法,使用分层随机抽样对 152 名参与者进行了调查,并使用目的性抽样对 7 名选定的记者进行了深入访谈。定量数据表明,记者在 AMC 的自主权仍然受到限制。另一方面,定性数据显示,AMC 记者的专业自主程度取决于指定管理人员的支持和该国的政治气候。因此,AMC 记者所体验到的专业自主权受制于情境因素,且时好时坏。此外,程序影响、专业影响、组织影响和政治影响分别具有最决定性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A never‐ending story of an identity crisis or a creative reformulation of an Alevi‐mindset? What the case of Alevi youth in the German diaspora suggest today? 是永无休止的身份危机故事,还是阿列维心态的创造性重塑?散居德国的阿列维青年的情况对今天有何启示?
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12439
Ahmet Kerim Gültekin
The Alevi movement, originating more than three decades ago in Turkey and the Western European diaspora, has led to significant social and cultural shifts within Alevi communities. This movement witnessed the emergence of Alevi associations, increased religio‐political activities, and a fervent search for a redefined Alevi identity. The quest for a comprehensive understanding of Alevi identity remains a contested debate, prominently reflected within Alevi youth, who navigate complex socio‐cultural landscapes and encounter challenges in defining their identity amidst competing narratives and associations. This paper examines the identity formation strategies of young Alevis in Berlin, drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2021 and 2023. Contrary to mainstream portrayals of Alevi youth experiencing a loss of identity, this study argues for the presence of continuity dynamics, emphasising inherited Alevi mindsets and emotions. Through interviews and analysis of a documentary produced by Berlin Alevi youth, the paper explores new narratives about Alevi history, sociology, and theology constructed by young Alevis, highlighting their role in shaping contemporary Alevism in Germany. This research contributes original data and discussions to the existing literature on Alevi youth, shedding light on their evolving identities and the dynamics of Alevi discourse in diasporic settings.
阿列维运动起源于三十多年前的土耳其和西欧移民社群,在阿列维社区内引发了重大的社会和文化变革。这场运动见证了阿列维社团的出现、宗教政治活动的增加以及对重新定义阿列维身份的热切追求。寻求对阿列维人身份的全面理解仍然是一场有争议的辩论,这突出地反映在阿列维青年身上,他们在复杂的社会文化环境中摸爬滚打,并在相互竞争的叙事和社团中遇到了界定身份的挑战。本文以 2021 年至 2023 年期间开展的人种学实地调查为基础,研究了柏林阿列维青年的身份形成策略。与主流观点认为阿列维青年正在经历身份认同的丧失相反,本研究认为身份认同存在连续性动力,强调了阿列维人固有的思维方式和情感。通过采访和分析柏林阿列维青年制作的纪录片,本文探讨了阿列维青年构建的有关阿列维历史、社会学和神学的新叙事,强调了他们在塑造德国当代阿列维主义中的作用。这项研究为有关阿列维青年的现有文献提供了原始数据和讨论,揭示了他们不断演变的身份和散居环境中阿列维话语的动态。
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引用次数: 0
Kurdish Women’s Experience in Iraq: History, Politics and Literature 伊拉克库尔德妇女的经历:历史、政治和文学
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12437
Lolav M. Hassan Alhamid
The aim of this article is to study the conspicuous impact of the changing historical and political situation in Iraq on the Kurdish intellectual and literary production with particular attention to Kurdish women’s position and perspective on these changes. Focusing on the hectic periods of the Kurdish history and national movement in Iraq, the article answers such intriguing questions as how do the social and political discourses in Iraq shape Kurdish women’s roles and contributions and how has the interplay between Kurdish nationalism and women’s participation developed within the different literary, intellectual and political circles. Chronicling the various socio‐political dimensions of Kurdish national movement and investigating the ways in which Kurdish women’s participation has been relegated both by the Iraqi regimes and within the Kurdish national movements, the article presents a content analysis of different intentions, oversights, and insights of Kurdish and non‐Kurdish political, literary and intellectual actors regarding Kurdish women’s changing roles and desires in Iraq and of the images by which Kurdish women have been presented, thereby positioning itself within a socio‐political studies.
本文旨在研究伊拉克不断变化的历史和政治局势对库尔德知识分子和文学创作的显著影响,尤其关注库尔德妇女对这些变化的立场和观点。文章以伊拉克库尔德历史和民族运动的紧张时期为重点,回答了伊拉克的社会和政治话语如何塑造库尔德妇女的角色和贡献,以及库尔德民族主义和妇女参与之间的相互作用在不同的文学界、知识界和政界是如何发展的等耐人寻味的问题。文章记述了库尔德民族运动的各种社会政治层面,调查了库尔德妇女的参与在伊拉克政权和库尔德民族运动中被贬低的方式,对库尔德和非库尔德政治、文学和知识界人士关于库尔德妇女在伊拉克不断变化的角色和愿望的不同意图、疏忽和见解以及库尔德妇女的形象进行了内容分析,从而将自己定位在社会政治研究中。
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引用次数: 0
In pursuit of statehood: An exploration of the contentious repertoires of Biafran separatists in Nigeria 追求建国:尼日利亚比夫兰分离主义者的争议剧目探索
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12438
Promise Frank Ejiofor
Since Nigeria’s return to democratic governance in 1999, there have been renewed calls―predominantly amongst ethnic Igbos in southeast Nigeria―for the restoration of the defunct secessionist state of Biafra. The resurgent Biafran separatism has been explored through the prisms of relative marginalisation and material deprivation. However, some scholars have drifted away from dominant discussions on the rationale behind the re‐emergence of the secessionist agitations and instead focused on the myriad media that Biafran separatist movements utilise to make claims of self‐determination for Igbos. These scholars―typically linguists―invariably explore online activism by resorting to meticulous analysis of the discourses of pro‐Biafra separatists on the Internet. Whilst such robust discourse analyses of separatists’ speeches shed light on the discursive dynamics of Biafran separatism in contemporary Nigeria, they do not underscore the varied repertoires of collective action of Biafran separatists beyond Internet activism. This article fills this gap in the scholarly literature on resurgent Biafran separatism in democratic Nigeria. Drawing on the American sociologist Charles Tilly’s analytical framework of contentious contention and focusing on the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB)―a transnational separatist movement―I argue that the various online and offline activities of Biafran separatists in the southeastern region be construed as repertoires of contention geared toward contesting the sovereignty of the Nigerian state in order to restore the short‐lived secessionist Biafran state.
自 1999 年尼日利亚恢复民主治理以来,人们--主要是尼日利亚东南部的伊博族人--再次呼吁恢复已不复存在的分离主义国家比夫拉。人们从相对边缘化和物质匮乏的角度探讨了重新抬头的比夫拉分离主义。然而,一些学者却偏离了对分离主义重新抬头背后原因的主流讨论,转而关注比夫拉分离主义运动为伊博人提出自决主张所利用的各种媒介。这些学者--通常是语言学家--总是通过对互联网上亲比夫拉分离主义分子的话语进行细致分析来探讨在线活动。虽然这些对分离主义者言论的有力分析揭示了当代尼日利亚比夫拉分离主义的话语动态,但它们并没有强调比夫拉分离主义者在互联网活动之外的各种集体行动。本文填补了关于民主尼日利亚重新崛起的比夫拉分离主义的学术文献中的这一空白。本文借鉴美国社会学家查尔斯-蒂利(Charles Tilly)的争论分析框架,以跨国分离主义运动--比夫拉土著人民(IPOB)为研究对象,认为东南部地区比夫拉分离主义分子的各种在线和离线活动应被理解为争论的再现,其目的是争夺尼日利亚国家的主权,以恢复短命的分离主义比夫拉国家。
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引用次数: 0
The Experience of Suspension among Political Identities; Kurdish Nationality and Aspiration for Kurdistani Citizenship among Kurdish Immigrants in Western Europe 政治身份之间的悬浮体验;西欧库尔德移民的库尔德国籍和库尔德公民身份愿望
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12435
Sabah Mofidi
The conflict between the Perso‐Shiite state and its opposition, especially Kurdish political organizations in Iran/Eastern Kurdistan, and their subsequent suppression, has led to the migration of many Kurds since the early 1980s. This exodus has affected their political identification. Here, changes toward nationality and citizenship in the attitude of the first‐generation Kurdish immigrants with a leftist political background living in Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden and France will be analyzed. From the perspective of the relationship between individual and political organization, state and society/community, it seeks to uncover that how these migrants think about different collective political identities, how their views have changed, and which collective social identity has had most impact on shaping their political view. Following a qualitative approach, data were collected through in‐depth semi‐structured and focus group interviews. The findings show that the interviewees within the extra‐organizational Kurdish convergence in Europe have tried to reidentify themselves politically by moving away from the political climate of Iran, while Kurdishness shapes their view on nationality and citizenship. Although the European states officially recognize them as Iranian nationals, they themselves see this as an imposed citizenship. In their current situation, many of them, while emphasizing their Kurdish nationality and wishing for Kurdistani citizenship, prefer to be recognized only as citizens of European countries and not be attributed to Iran.
波斯什叶派国家与其反对派,特别是伊朗/库尔德斯坦东部的库尔德政治组织之间的冲突,以及随后对这些组织的镇压,导致许多库尔德人自 20 世纪 80 年代初开始迁徙。这种外流影响了他们的政治认同。在此,我们将分析生活在德国、荷兰、瑞典和法国的具有左派政治背景的第一代库尔德移民对国籍和公民身份态度的变化。从个人与政治组织、国家与社会/社区之间关系的角度出发,试图揭示这些移民如何看待不同的集体政治身份,他们的观点发生了怎样的变化,以及哪种集体社会身份对他们政治观点的形成影响最大。研究采用定性方法,通过深入的半结构式访谈和焦点小组访谈收集数据。研究结果表明,欧洲库尔德人组织外聚合中的受访者试图通过摆脱伊朗的政治气候来重新确定自己的政治身份,而库尔德人身份则影响了他们对国籍和公民身份的看法。虽然欧洲各国正式承认他们是伊朗国民,但他们自己却认为这是一种强加的公民身份。在目前的情况下,他们中的许多人虽然强调自己的库尔德民族性并希望获得库尔德斯坦公民身份,但更希望只被承认为欧洲国家的公民,而不被归属于伊朗。
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引用次数: 0
The Trajectory of International and National Anti‐Terrorism Laws: An Appraisal of Counter‐terrorism Legislation in Kurdistan, Iraq 国际和国内反恐法律的发展轨迹:伊拉克库尔德斯坦反恐立法评析
IF 0.6 Q4 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1111/sena.12429
Saman Omar, Asmar binti Abdul Rahim, Mukhriz Bin Mat Rus
Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. Nevertheless, since September 11, 2001, it appears that there has been a global consensus on the need for a more uniform and comprehensive response to terrorism. Thus, countries develop their counter‐terrorism strategy that comprises different approaches, including using the criminal justice system. The criminal justice response to terrorism covers special legislation, strategies, policies, investigation, prosecution, and sentencing. To combat terrorism and improve the criminal justice system in response to existing threats of terrorism, KRI legislated a special anti‐terrorism law. This paper investigates the trajectory of international and national terrorism law in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Accordingly, this research was set to examine international and national terrorism law critically. The focus is placed on the Anti‐terrorism Act No. 3 of 2006, emphasizing the principle of legality. As such, this paper adopted the doctrinal legal methodology that utilized qualitative techniques in analyzing the secondary data. The gathered information and data were then analyzed thematically. Based on the legal analysis, this study found that local circumstances and international pressure influence the trajectory of the counter‐terrorism laws in KRI. The absence of uniformity in the definition indicates the complexity of conceptualizing the phenomenon. The KRI anti‐terrorism law did not define international terrorism and may affect the principle of legality in counter‐terrorism strategy. Consequently, the study will benefit law, security, and international relations researchers. It serves as a basis for future empirical research examining the effects of anti‐terrorism laws in KRI or other jurisdictions.
恐怖主义并非新现象。然而,自 2001 年 9 月 11 日以来,全球似乎已达成共识,认为有必要对恐怖主义采取更加统一和全面的应对措施。因此,各国制定了由不同方法组成的反恐战略,包括利用刑事司法系统。针对恐怖主义的刑事司法对策包括特别立法、战略、政策、调查、起诉和判决。为打击恐怖主义并改进刑事司法系统以应对现有的恐怖主义威胁,库尔德地区制定了专门的反恐法律。本文调查了伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区(KRI)国际和国内恐怖主义法律的发展轨迹。因此,本研究旨在对国际和国内恐怖主义法进行批判性研究。重点放在 2006 年第 3 号《反恐怖主义法》上,强调合法性原则。因此,本文采用了法学理论方法,利用定性技术分析二手资料。然后对收集到的信息和数据进行专题分析。根据法律分析,本研究发现,当地情况和国际压力影响着库尔德地区反恐法律的发展轨迹。定义不统一表明了这一现象概念化的复杂性。库尔德地区反恐法没有对国际恐怖主义进行定义,可能会影响反恐战略的合法性原则。因此,本研究将有益于法律、安全和国际关系研究人员。本研究可作为未来实证研究的基础,审查反恐怖主义法在库尔德地区或其他司法管辖区的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
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