Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.1353/trn.2022.a905645
Sinegugu Zukulu
{"title":"Revenues and Rural Development","authors":"Sinegugu Zukulu","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.a905645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.a905645","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74347718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.1353/trn.2022.a905644
Timothy L. Gibbs
Inside one of the small portacabins that houses the government vets working in the KwaZulu–Natal provincial Department of Agriculture in Msunduzi/Pietermaritzburg, you might still find a small cabinet display telling the history of cattle dipping in South Africa. I saw it in 2019, whilst conducting fieldwork in the Midlands region, just after the display had been rescued from a skip by a couple of government vets, horrified that senior officials had decided to close down the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture’s Museum display, quite literally consigning their institutional knowledge to the dustbin of history.
{"title":"Conflict at the Cattle Dip: Livestock Taxes and the Sinews of the State Across a Century","authors":"Timothy L. Gibbs","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.a905644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.a905644","url":null,"abstract":"Inside one of the small portacabins that houses the government vets working in the KwaZulu–Natal provincial Department of Agriculture in Msunduzi/Pietermaritzburg, you might still find a small cabinet display telling the history of cattle dipping in South Africa. I saw it in 2019, whilst conducting fieldwork in the Midlands region, just after the display had been rescued from a skip by a couple of government vets, horrified that senior officials had decided to close down the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture’s Museum display, quite literally consigning their institutional knowledge to the dustbin of history.","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90625381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Terrorist Album: apartheid's insurgents, collaborators, and the security police by Jacob Dlamini (review)","authors":"P. Hayes","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82457720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:An enormous amount of time and energy has been spent assessing the extent of transformation of ownership of the South African private sector. To date, the exercise has not moved much beyond squabbling over numbers. In doing so, the debate has ignored an estimated two thirds of the private sector. Business and government have talked past each other about the same set of regulatory compliance targets–the former focused on arguments for maintaining or reducing the targets; the latter on reasons to extend them. One point of consensus is that in the 25 years since South Africa achieved democracy, the pace and extent of transformation of private sector ownership has been wholly inadequate. This paper seeks to examine how we should be thinking about listed equity, which has had more focus as a result of clearer metrics being available; the transformation of unlisted business sector; the impact on private sector ownership of government's range of goals since 1994; and proposed policy amendments intended to develop a view on equity ownership in South Africa shared by government, business, organised labour and other key stakeholders.
{"title":"Devil's in the detail: how to assess transformation of the South African private sector","authors":"Michelle Joubert","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:An enormous amount of time and energy has been spent assessing the extent of transformation of ownership of the South African private sector. To date, the exercise has not moved much beyond squabbling over numbers. In doing so, the debate has ignored an estimated two thirds of the private sector. Business and government have talked past each other about the same set of regulatory compliance targets–the former focused on arguments for maintaining or reducing the targets; the latter on reasons to extend them. One point of consensus is that in the 25 years since South Africa achieved democracy, the pace and extent of transformation of private sector ownership has been wholly inadequate. This paper seeks to examine how we should be thinking about listed equity, which has had more focus as a result of clearer metrics being available; the transformation of unlisted business sector; the impact on private sector ownership of government's range of goals since 1994; and proposed policy amendments intended to develop a view on equity ownership in South Africa shared by government, business, organised labour and other key stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79796169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethnic Continuities and a State of Exception: Goodwill Zwelithini, Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Jacob Zuma by Gerhard Maré (review)","authors":"J. Wright","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86685282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Malaysia's experience in economically empowering the Bumiputeras, the country's ethnic majority, provides useful reference points for South Africa's BEE. Important systemic elements must be noted, particularly Malaysia's executive-driven, centralised, discretionary and quota-based administration, which contrasts with South Africa's more legislative, decentralised, codified and target-based interventions. Nonetheless, commonalities have surfaced between the two countries in the past decade, with Malaysia increasingly focused on active ownership and dynamic SME development, after decades of myriad interventions and under-performance in these policy spheres. This paper proposes four main applications for South Africa. First, in view of considerable incoherencies in contemporary policy discourses in Malaysia, it is imperative to clearly and systematically formulate an empowerment framework that subsumes education, employment and enterprise and that reinforces group-targeted empowerment by focusing on upward mobility and capability development. Second, higher education must be accorded priority to ensure availability of skill and talent. Third, SME development and entrepreneurship should emphasise broad-based ownership, effective control and productive outcomes. Fourth, the experiences of Malaysia's government-linked companies hold out lessons for South Africa's state-owned companies, given the significant parallels in structure and strategic importance.
{"title":"Malaysia's Bumiputera Empowerment regime and South Africa's BEE: foundations, experiences, and lessons","authors":"Hwok-Aun Lee","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Malaysia's experience in economically empowering the Bumiputeras, the country's ethnic majority, provides useful reference points for South Africa's BEE. Important systemic elements must be noted, particularly Malaysia's executive-driven, centralised, discretionary and quota-based administration, which contrasts with South Africa's more legislative, decentralised, codified and target-based interventions. Nonetheless, commonalities have surfaced between the two countries in the past decade, with Malaysia increasingly focused on active ownership and dynamic SME development, after decades of myriad interventions and under-performance in these policy spheres. This paper proposes four main applications for South Africa. First, in view of considerable incoherencies in contemporary policy discourses in Malaysia, it is imperative to clearly and systematically formulate an empowerment framework that subsumes education, employment and enterprise and that reinforces group-targeted empowerment by focusing on upward mobility and capability development. Second, higher education must be accorded priority to ensure availability of skill and talent. Third, SME development and entrepreneurship should emphasise broad-based ownership, effective control and productive outcomes. Fourth, the experiences of Malaysia's government-linked companies hold out lessons for South Africa's state-owned companies, given the significant parallels in structure and strategic importance.","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86347338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Francis, Stacey-Leigh Joseph, Michael Sachs, I. Valodia
{"title":"Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) in South Africa: themes and research directions","authors":"David Francis, Stacey-Leigh Joseph, Michael Sachs, I. Valodia","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89419257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The automotive manufacturing industry in South Africa has received little sustained academic attention in terms of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) or Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE). This current contribution is an attempt at laying the basis for greater focus on B-BBEE in the industry. It critically reflects on the economic position and contribution of the automotive manufacturing industry, presents a definitional framework for B-BBEE, and develops an initial critical evaluation of its B-BBEE performance. Our contribution draws attention to how a generalised shift occurred from the narrower BEE to B-BBEE. We unpack the B-BBEE equity equivalents trajectory and foreign-controlled multinational corporations within the automotive manufacturing industry's framework. The methods used include an examination of automotive industrial transformation, policy, and its performance, as well as stakeholder documents and meeting proceedings. Our conclusion reflects on the Automotive Industry Transformation Fund as a synthesis that emerged from the B-BBEE trajectory in the automotive manufacturing industry, and how this positively relates to production development and industrial transformation. This contribution argues for a production development and industrial transformation approach to B-BBEE, with deepening and widening domestic value addition as key objectives and an integral part of localisation, greater attention on diversifying and growing the lower tiers of the supplier base and increasing employment.
{"title":"Black Economic Empowerment in the automotive manufacturing industry: a case for productive capacity development transformation","authors":"A. M. Mashilo, R. Moothilal","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The automotive manufacturing industry in South Africa has received little sustained academic attention in terms of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) or Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE). This current contribution is an attempt at laying the basis for greater focus on B-BBEE in the industry. It critically reflects on the economic position and contribution of the automotive manufacturing industry, presents a definitional framework for B-BBEE, and develops an initial critical evaluation of its B-BBEE performance. Our contribution draws attention to how a generalised shift occurred from the narrower BEE to B-BBEE. We unpack the B-BBEE equity equivalents trajectory and foreign-controlled multinational corporations within the automotive manufacturing industry's framework. The methods used include an examination of automotive industrial transformation, policy, and its performance, as well as stakeholder documents and meeting proceedings. Our conclusion reflects on the Automotive Industry Transformation Fund as a synthesis that emerged from the B-BBEE trajectory in the automotive manufacturing industry, and how this positively relates to production development and industrial transformation. This contribution argues for a production development and industrial transformation approach to B-BBEE, with deepening and widening domestic value addition as key objectives and an integral part of localisation, greater attention on diversifying and growing the lower tiers of the supplier base and increasing employment.","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90775148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) was conceived as a structural intervention to fundamentally reorganise the South African economy and address persistent economic inequalities. South Africa has the world's highest income inequality, and this is reflected by vast inequalities in salaries and wages both between high and low earners, but importantly between different race and gender groups. Despite a plethora of legislation aimed at addressing inequality in ownership (such as B-BBEE) and in the workplace (employment equity legislation), women and Black workers in South Africa continue to be paid less than men and white employees, even when doing the same work (the pay gap), and are more likely to work in precarious, low-paid jobs (occupational segregation). These factors are driven by differences in the characteristics of workers, and by structural discrimination in the economy. Conceptually, we can decompose structural discrimination into two forms–that which discriminates against people who do the same job, based on race and gender (the pay gap)– and that which discriminates indirectly by occupational segregation–blacks and women concentrated in low paying occupations. In this paper, we ask whether B-BBEE–while not explicitly a labour market intervention–has had any positive impact in reducing labour market inequalities. We review the literature on occupational segregation and the gender and race pay gaps in post-apartheid South Africa, and examine the various policy interventions, with a particular focus on B-BBEE, that have attempted to address this enduring problem.
{"title":"Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) in South Africa: introduction and a review of the labour market literature","authors":"David Francis, I. Valodia","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) was conceived as a structural intervention to fundamentally reorganise the South African economy and address persistent economic inequalities. South Africa has the world's highest income inequality, and this is reflected by vast inequalities in salaries and wages both between high and low earners, but importantly between different race and gender groups. Despite a plethora of legislation aimed at addressing inequality in ownership (such as B-BBEE) and in the workplace (employment equity legislation), women and Black workers in South Africa continue to be paid less than men and white employees, even when doing the same work (the pay gap), and are more likely to work in precarious, low-paid jobs (occupational segregation). These factors are driven by differences in the characteristics of workers, and by structural discrimination in the economy. Conceptually, we can decompose structural discrimination into two forms–that which discriminates against people who do the same job, based on race and gender (the pay gap)– and that which discriminates indirectly by occupational segregation–blacks and women concentrated in low paying occupations. In this paper, we ask whether B-BBEE–while not explicitly a labour market intervention–has had any positive impact in reducing labour market inequalities. We review the literature on occupational segregation and the gender and race pay gaps in post-apartheid South Africa, and examine the various policy interventions, with a particular focus on B-BBEE, that have attempted to address this enduring problem.","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83749518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article considers the history of the different eras of 'black empowerment' under different political-administrative frameworks. This allows insights to be drawn from the changes and continuities in policy, regulation and economic actions that account for the current successful and failed outcomes. Black empowerment has meant different things to different actors across these periods. Notwithstanding the implications of these different episodes in black empowerment, approaches that sought to mobilise black consumption and savings to achieve economic power, or to build institutions for mutual economic support remain an important interpretation of the empowerment project. In the democratic era, early approaches to B-BBEE were based on an implicit bargain between established capital and the black middle class and political elites, in return for macroeconomic stability, capital liberalisation and incremental, market-focused capital reform. Moreover a key concern has been how black empowerment can be reconciled with a coherent state-led antipoverty and developmental strategy that focuses on expanding economic participation by the black poor and the working class. Reframing B-BBEE requires consideration of the tools at our disposal–state owned entities, development finance institutions and industrial financing, employment equity, enterprise development and skills development legislation. These tools must be marshalled in the direction of new products, new market opportunities and industries. The paper considers some of the competition policy and regulatory design hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve these objectives and the policy and regulatory agenda for change, that can underpin this pursuit.
{"title":"Dancing in concert? – aligning Broad-Based Black Economic Empowermentto (B-BBEE) sector strategies, structural transformation and growth","authors":"Ayabonga Cawe, Michael Sachs, I. Valodia","doi":"10.1353/trn.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article considers the history of the different eras of 'black empowerment' under different political-administrative frameworks. This allows insights to be drawn from the changes and continuities in policy, regulation and economic actions that account for the current successful and failed outcomes. Black empowerment has meant different things to different actors across these periods. Notwithstanding the implications of these different episodes in black empowerment, approaches that sought to mobilise black consumption and savings to achieve economic power, or to build institutions for mutual economic support remain an important interpretation of the empowerment project. In the democratic era, early approaches to B-BBEE were based on an implicit bargain between established capital and the black middle class and political elites, in return for macroeconomic stability, capital liberalisation and incremental, market-focused capital reform. Moreover a key concern has been how black empowerment can be reconciled with a coherent state-led antipoverty and developmental strategy that focuses on expanding economic participation by the black poor and the working class. Reframing B-BBEE requires consideration of the tools at our disposal–state owned entities, development finance institutions and industrial financing, employment equity, enterprise development and skills development legislation. These tools must be marshalled in the direction of new products, new market opportunities and industries. The paper considers some of the competition policy and regulatory design hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve these objectives and the policy and regulatory agenda for change, that can underpin this pursuit.","PeriodicalId":45045,"journal":{"name":"Transformation-Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80159210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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