Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.30820/1434-7849-2019-2-67
Lorenz Mangold
{"title":"Konfliktlinien in der Krise","authors":"Lorenz Mangold","doi":"10.30820/1434-7849-2019-2-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30820/1434-7849-2019-2-67","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"4 1","pages":"67-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87398070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.30820/1434-7849-2019-2-16
P. Brückner
Ausgehend von der Voraussetzung, dass dem Menschen neben einem Recht auf Leben auch Rechte auf Entwicklung, das heißt Entfaltung individueller Produktivkräfte, und auf Glück zuzusprechen sind, beschäftigt sich der Autor mit den Gefährdungen, mit denen die letzten beiden Rechte in der kapitalistisch produzierenden Gesellschaft konfrontiert sind. Diskussionen zum Thema der Gewalt bleiben häufig oberflächlich, weil sie sich auf offene Gewaltäußerungen beschränken und strukturelle Gewalt, die aus den ökonomischen Verhältnissen, staatlicher Repression und verinnerlichten Zwängen hervorgeht, ausblenden. Offene Gewalt und strukturelle Gewalt stehen in einem Ergänzungsverhältnis: Wird strukturelle Gewalt geschwächt, tritt offene Gewalt zutage, vor allem auch im zwischenmenschlichen Bereich. Zugleich werden im Beitrag aber auch den in den 1960er/70er Jahren neu aufkommenden Emanzipationsbewegungen als Anzeichen der beschriebenen Schwäche der strukturellen Gewalt gelesen. In deren gewaltfreien, dezentralen und basisdemokratischen Formen des Widerstands zeige sich ein Wandel des revolutionären Paradigmas: Anders als das klassisch-arbeitskämpferische Verständnis von Revolutionen, das auf der Annahme geschichtlicher Gesetzmäßigkeiten und Fortschrittskontinuitäten fußt, zielt das Revolutionsverständnis im Sinne der Emanzipationsbewegungen auf einen geschichtlichen Bruch, der nicht nur die Produktionsweise, sondern den gesamten Lebenszusammenhang umwälzt. Für die Emanzipationsbewegungen bestehen Gefahren in der möglichen staatlichen oder wirtschaftlichen Integration ins Bestehende, des Beschränktbleibens auf die unbedeutende Peripherie oder der Bekämpfung durch die (internationale) Konterrevolution. In der Militanz von bewaffneten Gruppen wie der RAF drückt sich einerseits Verzweiflung, aber auch die mögliche Gefahr einer revolutionären Bewegung aus: Die Implantation dessen, was sie bekämpfen will.
{"title":"Über die Rolle der Gewalt in der Konstruktion und Zerstörung sozialer Systeme (1975/76)","authors":"P. Brückner","doi":"10.30820/1434-7849-2019-2-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30820/1434-7849-2019-2-16","url":null,"abstract":"Ausgehend von der Voraussetzung, dass dem Menschen neben einem Recht auf Leben auch Rechte auf Entwicklung, das heißt Entfaltung individueller Produktivkräfte, und auf Glück zuzusprechen sind, beschäftigt sich der Autor mit den Gefährdungen, mit denen die letzten beiden Rechte in der kapitalistisch produzierenden Gesellschaft konfrontiert sind. Diskussionen zum Thema der Gewalt bleiben häufig oberflächlich, weil sie sich auf offene Gewaltäußerungen beschränken und strukturelle Gewalt, die aus den ökonomischen Verhältnissen, staatlicher Repression und verinnerlichten Zwängen hervorgeht, ausblenden. Offene Gewalt und strukturelle Gewalt stehen in einem Ergänzungsverhältnis: Wird strukturelle Gewalt geschwächt, tritt offene Gewalt zutage, vor allem auch im zwischenmenschlichen Bereich. Zugleich werden im Beitrag aber auch den in den 1960er/70er Jahren neu aufkommenden Emanzipationsbewegungen als Anzeichen der beschriebenen Schwäche der strukturellen Gewalt gelesen. In deren gewaltfreien, dezentralen und basisdemokratischen Formen des Widerstands zeige sich ein Wandel des revolutionären Paradigmas: Anders als das klassisch-arbeitskämpferische Verständnis von Revolutionen, das auf der Annahme geschichtlicher Gesetzmäßigkeiten und Fortschrittskontinuitäten fußt, zielt das Revolutionsverständnis im Sinne der Emanzipationsbewegungen auf einen geschichtlichen Bruch, der nicht nur die Produktionsweise, sondern den gesamten Lebenszusammenhang umwälzt. Für die Emanzipationsbewegungen bestehen Gefahren in der möglichen staatlichen oder wirtschaftlichen Integration ins Bestehende, des Beschränktbleibens auf die unbedeutende Peripherie oder der Bekämpfung durch die (internationale) Konterrevolution. In der Militanz von bewaffneten Gruppen wie der RAF drückt sich einerseits Verzweiflung, aber auch die mögliche Gefahr einer revolutionären Bewegung aus: Die Implantation dessen, was sie bekämpfen will.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"35 1","pages":"16-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87618102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.30820/1434-7849-2019-2-91
S. Schäfer
{"title":"Geschlecht und Sexualität in der sexuellen Gewalt","authors":"S. Schäfer","doi":"10.30820/1434-7849-2019-2-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30820/1434-7849-2019-2-91","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"88 1","pages":"91-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75513002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The qualifications for a discipline are composed of the education and/or training requirements considered necessary to provide individuals with adequate knowledge to perform discipline-related tasks, including certification or licensing (Passalacqua & Pilloud 2018). Currently there are few available guidelines and no standards for the qualifications of a forensic anthropologist. To examine the qualifications of current practicing forensic anthropologists and to generate consensus-based criteria for the development of standards for qualifications for forensic anthropology, the authors generated an electronic survey. Results demonstrate that the qualifications of practicing forensic anthropologists are varied and do not always align with the qualifications currently outlined by the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology or the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. These findings do not mean these individuals are unqualified to practice forensic anthropology, but rather that there is currently little oversight or assistance for those individuals who do not fit the current models of perceived qualification, and no means of determining who does or does not have the adequate knowledge to perform forensic anthropological analyses. As forensic anthropology grows as a discipline, the standardization of qualifications will become increasingly important, both in terms of setting requirements for education and training and for the certification of practitioners. Further, there need to be clearer standards for education and training, which are currently lacking in the discipline.
{"title":"Education and Training in Forensic Anthropology","authors":"Nicholas V. Passalacqua, M. Pilloud","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.1013","url":null,"abstract":"The qualifications for a discipline are composed of the education and/or training requirements considered necessary to provide individuals with adequate knowledge to perform discipline-related tasks, including certification or licensing (Passalacqua & Pilloud 2018). Currently there are few available guidelines and no standards for the qualifications of a forensic anthropologist. To examine the qualifications of current practicing forensic anthropologists and to generate consensus-based criteria for the development of standards for qualifications for forensic anthropology, the authors generated an electronic survey. Results demonstrate that the qualifications of practicing forensic anthropologists are varied and do not always align with the qualifications currently outlined by the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology or the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. These findings do not mean these individuals are unqualified to practice forensic anthropology, but rather that there is currently little oversight or assistance for those individuals who do not fit the current models of perceived qualification, and no means of determining who does or does not have the adequate knowledge to perform forensic anthropological analyses. As forensic anthropology grows as a discipline, the standardization of qualifications will become increasingly important, both in terms of setting requirements for education and training and for the certification of practitioners. Further, there need to be clearer standards for education and training, which are currently lacking in the discipline.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"17 1","pages":"65-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85303796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Estimates of the elasticity of taxable income (ETI) is conventionally obtained by “stacking” three-year overlapping differences in the estimation. In effect, this means that the ETI estimate is an average of first-, second-, and third-year effects. The present paper draws attention to this implication and suggests that if there is gradual adjustment the analyst should rather estimate the ETI by a dynamic panel data model. When using Norwegian income tax return data for wage earners over a 14-year period (1995−2008) in the estimation, an ETI estimate of 0.15 is obtained from the dynamic specification, compared to 0.11 for the conventional approach. Importantly, the conventional approach fails to render a long-term elasticity estimate by increasing the time span of each difference.
{"title":"Estimating the Elasticity of Taxable Income When Earnings Responses Are Sluggish","authors":"T. Vattø","doi":"10.1628/FA-2020-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1628/FA-2020-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Estimates of the elasticity of taxable income (ETI) is conventionally obtained by “stacking” three-year overlapping differences in the estimation. In effect, this means that the ETI estimate is an average of first-, second-, and third-year effects. The present paper draws attention to this implication and suggests that if there is gradual adjustment the analyst should rather estimate the ETI by a dynamic panel data model. When using Norwegian income tax return data for wage earners over a 14-year period (1995−2008) in the estimation, an ETI estimate of 0.15 is obtained from the dynamic specification, compared to 0.11 for the conventional approach. Importantly, the conventional approach fails to render a long-term elasticity estimate by increasing the time span of each difference.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"20 1","pages":"329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84260104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Histological analyses of bone can be a useful tool in a forensic assessment, particularly for species determination and age estimation. In order to perform these analyses, however, it is necessary to produce high-quality thin sections for light microscopy. There is a general lack of consensus as to the most appropriate method(s) for the production of cortical bone thin sections, resulting in multiple protocols in the published literature, each associated with varying steps and equipment. We present here a simplified protocol for the histological preparation of cortical bone samples that represents a revision of Garcia-Donas et al. (2017). The protocol was tested on a mixed sample of 17 femora (10 formalin fixed, 5 fresh macerated, and 2 dry archaeological specimens). Good-quality thin-section images at 100× and 200× magnification are produced for each sample type. Using this protocol it is possible to prepare good-quality histological sections of cortical bone for a forensic analysis setting using relatively inexpensive equipment and materials.
{"title":"A Simplified Protocol for the Histological Preparation of Cortical Bone Samples for Light Microscopy: A Revision of Garcia-Donas et al. (2017)","authors":"Ariane Maggio, Ambika Flavel, D. Franklin","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.1003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.1003","url":null,"abstract":"Histological analyses of bone can be a useful tool in a forensic assessment, particularly for species determination and age estimation. In order to perform these analyses, however, it is necessary to produce high-quality thin sections for light microscopy. There is a general lack of consensus as to the most appropriate method(s) for the production of cortical bone thin sections, resulting in multiple protocols in the published literature, each associated with varying steps and equipment. We present here a simplified protocol for the histological preparation of cortical bone samples that represents a revision of Garcia-Donas et al. (2017). The protocol was tested on a mixed sample of 17 femora (10 formalin fixed, 5 fresh macerated, and 2 dry archaeological specimens). Good-quality thin-section images at 100× and 200× magnification are produced for each sample type. Using this protocol it is possible to prepare good-quality histological sections of cortical bone for a forensic analysis setting using relatively inexpensive equipment and materials.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"31 1","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85588040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the result of immigration policies enacted in the 1990s, migrants have been forced to take more dangerous routes into the country, resulting in an increased appearance of presumed migrant remains in the work of forensic anthropologists. Recent research suggests that migrants coming through the Arizona corridor are from different geographic origins than those entering the United States through Texas. Differences among these groups have been identified in genetic and craniometric research, but it is unknown to what degree these differences affect cranial macromorphoscopic traits and dental morphology. Cranial macromorphoscopic traits and dental morphology were recorded following published standards, for individuals of presumed migrant status in addition to European, African, and Native Americans. Trait frequencies were examined for significant differences using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Additionally, dichotomized dental morphology data were used to evaluate differences between the two samples using the mean measure of divergence. The two samples are significantly different in their frequency of cranial macromorphoscopic traits; specifically, the Operation Identification (OpID) and Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner (PCOME) samples are different in frequencies of three cranial macromorphoscopic traits. Additionally, dental morphological traits support differences among samples, particularly between the OpID and PCOME samples. Although cranial traits do not show a clear pattern, dental morphology supports a stronger non-European contribution to individuals in the OpID sample. Although the samples from the PCOME and OpID are often both considered “Hispanic,” they are different in the expression of cranial and dental traits. These results are preliminary but support further investigations of ancestry on the regional level.
{"title":"Examining Differences in Presumed Migrants from Texas and Arizona Using Cranial and Dental Data","authors":"C. Maier, Rebecca L. George","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.1002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.1002","url":null,"abstract":"As the result of immigration policies enacted in the 1990s, migrants have been forced to take more dangerous routes into the country, resulting in an increased appearance of presumed migrant remains in the work of forensic anthropologists. Recent research suggests that migrants coming through the Arizona corridor are from different geographic origins than those entering the United States through Texas. Differences among these groups have been identified in genetic and craniometric research, but it is unknown to what degree these differences affect cranial macromorphoscopic traits and dental morphology. Cranial macromorphoscopic traits and dental morphology were recorded following published standards, for individuals of presumed migrant status in addition to European, African, and Native Americans. Trait frequencies were examined for significant differences using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Additionally, dichotomized dental morphology data were used to evaluate differences between the two samples using the mean measure of divergence. The two samples are significantly different in their frequency of cranial macromorphoscopic traits; specifically, the Operation Identification (OpID) and Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner (PCOME) samples are different in frequencies of three cranial macromorphoscopic traits. Additionally, dental morphological traits support differences among samples, particularly between the OpID and PCOME samples. Although cranial traits do not show a clear pattern, dental morphology supports a stronger non-European contribution to individuals in the OpID sample. Although the samples from the PCOME and OpID are often both considered “Hispanic,” they are different in the expression of cranial and dental traits. These results are preliminary but support further investigations of ancestry on the regional level.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"8 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85428464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the nature of mummification, tissue that has been significantly desiccated may never reach the advanced stages of decomposition. This research measured the moisture content of five donated individuals placed at the Forensic Anthropology Research Facility at Texas State University over a period of nearly three months. Moisture-content readings were taken from 20 sites on each body on a daily basis and then analyzed through multilevel modeling with temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and precipitation. This study found that desiccation appears to follow a consistent, asymptotic pattern and that temperature is the most influential environmental factor affecting moisture content. This study shows the viability for a postmortem interval estimation method based on accumulated degree-days and moisture content.
{"title":"Moisture Content in Decomposing, Desiccated, and Mummified Human Tissue","authors":"A. Lennartz, M. Hamilton, R. Weaver","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.1001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.1001","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the nature of mummification, tissue that has been significantly desiccated may never reach the advanced stages of decomposition. This research measured the moisture content of five donated individuals placed at the Forensic Anthropology Research Facility at Texas State University over a period of nearly three months. Moisture-content readings were taken from 20 sites on each body on a daily basis and then analyzed through multilevel modeling with temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and precipitation. This study found that desiccation appears to follow a consistent, asymptotic pattern and that temperature is the most influential environmental factor affecting moisture content. This study shows the viability for a postmortem interval estimation method based on accumulated degree-days and moisture content.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"2020 29","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72538461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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