Abstract. This paper presents a highly efficient digital frequency calibration method for ultra-low-power oscillators in wireless communication systems. This calibration method locks the ultra-low-power oscillator's output frequency to the reference clock of the wireless transceiver during its send- and receive-state to achieve frequency stability over process variation and temperature drifts. The introduced calibration scheme offers high jitter immunity and short locking periods overcoming frequency calibration errors for typical ultra-low-power oscillator's by utilizing non-linear segmented feedback levels. In measurements the proposed calibration method improves the frequency stability of an ultra-low-power 32 kHz oscillator from 53 to 10 ppm ∘C−1 over a wide temperature range for temperature drifts of less than 1 ∘C s−1 with an estimated power consumption of 185 nW while coping with relocking periods of 7 ms.
{"title":"A low complexity digital frequency calibration with high jitter immunity for ultra-low-power oscillators","authors":"M. Scholl, R. Wunderlich, S. Heinen","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-145-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-145-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper presents a highly efficient digital frequency calibration method for ultra-low-power oscillators in wireless communication systems.\u0000This calibration method locks the ultra-low-power oscillator's output frequency to the reference clock of the wireless transceiver during its send- and receive-state to achieve frequency stability over process variation and temperature drifts.\u0000The introduced calibration scheme offers high jitter immunity and short locking periods overcoming frequency calibration errors for typical ultra-low-power oscillator's by utilizing non-linear segmented feedback levels.\u0000In measurements the proposed calibration method improves the frequency stability of an ultra-low-power 32 kHz oscillator from 53 to 10 ppm ∘C−1 over a wide temperature range for temperature drifts of less than 1 ∘C s−1 with an estimated power consumption of 185 nW while coping with relocking periods of 7 ms.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46053520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christoph Beyerstedt, Jonas Meier, Fabian Speicher, R. Wunderlich, S. Heinen
Abstract. This paper presents a frequency domain analysis of spurious tones in frequency dividers. The results of the analysis are used to develop an event-driven model for system simulations which work entirely in the frequency domain. The proposed approach is able to provide a fast and accurate model in a SystemVerilog/C++ environment which takes the frequency conversion effects of the spurious tones into account. A virtual prototype which includes the model was simulated and due to the fast simulation speed it was possible to determine the influence of spurious tones on the bit error rate in a complex receive scenario.
{"title":"Analysis of the frequency conversion of spurious tones in frequency dividers and development of an event-driven model for system simulations","authors":"Christoph Beyerstedt, Jonas Meier, Fabian Speicher, R. Wunderlich, S. Heinen","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-101-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-101-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper presents a frequency domain analysis of spurious tones in\u0000frequency dividers. The results of the analysis are used to develop an\u0000event-driven model for system simulations which work entirely in the\u0000frequency domain. The proposed approach is able to provide a fast and\u0000accurate model in a SystemVerilog/C++ environment which takes the frequency\u0000conversion effects of the spurious tones into account. A virtual prototype\u0000which includes the model was simulated and due to the fast simulation speed\u0000it was possible to determine the influence of spurious tones on the bit error\u0000rate in a complex receive scenario.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47718315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In order to predict the immunity to electromagnetic interference of vulnerable systems, not only the electronic system but also its enclosure has to be taken into consideration. In this work, the coupling behavior of electromagnetic pulses (EMP) and continuous wave (CW) signals into the shielded enclosure of a generic system is investigated by metrological and numerical methods. Since this enclosure forms an unwanted or parasitic cavity resonator, the enclosure`s resonance behavior as well as the characteristic quantities, i.e., the resonance frequencies and corresponding quality factors are of great interest, too. The usage of an optical field sensor reduces the influence of the measuring setup on the investigated system and thus, enables the analysis of the enclosure's resonance behavior, which delivers revealing information about the dependence of the quality factor on the aperture size of the enclosure.
{"title":"Analysis of the coupling of electromagnetic pulses into shielded enclosures of vulnerable systems","authors":"S. Fisahn, Sebastian Koj, H. Garbe","doi":"10.5194/ARS-16-215-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ARS-16-215-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In order to predict the immunity to electromagnetic interference of\u0000vulnerable systems, not only the electronic system but also its enclosure has\u0000to be taken into consideration. In this work, the coupling behavior of\u0000electromagnetic pulses (EMP) and continuous wave (CW) signals into the\u0000shielded enclosure of a generic system is investigated by metrological and\u0000numerical methods. Since this enclosure forms an unwanted or parasitic cavity\u0000resonator, the enclosure`s resonance behavior as well as the characteristic\u0000quantities, i.e., the resonance frequencies and corresponding quality factors\u0000are of great interest, too. The usage of an optical field sensor reduces the\u0000influence of the measuring setup on the investigated system and thus, enables\u0000the analysis of the enclosure's resonance behavior, which delivers revealing\u0000information about the dependence of the quality factor on the aperture size\u0000of the enclosure.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48329215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. With increasing radar activities in the automotive, industrial and private sector, there is a need to test radar sensors in their environment. A radar target simulator can help testing radar systems repeatably. In this paper, the authors present a concept of low-cost hardware for radar target simulation. The theoretical foundations are derived and analyzed. An implementation of a demonstrator operating in the 24 GHz ISM band is shown for which the dynamical range simulation was implemented in a FPGA with fast sampling ADCs and DACs. By using a FIR filtering approach a fine discretization of the range could be reached which will furthermore allow an inherent and automatic Doppler simulation by moving the target.
{"title":"Radar target simulator with complex-valued delay line modeling based on standard radar components","authors":"A. Diewald, Manuel Steins, Simon Müller","doi":"10.5194/ARS-16-203-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ARS-16-203-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. With increasing radar activities in the automotive, industrial and private\u0000sector, there is a need to test radar sensors in their environment. A radar\u0000target simulator can help testing radar systems repeatably. In this paper,\u0000the authors present a concept of low-cost hardware for radar target\u0000simulation. The theoretical foundations are derived and analyzed. An\u0000implementation of a demonstrator operating in the 24 GHz ISM band is shown\u0000for which the dynamical range simulation was implemented in a FPGA with fast\u0000sampling ADCs and DACs. By using a FIR filtering approach a fine\u0000discretization of the range could be reached which will furthermore allow an\u0000inherent and automatic Doppler simulation by moving the target.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47981409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tobias Saalfeld, Tobias Piwczyk, R. Wunderlich, S. Heinen
Abstract. This paper presents a receiver signal strength detector based on a discrete Fourier transform implementation. The energy detection algorithm has been designed and measured using a custom multi-standard transceiver ASIC with a low-IF receiver at 0.5, 1 and 2 MHz IF. The proposed implementation directly processes the single bit ΔΣ modulator data and features a clear channel assessment for arbitrary modulation schemes without energy consuming demodulation. Continuous monitoring of the derivative of the RSSI takes advantage of faster coefficient convergence for higher power levels and reduces computation time. A dynamic range of 65 dB has been achieved in FPGA based measurements with a linearity error of less than 1.2 dB. Furthermore, synthesis results for an on-chip implementation for an 130 nm RF CMOS technology show an overall power consumption of 1.5 mW during calculation.
{"title":"A digital receiver signal strength detector for multi-standard low-IF receivers","authors":"Tobias Saalfeld, Tobias Piwczyk, R. Wunderlich, S. Heinen","doi":"10.5194/ARS-16-51-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ARS-16-51-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper presents a receiver signal strength detector based on a discrete\u0000Fourier transform implementation. The energy detection algorithm has been\u0000designed and measured using a custom multi-standard transceiver ASIC with a\u0000low-IF receiver at 0.5, 1 and 2 MHz IF. The proposed implementation\u0000directly processes the single bit ΔΣ modulator data and features\u0000a clear channel assessment for arbitrary modulation schemes without energy\u0000consuming demodulation. Continuous monitoring of the derivative of the RSSI\u0000takes advantage of faster coefficient convergence for higher power levels and\u0000reduces computation time. A dynamic range of 65 dB has been achieved\u0000in FPGA based measurements with a linearity error of less than\u00001.2 dB. Furthermore, synthesis results for an on-chip implementation\u0000for an 130 nm RF CMOS technology show an overall power consumption of\u00001.5 mW during calculation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44123534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Jacobi, Christoph Geißler, F. Lilienthal, Amelie Hoff (née: Krug)
Abstract. Solar tides such as the diurnal and semidiurnal tide, are forced in the lower and middle atmosphere through the diurnal cycle of solar radiation absorption. This is also the case with higher harmonics like the quarterdiurnal tide (QDT), but for these also non-linear interaction of tides such as the self-interaction of the semidiurnal tide, or the interaction of terdiurnal and diurnal tides, are discussed as possible forcing mechanism. To shed more light on the sources of the QDT, 12 years of meteor radar data at Collm (51.3∘ N, 13∘ E) have been analyzed with respect to the seasonal variability of the QDT at 82–97 km altitude, and bispectral analysis has been applied. The results indicate that non-linear interaction, in particular self-interaction of the semidiurnal tide probably plays an important role in winter, but to a lesser degree in summer. Numerical modelling of 6 h amplitudes qualitatively reproduces the gross seasonal structure of the observed 6 h wave at Collm. Model experiments with removed tidal forcing mechanisms lead to the conclusion that, although non-linear tidal interaction is one source of the QDT, the major forcing mechanism is direct solar forcing of the 6 h tidal components.
{"title":"Forcing mechanisms of the 6 h tide in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere","authors":"C. Jacobi, Christoph Geißler, F. Lilienthal, Amelie Hoff (née: Krug)","doi":"10.5194/ARS-16-141-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ARS-16-141-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Solar tides such as the diurnal and semidiurnal tide, are\u0000forced in the lower and middle atmosphere through the diurnal cycle of solar\u0000radiation absorption. This is also the case with higher harmonics like the\u0000quarterdiurnal tide (QDT), but for these also non-linear interaction of\u0000tides such as the self-interaction of the semidiurnal tide, or the\u0000interaction of terdiurnal and diurnal tides, are discussed as possible\u0000forcing mechanism. To shed more light on the sources of the QDT, 12 years of\u0000meteor radar data at Collm (51.3∘ N, 13∘ E) have been\u0000analyzed with respect to the seasonal variability of the QDT at 82–97 km\u0000altitude, and bispectral analysis has been applied. The results indicate\u0000that non-linear interaction, in particular self-interaction of the\u0000semidiurnal tide probably plays an important role in winter, but to a lesser\u0000degree in summer. Numerical modelling of 6 h amplitudes qualitatively\u0000reproduces the gross seasonal structure of the observed 6 h wave at Collm.\u0000Model experiments with removed tidal forcing mechanisms lead to the\u0000conclusion that, although non-linear tidal interaction is one source of the\u0000QDT, the major forcing mechanism is direct solar forcing of the 6 h tidal\u0000components.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44284830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Brenner, Yinghui Hu, J. Gwaro, N. Surkamp, B. Döpke, M. Hofmann, Besher Kani, A. Stöhr, B. Sumpf, A. Klehr, J. Fricke
Abstract. The generation and detection of radiation in the THz frequency range can be achieved with many different electronic and photonic concepts. Among the many different photonic THz systems the most versatile are based on diode lasers. In this paper we describe and review the different concepts and optimization ideas for diode laser based THz systems in order to achieve the best performance for different types of THz setups.
{"title":"Near Infrared Diode Laser THz Systems","authors":"C. Brenner, Yinghui Hu, J. Gwaro, N. Surkamp, B. Döpke, M. Hofmann, Besher Kani, A. Stöhr, B. Sumpf, A. Klehr, J. Fricke","doi":"10.5194/ARS-16-167-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ARS-16-167-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The generation and detection of radiation in the THz frequency range can be\u0000achieved with many different electronic and photonic concepts. Among the many\u0000different photonic THz systems the most versatile are based on diode lasers.\u0000In this paper we describe and review the different concepts and optimization\u0000ideas for diode laser based THz systems in order to achieve the best\u0000performance for different types of THz setups.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46158212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. This paper summarizes expectations and requirements towards future converged communication systems denoted by 5th Generation (5G). Multiple research and standardization activities globally contribute to the definition and specification of an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to provide business customers and residential users with both, existing and future upcoming services which demand for higher data rates and granted performance figures in terms of QoS parameters, such as low latency and high reliability. Representative use case families are threefold and represented as enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Internet of Things (mIoT), and Critical Communication, i.e. Ultra-Low Latency (ULL)/Ultra-High Reliability (UHR). To deploy and operate a dedicated network for each service or use case separately would raise the expenses and service costs to an unduly high amount. Instead provision of a commonly shared physical infrastructure offering resources for transport, processing, and storage of data to several separated logical networks (slices) individually managed and configured by potentially multiple service providers is the main concept of this new approach. Beside a multitude of other initiatives the EU-funded 5G NORMA project (5G Novel Radio Multiservice adaptive network Architecture) has developed an architecture which enables not only network programmability (configurability in software), but also network slicing and Multi Tenancy (allowing independent 3rd parties to offer an end-to-end service tailored according to their needs) in a mobile network. Major aspects dealt with here are the selectable support of mobility (on-demand) and service-aware QoE/QoS (Quality of Experience/Service) control. Specifically we will report on the outcome of the analysis of design criteria for Mobility Management schemes and the result of an exemplary application of the modular mobility function to scenarios with variable service requirements (e.g. high-terminal speed vs. on-demand mobility or portability of devices). An efficient sharing of scarce frequency resources in new radio systems demands for tight coordination of orchestration and assignment (scheduling) of resources for the different network slices as per capacity and priority (QoS) demand. Dynamicity aspects in changing algorithms and schemes to manage, configure, and optimize the resources at the radio base stations according to slice specific Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are investigated. It has been shown that architectural issues in terms of hierarchy (centralized vs. distributed) and layering, i.e. separation of control (signaling) and (user) data plane will play an essential role to increase the elasticity of network infrastructures which is in focus of applying SDN (Software Defined Networking) and NFV (Network Function Virtualization) to next generation communication systems. An outlook towards follow-on standardization and open research questions within differ
{"title":"Future integrated communication network architectures enabling heterogeneous service provision","authors":"P. Arnold, D. Hugo","doi":"10.5194/ARS-16-59-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ARS-16-59-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper summarizes expectations and requirements towards future\u0000converged communication systems denoted by 5th Generation (5G). Multiple\u0000research and standardization activities globally contribute to the definition\u0000and specification of an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to\u0000provide business customers and residential users with both, existing and\u0000future upcoming services which demand for higher data rates and granted\u0000performance figures in terms of QoS parameters, such as low latency and high\u0000reliability. Representative use case families are threefold and represented\u0000as enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Internet of Things (mIoT), and\u0000Critical Communication, i.e. Ultra-Low Latency (ULL)/Ultra-High Reliability\u0000(UHR). To deploy and operate a dedicated network for each service or use case\u0000separately would raise the expenses and service costs to an unduly high\u0000amount. Instead provision of a commonly shared physical infrastructure\u0000offering resources for transport, processing, and storage of data to several\u0000separated logical networks (slices) individually managed and configured by\u0000potentially multiple service providers is the main concept of this new\u0000approach. Beside a multitude of other initiatives the EU-funded 5G NORMA project (5G\u0000Novel Radio Multiservice adaptive network Architecture) has developed an\u0000architecture which enables not only network programmability (configurability\u0000in software), but also network slicing and Multi Tenancy (allowing\u0000independent 3rd parties to offer an end-to-end service tailored according to\u0000their needs) in a mobile network. Major aspects dealt with here are the\u0000selectable support of mobility (on-demand) and service-aware QoE/QoS\u0000(Quality of Experience/Service) control. Specifically we will report on the outcome of the analysis of design\u0000criteria for Mobility Management schemes and the result of an exemplary\u0000application of the modular mobility function to scenarios with variable\u0000service requirements (e.g. high-terminal speed vs. on-demand mobility or\u0000portability of devices). An efficient sharing of scarce frequency resources\u0000in new radio systems demands for tight coordination of orchestration and\u0000assignment (scheduling) of resources for the different network slices as per\u0000capacity and priority (QoS) demand. Dynamicity aspects in changing\u0000algorithms and schemes to manage, configure, and optimize the resources at\u0000the radio base stations according to slice specific Service Level Agreements\u0000(SLAs) are investigated. It has been shown that architectural issues in\u0000terms of hierarchy (centralized vs. distributed) and layering, i.e.\u0000separation of control (signaling) and (user) data plane will play an\u0000essential role to increase the elasticity of network infrastructures which\u0000is in focus of applying SDN (Software Defined Networking) and NFV (Network\u0000Function Virtualization) to next generation communication systems. An outlook towards follow-on standardization and open research questions\u0000within differ","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45360910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Short range inductive data transfer has become very popular in the last years with the increased interest in technologies like RFID and NFC. Additionally, wireless power transfer has been a field of intensive research and product development. In industrial applications, a combination of both is often needed to replace mechanical contacts, mainly for safety and reliability reasons, especially regarding spark prevention and maintenance reduction. In this paper, we present a compact inductive structure that can be implemented in an existing wireless energy transfer system. The structure is developed by field considerations, leading to a single structure comprising two signal ports that are decoupled from each other, but can be used to transfer a signal to a second structure of that kind with very small interference. An optimisation to achieve comparable channel characteristics is conducted by using 3-D field simulations. Subsequent measurements are conducted to verify the achieved performance.
{"title":"Crosstalk Cancellation in Inductively Coupled Full-Duplex Data Transfer Systems by a single Multipole Dualport Coil Structure","authors":"C. Schmidt, M. Buchholz, M. Chandra","doi":"10.5194/ARS-16-29-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ARS-16-29-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Short range inductive data transfer has become very popular in the last years\u0000with the increased interest in technologies like RFID and NFC. Additionally,\u0000wireless power transfer has been a field of intensive research and product\u0000development. In industrial applications, a combination of both is often\u0000needed to replace mechanical contacts, mainly for safety and reliability\u0000reasons, especially regarding spark prevention and maintenance reduction. In this paper, we present a compact inductive structure that can be\u0000implemented in an existing wireless energy transfer system. The structure is\u0000developed by field considerations, leading to a single structure comprising\u0000two signal ports that are decoupled from each other, but can be used to\u0000transfer a signal to a second structure of that kind with very small\u0000interference. An optimisation to achieve comparable channel characteristics\u0000is conducted by using 3-D field simulations. Subsequent measurements are\u0000conducted to verify the achieved performance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44036944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The electromagnetic (EM) emissions of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are evaluated in situ. Results of in situ tests, however, are only valid for the examined equipment under test (EUT) and cannot be applied to series production as samples, as the measurement uncertainty for in situ environment is not characterized. Currently measurements must be performed on each WECS separately, this is associated with significant costs and time requirement to complete. Therefore, in this work, based on the standard procedure according to the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty” (GUM, 2008) the measurement uncertainty is characterized. From current normative situation obtained influences on the measurement uncertainty: wind velocity and undefined ground are evaluated. The influence of increased wind velocity on the measurement uncertainty is evaluated with an analytical approach making use of the dipole characteristic. A numerically evaluated model provides information about the expected uncertainty due to reflection on different textures and varying values of relative ground moisture. Using a classical reflection law based approach, the simulation results are validated. Thanks to the presented methods, it is possible to successfully characterize the measurement uncertainty of in situ measurements of WECS's EM emissions.
{"title":"Measurement Uncertainty of Radiated Electromagnetic Emissions in In Situ Tests of Wind Energy Conversion Systems","authors":"Sebastian Koj, A. Hoffmann, H. Garbe","doi":"10.5194/ARS-16-13-2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ARS-16-13-2018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The electromagnetic (EM) emissions of wind energy\u0000conversion systems (WECS) are evaluated in situ. Results of in situ tests,\u0000however, are only valid for the examined equipment under test (EUT) and\u0000cannot be applied to series production as samples, as the measurement\u0000uncertainty for in situ environment is not characterized. Currently\u0000measurements must be performed on each WECS separately, this is associated\u0000with significant costs and time requirement to complete. Therefore, in this\u0000work, based on the standard procedure according to the “Guide to the\u0000Expression of Uncertainty” (GUM, 2008) the measurement uncertainty is\u0000characterized. From current normative situation obtained influences on the\u0000measurement uncertainty: wind velocity and undefined ground are evaluated.\u0000The influence of increased wind velocity on the measurement uncertainty is\u0000evaluated with an analytical approach making use of the dipole\u0000characteristic. A numerically evaluated model provides information about the\u0000expected uncertainty due to reflection on different textures and varying\u0000values of relative ground moisture. Using a classical reflection law based\u0000approach, the simulation results are validated. Thanks to the presented\u0000methods, it is possible to successfully characterize the measurement\u0000uncertainty of in situ measurements of WECS's EM emissions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41965318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：