Abstract. UHF-RFID is a mature and widespread technology that has the potential to increase the reliability and efficiency of processes in logistics and production environments. However, complex interference effects in indoor environments pose challenges to the implementation of reliable wireless communication systems like RFID. This work proposes a method for tag performance evaluation utilizing a coherent two-stage rating process. This enables the abstraction of physical quantities and facilitates the interpretation of tag readability. For this purpose, two well-established full-wave techniques are utilized to perform deterministic simulations of a logistical UHF-RFID use-case. The setup of large-scale simulation environments is discussed and important quantities to be considered in RFID-systems are derived. Based on the simulation results and the proposed rating method, the RFID use-case is evaluated. Results are visualized in full-3D, facilitating the identification of critical spots. Furthermore, a subsequent cross-validation of the simulation results is performed, verifying the validity of the simulation results. By performing a priori propagation analysis, issues can effectively be revealed beforehand and costly modifications after system deployment can be avoided.
{"title":"Analysis of large-scale UHF-RFID use-cases utilizing full-wave simulation techniques","authors":"Miroslav Lach, Christian Looschen, Erwin M. Biebl","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-127-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-127-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. UHF-RFID is a mature and widespread technology that has the potential to increase the\u0000reliability and efficiency of processes in logistics and production environments.\u0000However, complex interference effects in indoor environments pose challenges to the implementation\u0000of reliable wireless communication systems like RFID.\u0000This work proposes a method for tag performance evaluation utilizing a coherent two-stage rating process.\u0000This enables the abstraction of physical quantities and facilitates the interpretation of tag readability.\u0000For this purpose, two well-established full-wave techniques are utilized to perform deterministic simulations\u0000of a logistical UHF-RFID use-case.\u0000The setup of large-scale simulation environments is discussed and important quantities to be considered in\u0000RFID-systems are derived.\u0000Based on the simulation results and the proposed rating method, the RFID use-case is evaluated.\u0000Results are visualized in full-3D, facilitating the identification of critical spots.\u0000Furthermore, a subsequent cross-validation of the simulation results is performed, verifying the validity of the simulation results.\u0000By performing a priori propagation analysis, issues can effectively be revealed beforehand and costly modifications\u0000after system deployment can be avoided.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44648629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Björn Friebel, M. Schweins, Nils Dreyer, T. Kürner
Abstract. In recent years, many simulation tools emerged to model the communication of connected vehicles. Thereby, the focus was put on channel modelling, applications or protocols while the localisation due to satellite navigation systems was treated as perfect. The effect of inaccurate positioning, however, was neglected so far. This paper presents an approach to extend an existing simulation framework for radio networks to estimate the localisation accuracy by navigation systems like GPS, GLONASS or Galileo. Therefore the error due multipath components is calculated by ray optical path loss predictions (ray tracing) considering 3D building data together with a well-established model for the ionospheric error.
{"title":"Simulation of GPS localisation based on ray tracing","authors":"Björn Friebel, M. Schweins, Nils Dreyer, T. Kürner","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-85-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-85-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In recent years, many simulation tools emerged to model the communication of connected vehicles.\u0000Thereby, the focus was put on channel modelling, applications or protocols while the localisation due to satellite navigation systems was treated as perfect.\u0000The effect of inaccurate positioning, however, was neglected so far.\u0000This paper presents an approach to extend an existing simulation framework for radio networks to estimate the localisation accuracy by navigation systems like GPS, GLONASS or Galileo.\u0000Therefore the error due multipath components is calculated by ray optical path loss predictions (ray tracing) considering 3D building data together with a well-established model for the ionospheric error.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48982939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The basic question of this paper was, whether a detected anomaly found in the ground during an explosives disposal process is actually a non-detonated bomb or non-dangerous metallic scrap. Based on a borehole radar, an approach is to be presented in which first a 2-dimensional contour of the object is created with the aid of a spatial runtime evaluation. By repeating this step at different depths with subsequent graphic overlay, a 3D shape of the buried object is created. The method is first tested using a simulation model with inhomogeneous soil. In the second step the method will be applied and evaluated using a field measurement of a real object. The results shows that both 2D and 3D evaluations reflect the position and orientation of the object. Furthermore, the shape and the dimensions can be estimated, with the restriction that the 3D contour has distortions along the vertical axis. The aim of this work is to show an application of borehole radar, with which the identification of buried objects should be facilitated.
{"title":"3D Contour Shaping of Buried Objects in Soil","authors":"Christian Siebauer, H. Garbe","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-173-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-173-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The basic question of this paper was, whether a detected anomaly found in the ground during an explosives disposal process is actually a non-detonated bomb or non-dangerous metallic scrap.\u0000Based on a borehole radar, an approach is to be presented in which first a 2-dimensional contour of the object is created with the aid of a spatial runtime evaluation.\u0000By repeating this step at different depths with subsequent graphic overlay, a 3D shape of the buried object is created.\u0000The method is first tested using a simulation model with inhomogeneous soil.\u0000In the second step the method will be applied and evaluated using a field measurement of a real object.\u0000The results shows that both 2D and 3D evaluations reflect the position and orientation of the object.\u0000Furthermore, the shape and the dimensions can be estimated, with the restriction that the 3D contour has distortions along the vertical axis.\u0000The aim of this work is to show an application of borehole radar, with which the identification of buried objects should be facilitated.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42682151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lorenz Dirksmeyer, Aly Marnach, Daniel Schmiech, A. Diewald
Abstract. With a radar working in the 24 GHz ISM-band in a frequency modulated continuous wave mode the major vital signs heartbeat and respiration rate are monitored. The observation is hereby contactless with the patient sitting straight up in a distance of 1–2 m to the radar. Radar and sampling platform are components developed internally in the university institution. The communication with the radar is handled with MATLAB via TCP/IP. The signal processing and real-time visualization is developed in MATLAB, too. Cornerstone of this publication are the wavelet packet transformation and a spectral frequency estimation for vital sign calculation. The wavelet transformation allows a fine tuning of frequency subspaces, separating the heartbeat signal from the respiration and more important from noise and other movement. Heartbeat and respiration are monitored independently and compared to parallel recorded ECG-data.
{"title":"Developing of Algorithms Monitoring Heartbeat and Respiration Rate of a Seated Person with an FMCW Radar","authors":"Lorenz Dirksmeyer, Aly Marnach, Daniel Schmiech, A. Diewald","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-195-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-195-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. With a radar working in the 24 GHz ISM-band in a frequency modulated continuous wave mode the major vital signs heartbeat and respiration rate are monitored. The observation is hereby contactless with the patient sitting straight up in a distance of 1–2 m to the radar. Radar and sampling platform are components developed internally in the university institution. The communication with the radar is handled with MATLAB via TCP/IP. The signal processing and real-time visualization is developed in MATLAB, too. Cornerstone of this publication are the wavelet packet transformation and a spectral frequency estimation for vital sign calculation. The wavelet transformation allows a fine tuning of frequency subspaces, separating the heartbeat signal from the respiration and more important from noise and other movement. Heartbeat and respiration are monitored independently and compared to parallel recorded ECG-data.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43115380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emanuel Panholzer, Vadim Kobelski, M. Aidam, W. Franz, S. Lindenmeier
Abstract. In automotive application new point-to-point (P2P) wideband communication systems e.g. Automotive Ethernet 100BASE-T1 imply an increasing effort in safeguarding its electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The state-of-the-art EMC safeguarding process proposes a pre-compliant system level test before the vehicle level test, which may have significant variation in test results due to the different electromagnetic environment. This work presents an approach to calculate the emission signal at the vehicle antenna from the ECU output signal given by the power spectral density (PSD) of the Automotive Ethernet ECUs. The determination is performed via a transfer function which describes the coupling between the Ethernet wire harness and the antenna. This approach considers the modelling of the complex vehicle environment by the transfer function which promises the determination of an accurate emission signal before performing the vehicle level test. Further, the transfer function for a specifically EMC critical cable harness routing along the cockpit area is analyzed in more detail with a 3D simulation, which validates the chosen measurement technique of the transfer function.
{"title":"Method for prediction of EMI Emissions from Automotive Ethernet to Vehicle Antennas","authors":"Emanuel Panholzer, Vadim Kobelski, M. Aidam, W. Franz, S. Lindenmeier","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-139-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-139-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In automotive application new point-to-point (P2P) wideband\u0000communication systems e.g. Automotive Ethernet 100BASE-T1 imply an\u0000increasing effort in safeguarding its electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).\u0000The state-of-the-art EMC safeguarding process proposes a pre-compliant\u0000system level test before the vehicle level test, which may have significant\u0000variation in test results due to the different electromagnetic environment.\u0000This work presents an approach to calculate the emission signal at the\u0000vehicle antenna from the ECU output signal given by the power spectral\u0000density (PSD) of the Automotive Ethernet ECUs. The determination is\u0000performed via a transfer function which describes the coupling between the\u0000Ethernet wire harness and the antenna. This approach considers the modelling\u0000of the complex vehicle environment by the transfer function which promises\u0000the determination of an accurate emission signal before performing the\u0000vehicle level test. Further, the transfer function for a specifically EMC\u0000critical cable harness routing along the cockpit area is analyzed in more\u0000detail with a 3D simulation, which validates the chosen measurement\u0000technique of the transfer function.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48372402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Carrier synchronization is a crucial part of any wireless receiver, which is required due to frequency and phase offset. In case of transmission in a Time Division Multiple Access system the carrier synchronization has to be carried out for every burst separately. The DVB-RCS2 standard specifies a large variety of reference burst types with very limited known symbols. For each of these types a thorough exploration of different synchronization algorithms is required to find a trade-off between a good communication performance at very low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and an efficient hardware implementation. A state-of-the-art algorithm for carrier synchronization is based on the so called Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). An inherit limitation for the precision of frequency estimation is given by the FFT point size. To counteract this limitation, the FFT point size must be increased. In this paper we extensively compare two possible interpolation techniques for FFT results in three FFT-based carrier synchronization methods. These are applied to various reference burst types specified in the DVB-RCS2 standard. The trade-offs of these combinations are identified with a special focus on hardware implementation efficiency. Furthermore, we present a flexible IP core which can process the three synchronization methods in an efficient way and analyze its implementation complexity and throughput on a Xilinx Kintex FPGA.
{"title":"Communication Performance vs. Implementation Trade-offs of Interpolation Techniques for FFT-Based Carrier Synchronization exemplified on DVB-RCS2","authors":"Oliver Griebel, U. Wasenmüller, N. Wehn","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-59-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-59-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Carrier synchronization is a crucial part of any wireless receiver, which is\u0000required due to frequency and phase offset. In case of transmission in a Time\u0000Division Multiple Access system the carrier synchronization has to be carried\u0000out for every burst separately. The DVB-RCS2 standard specifies a large\u0000variety of reference burst types with very limited known symbols. For each of\u0000these types a thorough exploration of different synchronization algorithms is\u0000required to find a trade-off between a good communication performance at very\u0000low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and an efficient hardware implementation. A state-of-the-art algorithm for carrier synchronization is based on the so\u0000called Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). An inherit limitation for the\u0000precision of frequency estimation is given by the FFT point size. To\u0000counteract this limitation, the FFT point size must be increased. In this\u0000paper we extensively compare two possible interpolation techniques for FFT\u0000results in three FFT-based carrier synchronization methods. These are applied\u0000to various reference burst types specified in the DVB-RCS2 standard. The\u0000trade-offs of these combinations are identified with a special focus on\u0000hardware implementation efficiency. Furthermore, we present a flexible IP\u0000core which can process the three synchronization methods in an efficient way\u0000and analyze its implementation complexity and throughput on a Xilinx Kintex\u0000FPGA.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44144327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Radar signal processing is a promising tool for vital sign monitoring. For contactless observation of breathing and heart rate a precise measurement of the distance between radar antenna and the patient's skin is required. This results in the need to detect small movements in the range of 0.5 mm and below. Such small changes in distance are hard to be measured with a limited radar bandwidth when relying on the frequency based range detection alone. In order to enhance the relative distance resolution a precise measurement of the observed signal's phase is required. Due to radar reflections from surfaces in close proximity to the main area of interest the desired signal of the radar reflection can get superposed. For superposing signals with little separation in frequency domain the main lobes of their discrete Fourier transform (DFT) merge into a single lobe, so that their peaks cannot be differentiated. This paper evaluates a method for reconstructing the phase and amplitude of such superimposed signals.
{"title":"Reconstruction of signal phases for signals closer than the DFT frequency resolution","authors":"C. Schiffer, A. Diewald","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-179-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-179-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Radar signal processing is a promising tool for vital sign monitoring.\u0000For contactless observation of breathing and heart rate a precise measurement of the distance between radar antenna and the patient's skin is required.\u0000This results in the need to detect small movements in the range of 0.5 mm and below.\u0000Such small changes in distance are hard to be measured with a limited radar bandwidth when relying on the frequency based range detection alone.\u0000In order to enhance the relative distance resolution a precise measurement of the observed signal's phase is required.\u0000Due to radar reflections from surfaces in close proximity to the main area of interest the desired signal of the radar reflection can get superposed.\u0000For superposing signals with little separation in frequency domain the main lobes of their discrete Fourier transform (DFT) merge into a single lobe, so that their peaks cannot be differentiated.\u0000This paper evaluates a method for reconstructing the phase and amplitude of such superimposed signals.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42638311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthias G. Ehrnsperger, Maximilian H. Noll, S. Punzet, U. Siart, T. Eibert
Abstract. Background and clutter suppression techniques are important towards the successful application of radar in complex environments. We investigate eigenimage based methodologies such as principal component analysis (PCA) and apply it to frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. The designed dynamic principal component analysis (dPCA) algorithm dynamically adjusts the number of eigenimages that are utilised for the processing of the signal. Furthermore, the algorithm adapts towards the number of objects in the field of view as well as the estimated distances. For the experimental evaluation, the dPCA algorithm is implemented in a multi-static FMCW radar prototype that operates in the K-band at 24 GHz. With this background and clutter removal method, it is possible to increase the signal-to-clutter-ratio (SCR) by 4.9 dB compared to standard PCA with mean removal (MR).
{"title":"Dynamic Eigenimage Based Background and Clutter Suppression for Ultra Short-Range Radar","authors":"Matthias G. Ehrnsperger, Maximilian H. Noll, S. Punzet, U. Siart, T. Eibert","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-71-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-71-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Background and clutter suppression techniques are important towards the successful application of radar in complex environments.\u0000We investigate eigenimage based methodologies such as principal component analysis (PCA) and apply it to frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar.\u0000The designed dynamic principal component analysis (dPCA) algorithm dynamically adjusts the number of eigenimages that are utilised for the processing of the signal.\u0000Furthermore, the algorithm adapts towards the number of objects in the field of view as well as the estimated distances.\u0000For the experimental evaluation, the dPCA algorithm is implemented in a multi-static FMCW radar prototype that operates in the K-band at 24 GHz.\u0000With this background and clutter removal method, it is possible to increase the signal-to-clutter-ratio (SCR) by 4.9 dB compared to standard PCA with mean removal (MR).\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42716544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. This paper demonstrates a low-power squaring circuit for 3–5 GHz non-coherent Impulse-Radio Ultra-Wideband (IR-UWB) receivers for Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) in a low-cost 180 nm CMOS technology. The squaring, which is the key element in typical IR-UWB receivers, is performed exploiting the non-linear transfer function of a MOS transistor. For a high gain at low power consumption the transistor is biased in the moderate inversion region, where the second-order derivative of the transconductance gm and, as a result, the quadratic term in the transfer function reaches a maximum. A control loop was implemented to set the dc output voltage to a defined value and thus to allow a comparison of the squarer output signal with a defined threshold voltage, which can easily be set and adjusted (e.g. by a DAC). To speed up the settling time of the output and hence to reach higher data rates, a novel slew-rate booster is implemented at the output. Thereby, the squarer is capable of data rates of up to 15.6 Mbit s−1, which is more than two times higher compared to the circuit without the slew-rate booster, while only consuming 72.4 µW in addition. In the extracted post-layout simulations the whole circuitry consumes 724 µA at a 1.8 V power supply, resulting in a power consumption of 1.3 mW.
{"title":"A Low-Power Squaring Circuit with Regulated Output and Improved Settling Time in 180 nm CMOS for 3–5 GHz IR-UWB Applications","authors":"Daniel Schrüfer, Jürgen Röber, T. Mai, R. Weigel","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-79-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-79-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper demonstrates a low-power squaring circuit for 3–5 GHz non-coherent Impulse-Radio Ultra-Wideband (IR-UWB) receivers for Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) in a low-cost 180 nm CMOS technology. The squaring, which is the key element in typical IR-UWB receivers, is performed exploiting the non-linear transfer function of a MOS transistor. For a high gain at low power consumption the transistor is biased in the moderate inversion region, where the second-order derivative of the transconductance gm and, as a result, the quadratic term in the transfer function reaches a maximum.\u0000A control loop was implemented to set the dc output voltage to a defined value and thus to allow a comparison of the squarer output signal with a defined threshold voltage, which can easily be set and adjusted (e.g. by a DAC).\u0000To speed up the settling time of the output and hence to reach higher data rates, a novel slew-rate booster is implemented at the output. Thereby, the squarer is capable of data rates of up to 15.6 Mbit s−1, which is more than two times higher compared to the circuit without the slew-rate booster, while only consuming 72.4 µW in addition.\u0000In the extracted post-layout simulations the whole circuitry consumes 724 µA at a 1.8 V power supply, resulting in a power consumption of 1.3 mW.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45917088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In this contribution, the design of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system in 77–81 GHz range with 18 transmitting antennas and 24 receiving antennas for measuring the height profile of bulk solids in silos, is presented and discussed. The antenna array topologies are optimized by utilizing space filling fractals in order to approximate a circular shaped antenna array on a hexagonal grid. The proposed MIMO radar system achieves an angular resolution of 3.1∘ for a maximum scanning angle of ±45∘ and a side lobe suppression of 12.6 dB. The performance of the system has been evaluated by test measurements on a sand heap, showing an improved measurement accuracy compared to conventional radar level systems.
{"title":"A MIMO Radar System based on Fractal Antenna Arrays for Level Measurement Applications","authors":"C. Dahl, M. Vogt, I. Rolfes","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-23-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-23-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this contribution, the design of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system in 77–81 GHz range with 18 transmitting antennas and 24 receiving antennas for measuring the height profile of bulk solids in silos, is presented and discussed. The antenna array topologies are optimized by utilizing space filling fractals in order to approximate a circular shaped antenna array on a hexagonal grid. The proposed MIMO radar system achieves an angular resolution of 3.1∘ for a maximum scanning angle of ±45∘ and a side lobe suppression of 12.6 dB. The performance of the system has been evaluated by test measurements on a sand heap, showing an improved measurement accuracy compared to conventional radar level systems.","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46086012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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