Abstract. The increasing availability of off-the-shelf high-frequency components makes radar measurement become popular in mainstream industrial applications. We present a cooperative FM radar for strongly reflective environments, being devised for a range of up to approx. 120 m. The target is designed with an unambiguous signature method and satisfies coherence. A prototype is built with commercial semiconductor components that operates in the 24 GHz industrial, scientific and medical band. First experimental results taken in sewage pipes are presented, using the target prototype and a standard FMCW radio station. An overview on four data acquisition procedures is given.
{"title":"Cooperative radar with signature method for unambiguity","authors":"Simon Müller, A. Diewald","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-27-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-27-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The increasing availability of off-the-shelf high-frequency components makes radar measurement become popular in mainstream industrial applications. We present a cooperative FM radar for strongly reflective environments, being devised for a range of up to approx. 120 m. The target is designed with an unambiguous signature method and satisfies coherence. A prototype is built with commercial semiconductor components that operates in the 24 GHz industrial, scientific and medical band. First experimental results taken in sewage pipes are presented, using the target prototype and a standard FMCW radio station. An overview on four data acquisition procedures is given.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49547972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In this work a new method for the evaluation of UHF RFID Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation systems is developed and demonstrated. Instead of simulating the system performance or manually measuring it in realistic or ideal environments, a method for the evaluation of DoA systems using received signals produced by a target simulator is proposed. The simulator generates the signals for each channel of the DoA estimator by attenuating and phase shifting the signals of an UHF RFID chip to replicate the signal propagation conditions for a chosen tag distance and arrival angle. This combines the advantages of the simulative approach and real world evaluation: it is fast, reproducible and doesn't require special measurement environments. To facilitate this method, plane and spherical wave signal models for the simulation of RFID targets are derived, multichannel phase-shifting and attenuation hardware for the simulation of such signals is presented and a demonstrative evaluation of a RFID DoA estimation system is performed, replicating evaluation scenarios in non reflective and multipath environments.
{"title":"Target simulation for UHF RFID DoA estimation systems","authors":"P. Eschlwech, E. Biebl","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-109-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-109-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this work a new method for the evaluation of UHF RFID Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation systems is developed and demonstrated.\u0000Instead of simulating the system performance or manually measuring it in realistic or ideal environments, a method for the evaluation of DoA systems using received signals produced by a target simulator is proposed.\u0000The simulator generates the signals for each channel of the DoA estimator by attenuating and phase shifting the signals of an UHF RFID chip to replicate the signal propagation conditions for a chosen tag distance and arrival angle.\u0000This combines the advantages of the simulative approach and real world evaluation: it is fast, reproducible and doesn't require special measurement environments. To facilitate this method, plane and spherical wave signal models for the simulation of RFID targets are derived, multichannel phase-shifting and attenuation hardware for the simulation of such signals is presented and a demonstrative evaluation of a RFID DoA estimation system is performed, replicating evaluation scenarios in non reflective and multipath environments.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48224109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Faul, J. Kornprobst, T. Fritzel, H. Steiner, Rudiger Straus, Alexander Weis, R. Geise, T. Eibert
Abstract. Near-field far-field transformations (NFFFTs) are commonly performed for time-harmonic fields. Considering arbitrary in-situ measurement scenarios with given transmission signals, time-varying aspects of modulated signals have to be taken into consideration. We investigate and characterize two methods for the measurement of modulated fields, which work with a time-domain representation of the radiated fields and, at the same time, allow to employ the standard time-harmonic NFFFT. One method is based on the fact that the modulation signal can be assumed to be constant in a short enough measurement interval under the condition that the modulation and carrier frequencies are several decades apart. The second method performs long-time measurements in order to obtain the complete frequency spectrum in every single measurement. Both methods are verified by the NFFFT of synthetic field data.
{"title":"Near-field measurement of continuously modulated fields employing the time-harmonic near- to far-field transformation","authors":"F. Faul, J. Kornprobst, T. Fritzel, H. Steiner, Rudiger Straus, Alexander Weis, R. Geise, T. Eibert","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-83-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-83-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Near-field far-field transformations (NFFFTs) are commonly\u0000performed for time-harmonic fields. Considering arbitrary in-situ measurement\u0000scenarios with given transmission signals, time-varying aspects of modulated\u0000signals have to be taken into consideration. We investigate and characterize\u0000two methods for the measurement of modulated fields, which work with a\u0000time-domain representation of the radiated fields and, at the same time,\u0000allow to employ the standard time-harmonic NFFFT. One method is based on the\u0000fact that the modulation signal can be assumed to be constant in a short\u0000enough measurement interval under the condition that the modulation and\u0000carrier frequencies are several decades apart. The second method performs\u0000long-time measurements in order to obtain the complete frequency spectrum in\u0000every single measurement. Both methods are verified by the NFFFT of synthetic\u0000field data.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44343974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruna Cruz, Andreas Albrecht, P. Eschlwech, E. Biebl
Abstract. UHF RFID tags are nowadays widely and successfully implemented in many distinct applications, but unfortunately the traditional production process and incorrect disposal of such devices have a negative impact on the environment. In this work silver and gold nanoparticle inks were printed by a consumer inkjet printer on eco-friendly substrates like paper and PET in order to make the manufacturing process less harmful to the ecosystem. A dipole antenna with matching loop was designed for the RFID chip EM4325 from EM Microelectronics, which has an integrated temperature sensor, at the frequency of 866 MHz. Based on this design, simulations of the greener tags are presented and compared as a proof of concept, without optimizing the designs at first for the different materials. The printings with silver (unlike the gold) were conductive with self-sintering. IPL sintering was conducted to reduce the sheet resistance from the silver ink and to turn the gold ink conductive. First S11 parameter and read distance measurements are shown as well as the simulations with the optimized antenna designs.
{"title":"Inkjet printing of metal nanoparticles for green UHF RFID tags","authors":"Bruna Cruz, Andreas Albrecht, P. Eschlwech, E. Biebl","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-119-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-119-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. UHF RFID tags are nowadays widely and successfully\u0000implemented in many distinct applications, but unfortunately the traditional\u0000production process and incorrect disposal of such devices have a negative\u0000impact on the environment. In this work silver and gold nanoparticle inks\u0000were printed by a consumer inkjet printer on eco-friendly substrates like\u0000paper and PET in order to make the manufacturing process less harmful to the\u0000ecosystem. A dipole antenna with matching loop was designed for the RFID\u0000chip EM4325 from EM Microelectronics, which has an integrated temperature\u0000sensor, at the frequency of 866 MHz. Based on this design, simulations of\u0000the greener tags are presented and compared as a proof of concept, without\u0000optimizing the designs at first for the different materials. The printings\u0000with silver (unlike the gold) were conductive with self-sintering. IPL\u0000sintering was conducted to reduce the sheet resistance from the silver ink\u0000and to turn the gold ink conductive. First S11 parameter and read distance\u0000measurements are shown as well as the simulations with the optimized antenna\u0000designs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48888197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. An iterative approach which was recently applied to approximate the reflection and scattering coefficients of transmission line ports is analyzed. The iterative solution for the current on an infinite wire above ground is compared to the exact solution. The example is chosen since it is one of the few problems where an exact solution exists. The wire is excited by a lumped voltage source or a plane wave. The convergence of the iterative approach is shown. It can be concluded that the zeroth iteration, which is the classical transmission line solution, coincides with the general transverse electromagnetic mode. Furthermore, it is shown that the first iteration is a very good approximation of the radiation and leaky modes, that occur in the close neighborhood around the lumped source.
{"title":"Analysis of an Iterative Approach to Determine the Current on the Straight Infinite Wire Above Ground","authors":"Felix Middelstaedt, S. Tkachenko, R. Vick","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-169-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-169-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. An iterative approach which was recently applied to approximate the reflection\u0000and scattering coefficients of transmission line ports is analyzed. The\u0000iterative solution for the current on an infinite wire above ground is\u0000compared to the exact solution. The example is chosen since it is one of the\u0000few problems where an exact solution exists. The wire is excited by a lumped\u0000voltage source or a plane wave. The convergence of the iterative approach is\u0000shown. It can be concluded that the zeroth iteration, which is the classical\u0000transmission line solution, coincides with the general transverse\u0000electromagnetic mode. Furthermore, it is shown that the first iteration is a\u0000very good approximation of the radiation and leaky modes, that occur in the\u0000close neighborhood around the lumped source.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43067893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In April 2018 the PMWE1 sounding rocket campaign was conducted at the Andøya Space Center involving coordinated measurements with rockets and ground instruments to measure parameters relevant for testing of the existing theories of polar mesospheric winter echo (PMWE) formation. The Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) was operated to detect PMWE with multiple beam directions to detect favorable launch conditions. A dedicated experiment configuration with five different beam positions was used to point the radar beam along the planned trajectory of the payload. This special radar experiment allowed to obtain basic information about the spatial structure of the PMWE and its dynamical behavior around the flight of the two rockets. PMWE with signal strengths between 10−17 and 10−15 m−1 have been observed by MAARSY during the whole campaign period, starting with a moderate occurrence at the beginning which decreased towards the end of the campaign. Furthermore real common-volume observations by rocket instruments and radar soundings have been carried out at PMWE altitudes on up-leg and down-leg of the rocket flights. The Saura MF radar was operated during both flights probing the mesosphere with a multiple beam scan experiment to derive horizontal winds and electron density profiles. The obtained PMWE characteristics as signal strength and spectral width of the received radar signals as well as estimated horizontal winds and electron densities are presented with particular emphasis to the launch times of the sounding rockets.
{"title":"D region observations by VHF and HF radars during a rocket campaign at Andøya dedicated to investigations of PMWE","authors":"R. Latteck, T. Renkwitz, B. Strelnikov","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-225-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-225-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In April 2018 the PMWE1 sounding rocket campaign was conducted at the Andøya Space Center involving coordinated measurements with rockets and ground instruments to measure parameters relevant for testing of the existing theories of polar mesospheric winter echo (PMWE) formation. The Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) was operated to detect PMWE with multiple beam directions to detect favorable launch conditions. A dedicated experiment configuration with five different beam positions was used to point the radar beam along the planned trajectory of the payload. This special radar experiment allowed to obtain basic information about the spatial structure of the PMWE and its dynamical behavior around the flight of the two rockets. PMWE with signal strengths between 10−17 and 10−15 m−1 have been observed by MAARSY during the whole campaign period, starting with a moderate occurrence at the beginning which decreased towards the end of the campaign. Furthermore real common-volume observations by rocket instruments and radar soundings have been carried out at PMWE altitudes on up-leg and down-leg of the rocket flights. The Saura MF radar was operated during both flights probing the mesosphere with a multiple beam scan experiment to derive horizontal winds and electron density profiles. The obtained PMWE characteristics as signal strength and spectral width of the received radar signals as well as estimated horizontal winds and electron densities are presented with particular emphasis to the launch times of the sounding rockets.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43181980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. An existing analytical transmission line model to describe propagation properties of coplanar waveguides including dispersion and radiation effects was extended to take into account surface roughness of conductor traces. The influence of parasitics is successively included in the simulation and compared to measurements. The device under test (DUT) was fabricated on an Al2O3 wafer. A metal and ceramic chuck was utilized during measurements up to 120 GHz. The extended model is then capable of precisely predicting propagation properties in a wide frequency range and can now be used for calibration purposes like the development of uncertainty budgets.
{"title":"High-Frequency Modeling of Coplanar Waveguides Including Surface Roughness","authors":"G. Gold, K. Lomakin, K. Helmreich, U. Arz","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-51-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-51-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. An existing analytical transmission line model to describe propagation\u0000properties of coplanar waveguides including dispersion and radiation effects\u0000was extended to take into account surface roughness of conductor traces. The\u0000influence of parasitics is successively included in the simulation and\u0000compared to measurements. The device under test (DUT) was fabricated on an\u0000Al2O3 wafer. A metal and ceramic chuck was utilized during\u0000measurements up to 120 GHz. The extended model is then capable of precisely\u0000predicting propagation properties in a wide frequency range and can now be\u0000used for calibration purposes like the development of uncertainty budgets.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47448081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. We present first numerical examples of how the framework of isogeometric boundary element methods, in the context of electromagnetism also known as method of moments, can be used to achieve higher accuracies by elevation of the degree of basis functions. Our numerical examples demonstrate the computation of the electric field in the exterior domain.
{"title":"Towards a Spectral Method of Moments using Computer Aided Design","authors":"S. Kurz, S. Schöps, Felix Wolf","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-59-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-59-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We present first numerical examples of how the framework of\u0000isogeometric boundary element methods, in the context of\u0000electromagnetism also known as method of moments, can be used\u0000to achieve higher accuracies by elevation of the degree of\u0000basis functions. Our numerical examples demonstrate the\u0000computation of the electric field in the exterior domain.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48062661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. This work presents an approach to classify road users as pedestrians, cyclists or cars using a lidar sensor and a radar sensor. The lidar is used to detect moving road users in the surroundings of the car. A 2-dimensional range-Doppler window, a so called region of interest, of the radar power spectrum centered at the object's position is cut out and fed into a convolutional neural network to be classified. With this approach it is possible to classify multiple moving objects within a single radar measurement frame. The convolutional neural network is trained using data gathered with a test vehicle in real urban scenarios. An overall classification accuracy as high as 0.91 is achieved with this approach. The accuracy can be improved to 0.94 after applying a discrete Bayes filter on top of the classifier.
{"title":"A machine learning joint lidar and radar classification system in urban automotive scenarios","authors":"R. Pérez, F. Schubert, R. Rasshofer, E. Biebl","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-129-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-129-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This work presents an approach to classify road users as pedestrians, cyclists or cars using a lidar sensor and a radar sensor. The lidar is used to detect moving road users in the surroundings of the car. A 2-dimensional range-Doppler window, a so called region of interest, of the radar power spectrum centered at the object's position is cut out and fed into a convolutional neural network to be classified. With this approach it is possible to classify multiple moving objects within a single radar measurement frame. The convolutional neural network is trained using data gathered with a test vehicle in real urban scenarios. An overall classification accuracy as high as 0.91 is achieved with this approach. The accuracy can be improved to 0.94 after applying a discrete Bayes filter on top of the classifier.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48479513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In an intercomparison organized within the framework of the German Calibration Service (Deutscher Kalibrierdienst – DKD), seven different calibration laboratories participated in the measurement of the antenna factor for three different antennas according to different standards. Between August 2017 and April 2018, measurements have been performed on a hybrid antenna, a logarithmic-periodic antenna and on an Open Ended Waveguide.
{"title":"Results of the national antenna intercomparison 2017/2018 within the German Calibration Service (Deutscher Kalibrierdienst – DKD)","authors":"D. Ulm, T. Kleine-Ostmann, T. Schrader","doi":"10.5194/ars-17-35-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-35-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In an intercomparison organized within the framework of the German\u0000Calibration Service (Deutscher Kalibrierdienst – DKD), seven different\u0000calibration laboratories participated in the measurement of the antenna\u0000factor for three different antennas according to different standards. Between\u0000August 2017 and April 2018, measurements have been performed on a hybrid\u0000antenna, a logarithmic-periodic antenna and on an Open Ended Waveguide.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42915516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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