K. Kuhlmann, Frauke K. H. Gellersen, Meike Tschauder
Abstract. In this work two methods for the characterization of adapters meaning reciprocal two-ports with different connector styles on both ports are analyzed and compared in detail. The focus is on the comparison of these approaches in terms of required effort and obtained measurement uncertainty. The first method is based on two one-port calibrations and it is compared to a two-port approach. Both methods are carried out in simulation as well as in measurement under very comparable conditions using a 2.4 to 3.5 mm adapter in the frequency range up to 33 GHz as an example. The obtained measurement uncertainties of the results are presented and analyzed, the required measurement time in terms of the necessary number of separate connections is compared, and the influence of cable movements is discussed.
{"title":"Comparison of S-Parameter Measurement Methods for Adapters","authors":"K. Kuhlmann, Frauke K. H. Gellersen, Meike Tschauder","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-1-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-1-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this work two methods for the characterization of adapters meaning reciprocal two-ports with different connector styles on both ports are analyzed and compared in detail. The focus is on the comparison of these approaches in terms of required effort and obtained measurement uncertainty. The first method is based on two one-port calibrations and it is compared to a two-port approach. Both methods are carried out in simulation as well as in measurement under very comparable conditions using a 2.4 to 3.5 mm adapter in the frequency range up to 33 GHz as an example. The obtained measurement uncertainties of the results are presented and analyzed, the required measurement time in terms of the necessary number of separate connections is compared, and the influence of cable movements is discussed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41696439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Near-field measurements, which are performed in-situ, may suffer from the fact that the antenna under test (AUT) cannot be accessed to transmit or receive a specifically tailored test signal. In some scenarios, it might also be desired to test the AUT during its real operation state, especially when it comes to the verification of antenna systems. Therefore, the need to handle time- and space-modulated fields in combination with a time-harmonic near-field to far-field transformation (NFFFT) arises. For the case where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) carry the field probe in in-situ measurement scenarios, long observation times, required for the resolution of the frequency spectra of modulated fields, are detrimental due to the UAV movement resulting in blurred measurement positions. The short-time measurement (STM) approach, presented in this article, offers a way to transform the measured field data using a time-harmonic NFFFT with short observation times for the collection of the individual field samples. Measurements are shown which demonstrate the applicability of the STM approach for the measurement and transformation of continuously time-modulated fields in different measurement scenarios.
{"title":"Measurement and transformation of continuously modulated fields using a short-time measurement approach","authors":"F. Faul, Jana Daubmeier, T. Eibert","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-9-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-9-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Near-field measurements, which are performed in-situ, may suffer from the fact that the antenna under test (AUT) cannot be accessed to transmit or receive a specifically tailored test signal. In some scenarios, it might also be desired to test the AUT during its real operation state, especially when it comes to the verification of antenna systems. Therefore, the need to handle time- and space-modulated fields in combination with a time-harmonic near-field to far-field transformation (NFFFT) arises. For the case where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) carry the field probe in in-situ measurement scenarios, long observation times, required for the resolution of the frequency spectra of modulated fields, are detrimental due to the UAV movement resulting in blurred measurement positions. The short-time measurement (STM) approach, presented in this article, offers a way to transform the measured field data using a time-harmonic NFFFT with short observation times for the collection of the individual field samples.\u0000Measurements are shown which demonstrate the applicability of the STM approach for the measurement and transformation of continuously time-modulated fields in different measurement scenarios.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48414468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. A straightforward approach to achieve the prescribed shape of the far-field electromagnetic (EM) pulse radiated from a narrow slot antenna is introduced. It is demonstrated that the specified radiated pulse shape in a given direction can be approximately attained via a simple signal-processing technique that yields the pertaining excitation pulse. Illustrative numerical examples demonstrating good accuracy in the early-time part of the radiated pulsed fields are presented.
{"title":"Pulse shaping of the electromagnetic radiation from a narrow slot antenna","authors":"M. Štumpf, I. Lager","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-113-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-113-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A straightforward approach to achieve the prescribed shape of the far-field electromagnetic (EM) pulse radiated from a narrow slot antenna is introduced. It is demonstrated that the specified radiated pulse shape in a given direction can be approximately attained via a simple signal-processing technique that yields the pertaining excitation pulse. Illustrative numerical examples demonstrating good accuracy in the early-time part of the radiated pulsed fields are presented.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44769782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Zeising, Lu Chen, A. Thalmayer, Georg Fischer, J. Kirchner
Abstract. Capsule endoscopy is a promising diagnostic tool for the entire gastrointestinal tract. Since a patient swallows the capsules, their size must be sufficiently small. The principal built-in components are cameras, silver-oxide batteries, light emitting diodes, and an antenna for transmitting the video. For diagnosis and treatment, the precise localization of the capsules for specific video frames is required. Recently, static magnetic localization of these capsules with an integrated permanent magnet showed promising results. However, in the state-of-the-art, relatively large magnets compared to the small capsules were used. Therefore, in this extended paper, the localization performance of a recently proposed optimized differential static magnetic localization method for different sized disc and ring magnets was evaluated. The ring magnets were designed for integration with the two batteries of commercial capsules. The magnets were evaluated in static and dynamic scenarios to evaluate the performance of the method in a patient's daily life. It was revealed that the mean position and orientation errors did not exceed 5 mm and 4∘, respectively, for all applied magnets except for the 1.5 and 3 mm long disc magnets. Moreover, the results indicated that the ferromagnetic batteries of capsule endoscopes increase the localization performance when they are centered within a diametrical ring magnet. Overall, it was revealed that the localization performance of the optimized differential method is significantly better than the state-of-the-art even when the magnet volume is significantly reduced compared to previous work. Therefore, it was concluded that 5 mm long disc magnet or a ring magnet are excellent candidates for integration into a commercial capsule for magnetic localization and yield the advantage of being passive magnetic sources.
{"title":"Towards Differential Static Magnetic Localization of Commercial Capsule Endoscopes: An Evaluation Using Different Ring and Cylindrical Magnets","authors":"S. Zeising, Lu Chen, A. Thalmayer, Georg Fischer, J. Kirchner","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-105-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-105-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Capsule endoscopy is a promising diagnostic tool for the entire gastrointestinal tract. Since a patient swallows the capsules, their size must be sufficiently small. The principal built-in components are cameras, silver-oxide batteries, light emitting diodes, and an antenna for transmitting the video. For diagnosis and treatment, the precise localization of the capsules for specific video frames is required. Recently, static magnetic localization of these capsules with an integrated permanent magnet showed promising results. However, in the state-of-the-art, relatively large magnets compared to the small capsules were used. Therefore, in this extended paper, the localization performance of a recently proposed optimized differential static magnetic localization method for different sized disc and ring magnets was evaluated. The ring magnets were designed for integration with the two batteries of commercial capsules. The magnets were evaluated in static and dynamic scenarios to evaluate the performance of the method in a patient's daily life. It was revealed that the mean position and orientation errors did not exceed 5 mm and 4∘, respectively, for all applied magnets except for the 1.5 and 3 mm long disc magnets. Moreover, the results indicated that the ferromagnetic batteries of capsule endoscopes increase the localization performance when they are centered within a diametrical ring magnet. Overall, it was revealed that the localization performance of the optimized differential method is significantly better than the state-of-the-art even when the magnet volume is significantly reduced compared to previous work. Therefore, it was concluded that 5 mm long disc magnet or a ring magnet are excellent candidates for integration into a commercial capsule for magnetic localization and yield the advantage of being passive magnetic sources.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49523870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The use of sensors has grown dramatically in recent years and many devices rely on the information they provide. The lack of proper security mechanisms available to control the use of sensors and the high degree of integration make them more vulnerable to Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI). The aim of this paper was to investigate the impact of IEMI on separate sensors with privileged access to the hardware and software to pursue a deep analysis of the effects of IEMI attacks using pulse modulated signals. Measurements were carried out in a shielded hall using an open TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic) waveguide in the 100 MHz–7.5 GHz frequency range. A variety of effects were observed and significant differences were found with pulse modulated signals compared to continuous wave signals. These results indicate weak points in the sensors hardware leading to possible hardening measures.
{"title":"Susceptibility of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Sensors to IEMI using Pulse Modulated Signals","authors":"Louis Cesbron Lavau, M. Suhrke, P. Knott","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-37-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-37-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The use of sensors has grown dramatically in recent years and many devices\u0000rely on the information they provide. The lack of proper security mechanisms\u0000available to control the use of sensors and the high degree of integration\u0000make them more vulnerable to Intentional Electromagnetic Interference\u0000(IEMI). The aim of this paper was to investigate the impact of IEMI on\u0000separate sensors with privileged access to the hardware and software to\u0000pursue a deep analysis of the effects of IEMI attacks using pulse modulated\u0000signals. Measurements were carried out in a shielded hall using an open TEM\u0000(Transverse Electromagnetic) waveguide in the 100 MHz–7.5 GHz frequency\u0000range. A variety of effects were observed and significant differences were\u0000found with pulse modulated signals compared to continuous wave signals.\u0000These results indicate weak points in the sensors hardware leading to\u0000possible hardening measures.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42415447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Thalmayer, S. Zeising, Maximilian Lübke, Georg Fischer
Abstract. Magnetic nanoparticles offer numerous promising biomedical applications, e.g. magnetic drug targeting. Here, magnetic drug carriers inside the human body are directed towards tumorous tissue by an external magnetic field. However, the success of the treatment strongly depends on the amount of drug carriers, reaching the desired tumor region. This steering process is still an open research topic. In this paper, the previous study of a linear Halbach array is extended by an additional Halbach array with different magnetization angles between two adjacent magnets and investigated numerically using COMSOL Multiphysics. The Halbach arrays are arranged with permanent magnets and generate a relatively large region of a moderately homogeneous, high magnetic field while having a strong gradient. This results in a strong magnetic force, trapping many particles at the magnets. Afterwards, to avoid particle agglomeration, the Halbach array is flipped to its weak side. Therefore, the magnetic flux density, its gradient and the resulting magnetic force are computed for the different Halbach arrays with different constellations of magnetization directions. Since the calculation of the gradient can lead to high errors due to the used mesh in Comsol, the gradient was derived analytically by investigating two different fitting functions. Overall, the array with a 90∘ shifted magnetization performs best, changing the magnetic sides of the array easily and deflecting more particles. Besides, the results revealed that the magnetic force dominates directly underneath the magnets compared to the other existing forces on the SPIONS. Summarized, the results depict that the magnetic force and, thus, the region where the particles are able to get washed out, can be adjusted using low-cost permanent magnets.
{"title":"Towards Steering Magnetic Nanoparticles in Drug Targeting Using a Linear Halbach Array","authors":"A. Thalmayer, S. Zeising, Maximilian Lübke, Georg Fischer","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-93-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-93-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Magnetic nanoparticles offer numerous promising biomedical applications, e.g. magnetic drug targeting. Here, magnetic drug carriers inside the human body are directed towards tumorous tissue by an external magnetic field. However, the success of the treatment strongly depends on the amount of drug carriers, reaching the desired tumor region. This steering process is still an open research topic.\u0000In this paper, the previous study of a linear Halbach array is extended by an additional Halbach array with different magnetization angles between two adjacent magnets and investigated numerically using COMSOL Multiphysics.\u0000The Halbach arrays are arranged with permanent magnets and generate a relatively large region of a moderately homogeneous, high magnetic field while having a strong gradient.\u0000This results in a strong magnetic force, trapping many particles at the magnets. Afterwards, to avoid particle agglomeration, the Halbach array is flipped to its weak side. Therefore, the magnetic flux density, its gradient and the resulting magnetic force are computed for the different Halbach arrays with different constellations of magnetization directions.\u0000Since the calculation of the gradient can lead to high errors due to the used mesh in Comsol, the gradient was derived analytically by investigating two different fitting functions.\u0000Overall, the array with a 90∘ shifted magnetization performs best, changing the magnetic sides of the array easily and deflecting more particles.\u0000Besides, the results revealed that the magnetic force dominates directly underneath the magnets compared to the other existing forces on the SPIONS.\u0000Summarized, the results depict that the magnetic force and, thus, the region where the particles are able to get washed out, can be adjusted using low-cost permanent magnets.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46260482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In recent years, the fast construction, expansion and repowering of wind parks have been a major source of concern for the weather radar community and meteorological services. Among others because wind turbines are extremely tall, reflective, and moving objects, which make them a source of interference that is hard to distinguish from meteorological echoes and therefore difficult to filter and even more difficult to correct. Polarimetric C-Band Doppler weather radar measurements enable us to analyse and understand the impact of wind turbine interference on meteorological weather radar echoes and to build up knowledge. The main idea is to analyse the raw IQ-data in order to quantify the behaviour of wind turbine interference with meteorological scattering. As a first step in this direction, this paper will focus on the derivation and analysis of radar moments such as Reflectivity (Z), Differential Reflectivity (ZDR), Differential Propagation Phase (PHIDP), Mean Doppler Velocity (V), and Correlation Coefficient (RHOHV). We will consider two cases: (i) events with precipitation, and (ii) events without precipitation, in order to understand and model the impact of wind turbine interference (WTI). For this purpose, weather radar measurements from Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), recorded under the aegis of the project RIWER (Removing the Influence of Wind Park Echoes in Weather Radar Measurements), are presented, analysed and discussed in detail.
{"title":"Processing of weather radar raw IQ-data towards the identification and correction of wind turbine interference – Project RIWER: Removing the Influence of Wind Park Echoes in Weather Radar Measurements","authors":"Bhavinkumar Vishnubhai Patel, Emre Colak, Aastha Vyas, Madhu Chandra, Ralf Zichner","doi":"10.5194/ars-20-67-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-67-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In recent years, the fast construction, expansion and repowering of wind parks have been a major source of concern for the weather radar community and meteorological services. Among others because wind turbines are extremely tall, reflective, and moving objects, which make them a source of interference that is hard to distinguish from meteorological echoes and therefore difficult to filter and even more difficult to correct. Polarimetric C-Band Doppler weather radar measurements enable us to analyse and understand the impact of wind turbine interference on meteorological weather radar echoes and to build up knowledge. The main idea is to analyse the raw IQ-data in order to quantify the behaviour of wind turbine interference with meteorological scattering. As a first step in this direction, this paper will focus on the derivation and analysis of radar moments such as Reflectivity (Z), Differential Reflectivity (ZDR), Differential Propagation Phase (PHIDP), Mean Doppler Velocity (V), and Correlation Coefficient (RHOHV). We will consider two cases: (i) events with precipitation, and (ii) events without precipitation, in order to understand and model the impact of wind turbine interference (WTI). For this purpose, weather radar measurements from Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), recorded under the aegis of the project RIWER (Removing the Influence of Wind Park Echoes in Weather Radar Measurements), are presented, analysed and discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136339115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In the era of automated and connected driving, more and more cars will be equipped with wireless transmission technologies such as mobile communications 4G (LTE) and 5G, WiFi, Bluetooth, and V2X. For the technical implementation of V2X-communications, different standards like cellular-V2X from the cooperation 3rd Generation Partnership Project and ITS-G5, based on the WiFi standard 802.11p from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, are under consideration. The electromagnetic environment of cars and the corresponding exposure of the general public to wireless emission will be significantly influenced by new radio technologies. Under all circumstances, it must be ensured that the exposure of the electromagnetic fields inside a car does not cause any harmful effects on humans. In order to quantitatively assess the resulting exposure, the generated exposure must be correctly recorded and evaluated according to their specific time-frequency spectra. This paper describes a new measurement procedure suitable for the V2X-standard ITS-G5 together with various exposure measurements performed in different cars with WiFi, Bluetooth and ITS-G5. In comparison of all wireless standards studied here, the V2X-service generated the highest electric field strengths inside a car, when a transmitting di-patch antenna was mounted on the windscreen inside the driver's cabin. The maximum fraction of the corresponding ICNIRP reference level amounted to 15.1 %. We conclude that the total exposure of wireless on-board automotive devices will be dominated by ITS-G5, if the transmitting antenna is located inside the passenger cabin. As V2X-communications will increasingly penetrate road traffic, the resulting exposure should be carefully monitored, in order not to exceed the corresponding reference levels for general public.
{"title":"Human RF Electromagnetic Exposure to V2X-Communication","authors":"Lisa-Marie Schilling, C. Bornkessel, M. Hein","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-233-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-233-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In the era of automated and connected driving, more and\u0000more cars will be equipped with wireless transmission technologies such as\u0000mobile communications 4G (LTE) and 5G, WiFi, Bluetooth, and V2X. For the\u0000technical implementation of V2X-communications, different standards like\u0000cellular-V2X from the cooperation 3rd Generation Partnership Project and\u0000ITS-G5, based on the WiFi standard 802.11p from the Institute of Electrical\u0000and Electronics Engineers, are under consideration. The electromagnetic\u0000environment of cars and the corresponding exposure of the general public to\u0000wireless emission will be significantly influenced by new radio\u0000technologies. Under all circumstances, it must be ensured that the exposure\u0000of the electromagnetic fields inside a car does not cause any harmful\u0000effects on humans. In order to quantitatively assess the resulting exposure, the generated exposure must be correctly recorded and evaluated according to\u0000their specific time-frequency spectra. This paper describes a new\u0000measurement procedure suitable for the V2X-standard ITS-G5 together with\u0000various exposure measurements performed in different cars with WiFi,\u0000Bluetooth and ITS-G5. In comparison of all wireless standards studied here,\u0000the V2X-service generated the highest electric field strengths inside a car,\u0000when a transmitting di-patch antenna was mounted on the windscreen inside\u0000the driver's cabin. The maximum fraction of the corresponding ICNIRP\u0000reference level amounted to 15.1 %. We conclude that the total exposure\u0000of wireless on-board automotive devices will be dominated by ITS-G5, if the\u0000transmitting antenna is located inside the passenger cabin. As\u0000V2X-communications will increasingly penetrate road traffic, the resulting\u0000exposure should be carefully monitored, in order not to exceed the\u0000corresponding reference levels for general public.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46978192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In this paper two simple synthetic aperture radar (SAR) methods are applied on data from a 24 GHz FMCW radar implemented on a linear drive for educational purposes. The data of near and far range measurements are evaluated using two different SAR signal processing algorithms featuring 2D-FFT and frequency back projection (FBP) method (Moreira et al., 2013). A comparison of these two algorithms is performed concerning runtime, image pixel size, azimuth and range resolution. The far range measurements are executed in a range of 60 to 135 m by monitoring cars in a parking lot. The near range measurement from 0 to 5 m are realised in a measuring chamber equipped with absorber foam and nearly ideal targets like corner reflectors. The comparison of 2D-FFT and FBP algorithm shows that both deliver good and similar results for the far range measurements but the runtime of the FBP algorithm is up to 150 times longer as the 2D-FFT runtime. In the near range measurements the FBP algorithm displays a very good azimuth resolution and targets which are very close to each other can be separated easily. In contrast to that the 2D-FFT algorithm has a lower azimuth resolution in the near range, thus targets which are very close to each other, merge together and cannot be separated.
摘要本文将两种简单的合成孔径雷达（SAR）方法应用于24 GHz FMCW雷达在线性驱动器上实现，用于教育目的。使用两种不同的SAR信号处理算法评估近距离和远距离测量的数据，这两种算法分别采用2D-FFT和频率反投影（FBP）方法（Moreira et al.，2013）。在运行时间、图像像素大小、方位角和距离分辨率方面对这两种方法进行了比较。远程测量在60到135的范围内执行 我在停车场监视汽车。从0到5的近距离测量 m是在配备有吸收泡沫和几乎理想的目标（如角反射器）的测量室中实现的。2D-FFT和FBP算法的比较表明，两者对于远程测量都提供了良好且相似的结果，但是FBP算法运行时间是2D-FFT运行时间的150倍。在近距离测量中，FBP算法显示出非常好的方位分辨率，并且可以容易地分离彼此非常接近的目标。与此相反，2D-FFT算法在近距离内具有较低的方位分辨率，因此彼此非常接近的目标合并在一起并且不能分离。
{"title":"Far- and Near Range Measurements with a Synthetic Aperture Radar for Educational Purposes and Comparison of Two Different Signal Processing Algorithms","authors":"Jonas Berg, Simon Müller, A. Diewald","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-221-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-221-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this paper two simple synthetic aperture radar (SAR) methods are applied on data from a 24 GHz FMCW radar implemented on a linear drive for educational purposes.\u0000The data of near and far range measurements are evaluated using two different SAR signal processing algorithms featuring 2D-FFT and frequency back projection (FBP) method (Moreira et al., 2013).\u0000A comparison of these two algorithms is performed concerning runtime, image pixel size, azimuth and range resolution.\u0000The far range measurements are executed in a range of 60 to 135 m by monitoring cars in a parking lot.\u0000The near range measurement from 0 to 5 m are realised in a measuring chamber equipped with absorber foam and nearly ideal targets like corner reflectors.\u0000The comparison of 2D-FFT and FBP algorithm shows that both deliver good and similar results for the far range measurements but the runtime of the FBP algorithm is up to 150 times longer as the 2D-FFT runtime.\u0000In the near range measurements the FBP algorithm displays a very good azimuth resolution and targets which are very close to each other can be separated easily.\u0000In contrast to that the 2D-FFT algorithm has a lower azimuth resolution in the near range, thus targets which are very close to each other, merge together and cannot be separated.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46478325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. A functional 10×10 reflectarray antenna is developed for millimeter-waves. It has a gain of approximately 10 dBi and a continuous steering range from −30 to 30∘ in the horizontal plane. In this paper, the entire design process is explained, beginning with the design and function of the antenna element and followed by considerations regarding positioning of the feed antenna. Steering and controlling of the beam are discussed. Finally, the antenna patterns for different steering angles were measured in an anechoic chamber. The design is scalable, built with commercial off-the-shelf components, and the array does not need active cooling.
{"title":"Measurement and optimization of a continuously tunable 10×10 reflectarray antenna for 5G metrology in the K-band","authors":"T. Harz, T. Kleine-Ostmann","doi":"10.5194/ars-19-215-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-215-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A functional 10×10 reflectarray antenna is developed for\u0000millimeter-waves. It has a gain of approximately 10 dBi and a continuous\u0000steering range from −30 to 30∘ in the horizontal plane.\u0000In this paper, the entire design process is explained, beginning with the\u0000design and function of the antenna element and followed by considerations\u0000regarding positioning of the feed antenna. Steering and controlling of the\u0000beam are discussed. Finally, the antenna patterns for different steering\u0000angles were measured in an anechoic chamber. The design is scalable, built\u0000with commercial off-the-shelf components, and the array does not need active\u0000cooling.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45093,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Radio Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45343828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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