Pub Date : 2002-09-01DOI: 10.1080/14442210210001706276
J. Weiner
L'A. propose quelques reflexions a propos des implications ethiques de l'ethnographie multi-situee et du concept de culture correlatif. Il montre egalement comment des changements exterieurs affectant son terrain d'accueil configurent les perceptions de l'ethnologue et l'obligent a prendre des positions analytiques et subjectives differentes. Il illustre son propos a partir de son experience personnelle chez les Foi des Hautes-Terres meridionales de la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee. Apres une vingtaine d'annees de recherches ethnograpiques en tant qu'ethnologue independant/universitaire, il fut implique, a partir de l'annee 2000, et en tant que consultant pour la compagnie Chevron Niugini, dans les enjeux politico-economiques lies a la repartition entre les clans locaux des benefices d'un projet de developpement petrolier
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Pub Date : 2002-05-01DOI: 10.1080/14442210210001706206
B. Maurer
The practice of chrysography, writing with gold on paper, emerged among scribes of the Abrahamaic faiths around the same time that metal coinage was invented, and ended in the twelfth or thirteenth centuries AD with the introduction of paper currencies that were exchangeable for gold (Shell 1982:186). Chrysography posed a particular theological problem, for it ran the risk of commensurating the 'monetary value of the written letter' with the spiritual value of the Word of God. The 'medium of linguistic exchange' written words were penned in the 'substance of monetary exchange' (ibid. 192). Clerics feared that the golden representation of the Word of God had the potential, for the foolish at any rate, to approach the aura of the Divine. Chrysography presented a species of the age-old problem of the limits of 'likeness and adequation' (Shell 1982:194)a problem that preoccupied thinkers in the Western tradition from the Greeks to Enlightenment philosophers arguing over the tossing of coins and the figuring of calculus, the mathematics of probability, asymptotic relations and limits. These were problems posed by the attempt to separate the 'moral arithmetic of belief' from the 'econometrics of marginal evaluation', or epistemological probability from statistical probability (ibid., see also Maurer 2002). What happens to an imitation, an original, and the relation between the two when the imitation reaches the epistemological and mathematical limit of likeness; when, as a copy, it becomes both believable and empirically accurate? Gold letters suggested, to the point of possible confusion and equation, both monetary value and spiritual value. The practice of writing in gold faded just when insubstantial paper gained value from an imagined relation to gold backing it. Here, the problem shifted onto the money-form itself. Was paper as signifier adequate to its signified referent, the sublime object of true value? Fiat currencies that emerged in the nineteenth century pushed the problem further, as they were backed by nothing but credit, faith, and the insubstantiality of state promises (see, for example, Hart 2001; Gregory 1997). And counterfeit money brings it to a head, for a really good counterfeit is efficacious only so
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Pub Date : 2001-09-01DOI: 10.1080/14442210110001706095
Flip VanHelden
In recent years the ongoing debate in development and resource management has tended to present a strengthening of and a shift in responsibility to local people as a panacea to past ills. The emphasis on communities is part of a wider shift in thinking about the relative roles of the state, the market and the 'intermediary structures' (Bulmer in Crow and Allan 1994:1) coming under the term 'community'. The recent fashion for community-founded resource management is founded on the pursuit of conservation goals by including, rather than excluding, local people in project planning, decision-making and implementation. The roots of this 'new conservation' (Hulme and Murphree 1999) can be traced to a number of developments. In the first place, conservation thinking is making a shift from the preservationist framework aimed at segregating humans from nature, towards notions of 'sustainable development' that aim to integrate the needs of humans with that of nature. The call for sustainable development rather than national park formation, and a new emphasis on the conservation of biodiversity outside protected areas is aided by the recognition that reducing conservation to 'islands' in a 'sea' of degraded landscapes offers no hope of survival for many species. The same insight as well as the political cost of protected area establishment has led many densely populated European countries to integrate the requirements of conservation with human activities in a living multi-purpose landscape rather than to pursue a policy of segregation. In this perspective, the 'community' comprising both local people and their natural resources has become the locus of intervention. A second element leading to a renewed focus on the responsibility of local people in resource management comes from a shift in thinking on the role of the state and its public policies vis-A-vis civic society. Where until the 1970s, the state with its national parks was seen as taking responsibility for managing the public interest, the 1980s witnessed an increasingly influential
近年来，在发展和资源管理方面正在进行的辩论倾向于把加强和把责任转移给当地人民，作为解决过去弊病的灵丹妙药。对社区的强调是对国家、市场和“中介结构”(Bulmer in Crow and Allan 1994:1)在“社区”一词下的相对角色的思考的更广泛转变的一部分。最近社区建立的资源管理的时尚是建立在追求保护目标的基础上，在项目规划、决策和实施中包括而不是排除当地居民。这种“新保护”的根源(Hulme和Murphree 1999)可以追溯到许多发展。首先，保护思想正在从旨在将人类与自然隔离的保护主义框架转变为旨在将人类需求与自然需求整合在一起的“可持续发展”概念。人们认识到，将保护区缩小为退化景观“海洋”中的“岛屿”，对许多物种来说没有生存的希望，这有助于呼吁可持续发展而不是建立国家公园，并重新强调保护保护区以外的生物多样性。同样的洞察力以及建立保护区的政治成本，导致许多人口稠密的欧洲国家将保护的要求与人类活动结合在一起，形成一个生动的多用途景观，而不是奉行隔离政策。从这个角度来看，由当地人和他们的自然资源组成的“社区”已经成为干预的场所。导致重新关注当地人在资源管理中的责任的第二个因素，来自对国家及其公共政策相对于公民社会的角色的思考转变。在20世纪70年代之前，拥有国家公园的国家被视为负责管理公共利益，而在20世纪80年代，国家公园的影响力越来越大
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Pub Date : 2001-05-01DOI: 10.1080/14442210110001706015
Greg Acciaoli
The multiplicity of nation-views and the idea that political identity is not fixed but shifts between different loci introduces the idea that nationalism is best seen as a relational identity. In other words, the nation, even where it is manifestly not a recent invention, is hardly the realization of an original essence, but a historical configuration designed to include certain groups and exclude or marginalize others—often violently (Duara 1995:15).
{"title":"‘Archipelagic culture’ as an exclusionary government discourse in Indonesia","authors":"Greg Acciaoli","doi":"10.1080/14442210110001706015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14442210110001706015","url":null,"abstract":"The multiplicity of nation-views and the idea that political identity is not fixed but shifts between different loci introduces the idea that nationalism is best seen as a relational identity. In other words, the nation, even where it is manifestly not a recent invention, is hardly the realization of an original essence, but a historical configuration designed to include certain groups and exclude or marginalize others—often violently (Duara 1995:15).","PeriodicalId":45108,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology","volume":"2 1","pages":"1 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14442210110001706015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60448031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.1080/03149099909508355
C. Ballard, J. Clark
Ce court article presente une compilation d'etudes rassemblees par Roy Wagner sur l'histoire Daribi en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee proposant une reflexion sur les relations entre le rite et le mythe dans les travaux anthropologiques en Melanesie et plus largement sur les liens entre l'anthropologie et l'histoire dans la definition et l'analyse du concept de culture.
{"title":"Blurred boundaries and transformed identities: myth and ritual in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea","authors":"C. Ballard, J. Clark","doi":"10.1080/03149099909508355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03149099909508355","url":null,"abstract":"Ce court article presente une compilation d'etudes rassemblees par Roy Wagner sur l'histoire Daribi en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee proposant une reflexion sur les relations entre le rite et le mythe dans les travaux anthropologiques en Melanesie et plus largement sur les liens entre l'anthropologie et l'histoire dans la definition et l'analyse du concept de culture.","PeriodicalId":45108,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03149099909508355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59367041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-04-01DOI: 10.1080/03149099809508371
S. Mallett
L'A. a etudie les pratiques et rites funeraires en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee et s'est interesse notamment au passage des defunts, membres du susu ou lignage maternel au statut d'ancetre. Cet article offre une description ethnographique des pratiques funeraires en laissant une place importante a une reflexion ethique sur la participation de l'ethnologue a ce moment crucial qu'est la mort. Est-on voyeuriste ou simple temoin ? Quelle place l'ethnologue peut-il laisser a ses emotions dans l'elaboration d'un texte ethnographique qui vise a communiquer un savoir ?
{"title":"Living with death: understanding respect and respectful understanding on Nuaata, Papua New Guinea","authors":"S. Mallett","doi":"10.1080/03149099809508371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03149099809508371","url":null,"abstract":"L'A. a etudie les pratiques et rites funeraires en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee et s'est interesse notamment au passage des defunts, membres du susu ou lignage maternel au statut d'ancetre. Cet article offre une description ethnographique des pratiques funeraires en laissant une place importante a une reflexion ethique sur la participation de l'ethnologue a ce moment crucial qu'est la mort. Est-on voyeuriste ou simple temoin ? Quelle place l'ethnologue peut-il laisser a ses emotions dans l'elaboration d'un texte ethnographique qui vise a communiquer un savoir ?","PeriodicalId":45108,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03149099809508371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59366988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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