Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0069966720972565
Suraj Jacob, Balmurli Natrajan, T. G. Ajay
Poor sanitation poses problems for health and policy. Sanitation policy has traditionally addressed open defecation (OD) by constructing toilets. However, a puzzle remains: in many parts of the developing world, why do people continue with OD despite toilets being built for them? While extant research is insightful, an empirical, socially driven explanation for ‘sanitation behaviour’ is still elusive. We advance such an explanation based upon fieldwork in central India where the state has built private toilets for villagers. Drawing upon and modifying pragmatic and analytic approaches in sociology and anthropology, we analyse ethnographic examples of individual toilet behaviour to present a social mechanism that explains toilet use (TU) as an emergent social practice resulting from a chain of ‘problem situations’ experienced by villagers. We find that coercive methods deployed by the state as part of toilet and sanitation policy do not produce durable TU habits, and that good quality toilets are necessary but not sufficient for behavioural change. Instead, we show the need for non-coercive methods of ‘nudging’ that rely on the dynamics of social learning that may enable context-sensitive policies around toilets and sanitation.
{"title":"‘Why don’t they use the toilet built for them?’: Explaining toilet use in Chhattisgarh, Central India","authors":"Suraj Jacob, Balmurli Natrajan, T. G. Ajay","doi":"10.1177/0069966720972565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966720972565","url":null,"abstract":"Poor sanitation poses problems for health and policy. Sanitation policy has traditionally addressed open defecation (OD) by constructing toilets. However, a puzzle remains: in many parts of the developing world, why do people continue with OD despite toilets being built for them? While extant research is insightful, an empirical, socially driven explanation for ‘sanitation behaviour’ is still elusive. We advance such an explanation based upon fieldwork in central India where the state has built private toilets for villagers. Drawing upon and modifying pragmatic and analytic approaches in sociology and anthropology, we analyse ethnographic examples of individual toilet behaviour to present a social mechanism that explains toilet use (TU) as an emergent social practice resulting from a chain of ‘problem situations’ experienced by villagers. We find that coercive methods deployed by the state as part of toilet and sanitation policy do not produce durable TU habits, and that good quality toilets are necessary but not sufficient for behavioural change. Instead, we show the need for non-coercive methods of ‘nudging’ that rely on the dynamics of social learning that may enable context-sensitive policies around toilets and sanitation.","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"89 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0069966720972565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45853262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/00699667211000902
M. Strathern
{"title":"Response to Rita Brara","authors":"M. Strathern","doi":"10.1177/00699667211000902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00699667211000902","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"34 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00699667211000902","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43969499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0069966720980834
Sahana Ghosh
Jinee Lokaneeta. 2020. The Truth Machines: Policing, Violence, and Scientific Interrogations in India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. xiii + 250 pp. Notes, bibliography, index. $34.95 (eBook).
{"title":"Book review: Jinee Lokaneeta. 2020. The Truth Machines: Policing, Violence, and Scientific Interrogations in India","authors":"Sahana Ghosh","doi":"10.1177/0069966720980834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966720980834","url":null,"abstract":"Jinee Lokaneeta. 2020. The Truth Machines: Policing, Violence, and Scientific Interrogations in India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. xiii + 250 pp. Notes, bibliography, index. $34.95 (eBook).","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"154 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0069966720980834","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45632831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0069966720987709
Gitika De
{"title":"Obituary (II): A tribute to F. G. Bailey","authors":"Gitika De","doi":"10.1177/0069966720987709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966720987709","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"126 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0069966720987709","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44222030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0069966720979341
Parul Bhandari
Ajantha Subramanian. 2019. The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. x + 374 pp. Notes, references, index. $49.95 (eBook).
{"title":"Book review: Ajantha Subramanian. 2019. The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India","authors":"Parul Bhandari","doi":"10.1177/0069966720979341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966720979341","url":null,"abstract":"Ajantha Subramanian. 2019. The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. x + 374 pp. Notes, references, index. $49.95 (eBook).","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"156 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0069966720979341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47413598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0069966720971723
Madhumita Sengupta
The use of labels such as ‘isolation’ or ‘assimilation’ to characterise tribal communities dwelling in the plains region of British Assam had a discursive history that took no notice of the region’s prolonged tradition of vibrant interfaith transmissions and cultural exchanges. This essay flags a disjuncture between early ethnographic literature on the ‘tribes’ of the plains region of Assam, and their later enumeration in census data from the middle of the 19th century. While census makers in Assam attributed an ‘unusual’ surge in the number of Hindus to proselytisation by Vaishnavite and Brahman priests, and to the erosion of tribal modes of worship, this article argues that colonial enumerative practices were directly imbricated in producing the ‘Hindu’ in a way that was transformative of quotidian relations and processes of exchange characterising the region. The political pressure to possess fixed and singular identities and the growing rhetoric of a muscular Hinduism symbolised by renewed interest in Indological studies, combined to enhance Hinduism’s prestige and symbolic value. Becoming a Hindu was easier now that the definition of Hinduism as a loosely bound corpus of ritually coded behaviour enabled a wide array of practices to be labelled as ‘Hindu’.
{"title":"Becoming Hindu: The cultural politics of writing religion in colonial Assam","authors":"Madhumita Sengupta","doi":"10.1177/0069966720971723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966720971723","url":null,"abstract":"The use of labels such as ‘isolation’ or ‘assimilation’ to characterise tribal communities dwelling in the plains region of British Assam had a discursive history that took no notice of the region’s prolonged tradition of vibrant interfaith transmissions and cultural exchanges. This essay flags a disjuncture between early ethnographic literature on the ‘tribes’ of the plains region of Assam, and their later enumeration in census data from the middle of the 19th century. While census makers in Assam attributed an ‘unusual’ surge in the number of Hindus to proselytisation by Vaishnavite and Brahman priests, and to the erosion of tribal modes of worship, this article argues that colonial enumerative practices were directly imbricated in producing the ‘Hindu’ in a way that was transformative of quotidian relations and processes of exchange characterising the region. The political pressure to possess fixed and singular identities and the growing rhetoric of a muscular Hinduism symbolised by renewed interest in Indological studies, combined to enhance Hinduism’s prestige and symbolic value. Becoming a Hindu was easier now that the definition of Hinduism as a loosely bound corpus of ritually coded behaviour enabled a wide array of practices to be labelled as ‘Hindu’.","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"59 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0069966720971723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41801878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0069966720976507
E. Simpson
{"title":"Obituary (I): F. G. Bailey (24 February 1924–8 July 2020)","authors":"E. Simpson","doi":"10.1177/0069966720976507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966720976507","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"123 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0069966720976507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48094346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0069966720979335
Saptarshi Mandal
Sameena Dalwai. 2019. Bans & Bar Girls: Performing Caste in Mumbai’s Dance Bars. New Delhi: Women Unlimited. x + 242 pp. Bibliography. ₹595 (hardback).
Sameena Dalwai。2019年，Bans&Bar Girls:Performing Caste in Mumbai’s Dance Bars。新德里：女性无限制。x+242页参考文献。₹595（精装本）。
{"title":"Book review: Sameena Dalwai. 2019. Bans & Bar Girls: Performing Caste in Mumbai’s Dance Bars","authors":"Saptarshi Mandal","doi":"10.1177/0069966720979335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966720979335","url":null,"abstract":"Sameena Dalwai. 2019. Bans & Bar Girls: Performing Caste in Mumbai’s Dance Bars. New Delhi: Women Unlimited. x + 242 pp. Bibliography. ₹595 (hardback).","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"55 1","pages":"142 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0069966720979335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44302427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0069966720945862
A. Appadurai, J. Bronkhorst, V. Das, P. Mehta, J. Parry, T. Trautmann, Ananya Vajpeyi
{"title":"Comments: Axel Michaels’s article","authors":"A. Appadurai, J. Bronkhorst, V. Das, P. Mehta, J. Parry, T. Trautmann, Ananya Vajpeyi","doi":"10.1177/0069966720945862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966720945862","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"54 1","pages":"388 - 408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0069966720945862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48616748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0069966720945997
A. Michaels
{"title":"Afterword","authors":"A. Michaels","doi":"10.1177/0069966720945997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966720945997","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45175,"journal":{"name":"Contributions To Indian Sociology","volume":"54 1","pages":"409 - 413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0069966720945997","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47105244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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