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Paper’s patrons: digitisation, new media and the sponsorship of sacred Tibetan books in California 报纸的赞助人:数字化、新媒体和对加州藏传圣典的赞助
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2020.1787474
A. Binning
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the sacred text-production work of a Nyingma Buddhist group based in Berkeley, California. It unpacks their selective engagement with the tools afforded to them by digitisation and new media. Digitisation projects – appearing in growing numbers – offer a powerful resource for the re-assembly of Tibetan Buddhist textual collections scattered in the political upheaval of recent decades. Yet the meeting place between the digital and the sacred is sometimes contested in this context where sacred text is an embodiment of the Buddha’s speech. This paper argues that the choice to print ink-and-paper texts is more than a simple rehearsal of tradition and in fact demands alternative forms of engagement with the potential offered by media tools. It explores how the moral invectives contained within sacred Tibetan texts become reshaped through the prisms of contemporary media and the American sponsorship landscape.
摘要:本文主要研究位于加利福尼亚州伯克利的宁玛佛教团体的圣文制作工作。它将他们的选择性参与与数字化和新媒体提供给他们的工具相结合。越来越多的数字化项目为重新组装分散在近几十年政治动荡中的藏传佛教文本集提供了强大的资源。然而,在这种情况下,数字和神圣之间的交汇点有时会受到质疑,因为神圣文本是佛陀演讲的体现。本文认为,选择印刷墨水和纸质文本不仅仅是对传统的简单预演,事实上,还需要利用媒体工具提供的潜力进行替代形式的参与。它探讨了神圣的西藏文本中包含的道德谩骂是如何通过当代媒体和美国赞助景观的棱镜而被重塑的。
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引用次数: 0
White Samurai in a fascistic house of mirrors: Fight Club, Zen and the art of (Re)constructing ethno-nationalism 《法西斯镜屋中的白武士:搏击俱乐部、禅宗与(重新)建构民族主义的艺术》
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2020.1842475
Jason Bartashius
ABSTRACT Included in the DVD package of David Fincher’s Fight Club are running commentaries that function as rebuttals to initial criticism. Presenting the narrative as a Buddhist parable was a means to counter critiques of the film’s treatment of fascism. This defence was dependent on an Orientalist understanding of Buddhism as a non-violent religion. However, this paper argues that Fight Club can be read as containing allusions to both ethnocentric Japanese Buddhist militarism and white supremacy. One pivotal scene portraying the formation of the paramilitary organisation Project Mayhem first depicts a Zen monastic ritual employed to accept new members before domesticating the militia with imagery familiar to US viewers that resonates closely with white nationalism. Paralleling this trajectory, the auteurs, in recent interviews have reversed their previous strategy to either simply ignore the narrative’s Buddhist connotations or validate the alt-right’s misappropriation of the term ‘snowflake,’ a Buddhist metaphor for impermanence.
大卫·芬奇的《搏击俱乐部》DVD套装中包含了一系列评论,作为对最初批评的反驳。以佛教寓言的形式呈现故事,是一种反击对影片对待法西斯主义方式的批评的手段。这种辩护依赖于东方主义者对佛教作为非暴力宗教的理解。然而,本文认为《搏击俱乐部》可以被解读为包含了日本佛教军国主义和白人至上主义的典故。在描述准军事组织“混乱计划”(Project Mayhem)形成的一个关键场景中,首先描绘了一个禅宗寺院的仪式,用来接纳新成员,然后用美国观众熟悉的画面驯化民兵,这与白人民族主义产生了密切的共鸣。与此平行的是,导演们在最近的采访中改变了他们之前的策略,要么干脆忽略叙事的佛教内涵,要么证实另类右翼对“雪花”一词的滥用。“雪花”是佛教对无常的隐喻。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 编辑
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2019.1705030
Malory Nye
Unfortunately, this is a somewhat delayed issue of Culture and Religion. In January of this year (2019), I had a very close encounter with my mortality – I underwent emergency open-heart surgery for an aortic dissection (a splitting of my aorta), which I only survived due to the excellence of the medical care at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. (For this, I cannot extol highly enough the ‘socialised’ universal medical care system of the Scottish NHS, which makes such life-saving surgery accessible for all.) Needless to say, I am very glad to still be around, and I see everything I do (on both the personal and professional level) in a very different way: from the time of my medical emergency onwards is, quite simply, a bonus. I am still in the process of recovery. So my apologies to all for the delay in the finalisation of this issue. As I write, we are just months away from the journal reaching its twentieth anniversary. When issue 21.1 arrives at some time in the first quarter of 2020, it will be two decades since Culture and Religionwas initially launched (back in early 2000, then as a twice-yearly journal by Curzon Press). There has been a lot of continuity and change since that time, both for the journal and for myself as its editor, as you would expect. But also, the discipline and the field of studies which Culture and Religion serves have also changed and developed, largely in ways which could not have been easily foreseen back in 1999. I intend to address this in more detail in an editorial for the twentieth-anniversary edition, along with a discussion of where I would like to see the journal – and of course the study of religion and culture – to develop over the next two decades (which hopefully I will still be around to see). In anticipation of that, although there has been a lot of excellent scholarship in this time that has been researched, written and published in areas close to the journal’s remit – some of which we have had the pleasure to publish here – I would sum up the situation in 2019/20 as somewhat negative and depressing, particularly in Britain (of course, Brexit notwithstanding). Ten years of public government-led austerity and the introduction of high student fees in England have severely squeezed (that is, largely decimated) the teaching of religious studies in universities (see British Academy 2019), and thus surviving units have had to make do with whatever funds and opportunities they have been able to find. CULTURE AND RELIGION 2019, VOL. 20, NO. 3, 225–230 https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2019.1705030
不幸的是,这是一个文化和宗教问题,有些滞后。今年(2019年)1月,我与自己的死亡有过一次非常亲密的接触——我因主动脉夹层(主动脉撕裂)接受了紧急心脏直视手术,由于爱丁堡皇家医院的出色医疗护理,我才得以幸存。(为此,我对苏格兰国家医疗服务体系的“社会化”全民医疗体系赞不绝口,它让所有人都能接受这种拯救生命的手术。我仍在康复过程中。因此,我对这一问题最终确定的延迟向所有人道歉。就在我写这篇文章的时候,我们离该杂志成立20周年只有几个月的时间了。当第21.1期在2020年第一季度的某个时候发行时,《文化与宗教》创刊已经20年了(早在2000年初,当时是寇松出版社的一本两年一度的期刊)。正如你所料,从那时起,无论是对杂志还是对我作为编辑来说,都有很多连续性和变化。但是,文化与宗教所服务的学科和研究领域也发生了变化和发展,这在很大程度上是1999年无法轻易预见的。我打算在二十周年纪念版的一篇社论中更详细地阐述这一点,同时讨论我希望看到该杂志——当然还有宗教和文化研究——在未来二十年的发展(希望我仍能看到)。有鉴于此,尽管在这段时间里,有很多优秀的学者在与该杂志职权范围相近的领域进行了研究、撰写和发表——其中一些我们很高兴在这里发表——但我认为2019/20年的情况有些消极和令人沮丧,尤其是在英国(当然,尽管英国脱欧)。英国公共政府领导的十年紧缩政策和高学费的引入严重挤压了(也就是说,在很大程度上摧毁了)大学宗教研究的教学(见英国科学院2019),因此,幸存的单位不得不利用他们所能找到的任何资金和机会。《文化与宗教2019》,第20卷,第3期,225–230https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2019.1705030
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引用次数: 1
Handhala and the Messiah: christological representation in the cartoons of Naji Al-Ali Handhala和弥赛亚:Naji Al-Ali漫画中的基督形象
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2019.1684331
J. Barnes
ABSTRACT The cartoons Naji Al-Ali reveal the complexities of Palestinian identity in the period between the resignation following Palestinian defeats in 1948 and 1967 and the first Intifada in 1987. The present paper to add to the limited literature on Al-Ali’s cartoons through examining a unique subset of them that join Christ with the artist’s child-caricature Handhala. The image of Christ allowed Al-Ali to universalise his message, mapping the Palestinian experience onto a recognisable figure while strengthening an inchoate moral critique against Israeli occupation. Examining these illustrations provides us with a better understanding of this transitory period in Palestinian history.
摘要纳吉·阿里的漫画揭示了从1948年和1967年巴勒斯坦战败后辞职到1987年第一次起义这段时期巴勒斯坦身份的复杂性。本论文通过研究其中一个独特的子集,将基督与艺术家的儿童漫画《Handhala》结合起来,增加了关于Al Ali漫画的有限文献。基督的形象使阿里能够将他的信息普遍化,将巴勒斯坦的经历映射到一个公认的人物身上,同时加强了对以色列占领的早期道德批判。通过研究这些插图,我们可以更好地了解巴勒斯坦历史上这一短暂时期。
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引用次数: 0
Everyday living with Islamophobia 每天生活在伊斯兰恐惧症中
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2019.1705032
Noreen Mirza
ABSTRACT In this paper I discuss Islamophobia as a form of racism especially intensified in the press and media. The women in my study talked about how they coped with what they saw as a backlash of Islamophobia. I show how they have come to deal with the effects of this in their everyday life. Even though most of the women in my study were born and raised in Britain, this antipathy towards Muslims has made them question their sense of belonging. This paper brings to light the experiences of prejudice and discrimination from the perspective of middle-class British-Pakistanis.
在本文中,我讨论了伊斯兰恐惧症作为种族主义的一种形式,特别是在新闻和媒体中加剧。在我的研究中,女性谈到了她们是如何应对她们所看到的伊斯兰恐惧症的反弹。我展示了他们是如何在日常生活中应对这种影响的。尽管我研究中的大多数女性都是在英国出生和长大的,但这种对穆斯林的反感使她们质疑自己的归属感。本文从英裔巴基斯坦中产阶级的视角来揭示偏见和歧视的经历。
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引用次数: 2
Anti-Muslim racism and the racialisation of sexual violence: ‘intersectional stereotyping’ in mass media representations of male Muslim migrants in Germany 反穆斯林种族主义和性暴力的种族化:大众媒体对德国男性穆斯林移民的“交叉刻板印象”
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2019.1658609
I. Wigger
ABSTRACT This article examines how German print media have represented male migrants with Muslim backgrounds in relation to mainstream society and the stereotypes drawn on and created, including that of the migrant Muslim man as a criminal and sexual perpetrator. Media reports about ‘lecherous refugees’ have risen in the wake of wider social controversies about the ‘European refugee crisis’ and the consequences of welcoming over 1.5 million refugees from predominantly Muslim countries into Germany in recent years. Many of these reports reflect the Cologne New Year’s Eve 2016 sexual attacks by migrant men against German women. This study of German print media identifies a racialisation and ‘islamicisation’ of sexual violence and proposes the original theoretical concept of intersectional stereotyping to conceptualise the intersecting of religious, racialised and gendered patterns in media representations of male Muslim migrants. The research combines and extends the analytical frameworks of intersectionality and stereotyping to develop a new concept useful in media studies and beyond. The article provides a previously unexplored insight into racialised anti-Muslim stereotyping in German society in socio-political and historical context through the lens of print media.
摘要本文探讨了德国印刷媒体如何在主流社会中代表具有穆斯林背景的男性移民,以及由此产生的刻板印象,包括移民穆斯林男子作为罪犯和性犯罪者的刻板印象。随着“欧洲难民危机”以及近年来欢迎150多万来自以穆斯林为主的国家的难民进入德国的后果引发更广泛的社会争议,媒体对“好色难民”的报道不断增加。其中许多报告反映了2016年科隆新年前夕移民男子对德国妇女的性攻击。这项对德国平面媒体的研究确定了性暴力的种族化和“伊斯兰化”,并提出了交叉刻板印象的原始理论概念,以概念化穆斯林男性移民媒体表现中宗教、种族化和性别化模式的交叉。该研究结合并扩展了交叉性和陈规定型观念的分析框架,以发展一个对媒体研究及其他领域有用的新概念。这篇文章通过印刷媒体的视角,在社会政治和历史背景下,对德国社会中种族化的反穆斯林刻板印象提供了一个以前未经探索的见解。
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引用次数: 22
The power of genres and the project of secularisation: publishing the Gesar epic in contemporary China 体裁的力量与世俗化的工程:当代中国格萨尔史诗的出版
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2019.1704423
Natasha L. Mikles
ABSTRACT This article examines how published episodes from the life of Gesar—a king described in Tibetan epics—are assigned literary classifications inside and outside China. Outside of China, Tibetan publishers categorise these narratives using the explicitly Buddhist terms ‘tale of liberation’ (rnam thar) and ‘expression of realisation’ (rtogs brjod). By contrast, state-invested publishers within China designate these narratives as ‘story’ (sgrung). Although this agenda is never stated explicitly, categorising narratives from Tibetan tradition as ‘stories’ rather than Buddhist genres serves the Chinese state’s goals of constructing a ‘secular’ Tibetan culture removed from the traditional authority of Buddhist institutions. Secularising the Gesar epic helps to produce a Tibetan citizen prepared to participate in and cede authority to China’s multi-ethnic nation state, while also relegating Buddhism to a personal, private, and apolitical phenomenon. This case study has larger implications for analysing genre as a site where ideas of religion and secularity are negotiated.
摘要本文探讨了西藏史诗中描述的国王格萨尔生平的已出版片段是如何在中国内外进行文学分类的。在中国以外,西藏出版商使用明确的佛教术语“解放的故事”(rnam thar)和“实现的表达”(rtogs-brjod)对这些叙事进行分类。相比之下,中国国有投资的出版商将这些故事称为“故事”(sgrung)。尽管这一议程从未明确说明,但将西藏传统的叙事归类为“故事”而非佛教流派,有助于中国政府构建一种脱离佛教机构传统权威的“世俗”西藏文化的目标。将《格萨尔》史诗世俗化有助于培养一个准备参与并将权力移交给中国多民族国家的西藏公民,同时也将佛教降级为一种个人、私人和非政治现象。这一案例研究对分析作为宗教和世俗思想谈判场所的流派具有更大的意义。
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引用次数: 3
Gendered identity formation in post-colonial France: the case of French Muslims of Maghrebi origins with a focus on Algeria 后殖民时期法国性别认同的形成:以阿尔及利亚为重点的马格里布裔法国穆斯林的案例
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2019.1705031
M. Chaichian, Homa Sadri
ABSTRACT In this article, we examine identity formation processes among French Muslims from former North African French colonies, focusing on Algeria. France’s violent colonial presence in Algeria has put an indelible effect on three generations of French of Algerian origin, as they have struggled to survive despite political pressures and cultural demands in post-colonial France. Using several theories and concepts pertaining identity formation among colonial subjects, including Stuart Hall’s discussion of ‘self-othering,’ Frantz Fanon’s Manichaean notions of ‘black’ and ‘white’ identity formations, and W.E.B. Du Bois’ concept of ‘double consciousness,’ we first analyse formation of a hybrid identity among three generations of French Muslims. Next, we focus on the torturous journey of French Muslim women particularly related to the hijab controversy, as they oscillate between resistance and assimilation under French Republic’s Laïcité laws. We further examine the intersectionality of gender-based, religious and rural/tribal identities in Algeria, signified by two clearly delineated ‘gendered’ public and private spaces, and boundary erosions between the two in post-colonial France. We conclude that under the false pretence of ‘gender equality,’ in its attempt to unveil Muslim women the French government is using their bodies as a cultural battleground to subject them to total submission and assimilation.
在这篇文章中,我们研究了来自前北非法国殖民地的法国穆斯林的身份形成过程,重点是阿尔及利亚。法国在阿尔及利亚的暴力殖民统治对阿尔及利亚血统的三代法国人产生了不可磨灭的影响,因为他们在后殖民时代的法国,尽管面临政治压力和文化需求,但仍在努力生存。利用几个与殖民主体身份形成相关的理论和概念,包括斯图尔特·霍尔关于“自我他者”的讨论,弗朗茨·法农关于“黑人”和“白人”身份形成的摩尼教概念,以及W.E.B.杜波依斯关于“双重意识”的概念,我们首先分析了三代法国穆斯林中混合身份的形成。接下来,我们关注法国穆斯林妇女的痛苦旅程,特别是与头巾争议有关,因为她们在法兰西共和国Laïcité法律下的抵抗和同化之间摇摆不定。我们进一步研究了阿尔及利亚基于性别、宗教和农村/部落身份的交叉性,以两个明确划定的“性别化”公共和私人空间为标志,以及后殖民时期法国这两者之间的边界侵蚀。我们的结论是,在“性别平等”的虚假幌子下,法国政府试图揭开穆斯林女性的面纱,正在利用她们的身体作为文化战场,使她们完全屈服和同化。
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引用次数: 0
Intersectional cosmopolitanism: Muslim women’s engagement with polygamy on Malaysian and Indonesian screens 交叉的世界主义:马来西亚和印度尼西亚银幕上穆斯林妇女对一夫多妻制的参与
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2019.1619602
H. Zainal
ABSTRACT This article interrogates how the diverse realities of Muslim women fray the concept of ‘Muslim cosmopolitanism’ in Southeast Asia. By comparing how Malaysian Muslim women interpret polygamy in Malaysian and Indonesian screens, this article problematises the idea of a unified cosmopolitanism experienced by Muslims from the Malay world. Based on findings from interviews with 25 educated women, this article shows that media representations of polygamy and Muslim femininity can differ even between two Southeast Asian countries sharing common gendered and religious practices. It argues that the women’s understanding of polygamy is based on the intertwinement of their ethnic, gendered and classed subjectivities that are not necessarily informed by their religious beliefs per se but rather by the broader socio-political contexts in which they live. Through this embodiment of intersectional cosmopolitanism, they not only disrupt existing notions of ‘Muslim cosmopolitanism’ but highlight the heterogeneous experiences of Muslims within Southeast Asia.
本文探讨了东南亚穆斯林妇女的多样化现实如何影响“穆斯林世界主义”的概念。本文通过比较马来西亚穆斯林女性对马来西亚和印尼银幕上一夫多妻制的解读,对马来世界穆斯林所经历的统一世界主义观念提出质疑。基于对25名受过教育的女性的采访,这篇文章表明,即使在两个拥有相同性别和宗教习俗的东南亚国家,媒体对一夫多妻制和穆斯林女性气质的描绘也可能有所不同。它认为,妇女对一夫多妻制的理解是基于她们的种族、性别和阶级主体性的相互交织,这些主体性不一定是由她们的宗教信仰本身决定的,而是由她们生活的更广泛的社会政治背景决定的。通过这种交叉世界主义的体现,他们不仅打破了现有的“穆斯林世界主义”概念,而且突出了东南亚穆斯林的异质经历。
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引用次数: 1
Navigating the ‘space between’ the Black/White binary: a call for Jewish multicultural inclusion 在黑人/白人二元对立的“空间”中导航:呼吁犹太人的多元文化包容
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2019.1624267
D. Rubin
ABSTRACT In the twenty-first century, diversity and multicultural analysis of race often falls along a Black/White binary paradigm. Therefore, those who are perceived to be White are often left out of the discussion of diversity and multicultural education (DME) in the United States. This absence is particularly true for American Jews of Ashkenazi descent. In academic circles today, the notion of ‘Whiteness’ is often used as a determining factor for overlooking antisemitism while addressing issues of racism aimed at other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Data show that acts of antisemitism continues to rise in the U.S., especially on college campuses. Due to a lack of acknowledgment in the university classroom, Jews continue to be overlooked in multicultural academic thought, which can have wide-ranging consequences for Jews and non-Jews alike.
摘要在21世纪,对种族的多样性和多元文化分析往往遵循黑人/白人的二元范式。因此,在美国,那些被认为是白人的人经常被排除在多样性和多元文化教育(DME)的讨论之外。这种缺席对于阿什肯纳兹血统的美国犹太人来说尤其如此。在今天的学术界,“白人”的概念经常被用作在解决针对美国其他种族和族裔群体的种族主义问题时忽视反犹太主义的决定因素。数据显示,反犹太主义行为在美国持续上升,尤其是在大学校园。由于在大学课堂上缺乏承认,犹太人在多元文化学术思想中继续被忽视,这可能会对犹太人和非犹太人产生广泛的影响。
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引用次数: 9
期刊
Culture and Religion
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