Since 2002, a range of South African policies have attempted to address the disproportionate burden of food and nutrition insecurity on the population. Yet malnutrition among the poor has worsened. This study reviewed policies to examine their implications for food security and the treatment of malnutrition. Policies enacted between 2002 and 2017 were retrieved from government departments and the data were thematically analysed. A preliminary analysis shows that policy has aided production through input provision and capacity building. Taxation, school nutrition programmes and social grants are some of the food access initiatives, whilst micronutrient supplementation, breastfeeding campaigns and food fortification are policies specifically focused on nutrition. However, despite these interventions, food insecurity has remained due to gaps in and contradictions among policies and the lack of coordination in policy development and implementation, especially across sectors. To improve food and nutrition security, government must better engage with ideas about how to address food and nutrition security systemically, and develop the appropriate coordination mechanisms for a more holistic approach to this challenge.
{"title":"Addressing food and nutrition security in South Africa: A review of policy responses since 2002","authors":"S. Boatemaa, S. Drimie, L. Pereira","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.284996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.284996","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2002, a range of South African policies have attempted to address the disproportionate burden of food and nutrition insecurity on the population. Yet malnutrition among the poor has worsened. This study reviewed policies to examine their implications for food security and the treatment of malnutrition. Policies enacted between 2002 and 2017 were retrieved from government departments and the data were thematically analysed. A preliminary analysis shows that policy has aided production through input provision and capacity building. Taxation, school nutrition programmes and social grants are some of the food access initiatives, whilst micronutrient supplementation, breastfeeding campaigns and food fortification are policies specifically focused on nutrition. However, despite these interventions, food insecurity has remained due to gaps in and contradictions among policies and the lack of coordination in policy development and implementation, especially across sectors. To improve food and nutrition security, government must better engage with ideas about how to address food and nutrition security systemically, and develop the appropriate coordination mechanisms for a more holistic approach to this challenge.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47808608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While a large body of literature documents the existence of informal arrangements to share risk across and within households, there has been little research on the various coping strategies through which risk sharing takes place, and how these strategies function. This study attempts to fill this gap in the literature and examine whether, and to what extent, individual labour-supply behaviour is one of such coping strategies used by households facing risk. Our hypothesis is that, as with a small business, individuals adjust their employment behaviour in the event that one of their household members experiences a variation in their labour supply, that is, either gains or loses a job. Using a unique dataset that collects employment histories for each family member in Tanzania, our results confirm our hypothesis and show that the labour supply of the household members is an important determinant of employment transitions, and that these effects are greater for women than for men. In the context of low-income countries, we interpret these findings as evidence that the household works as a risk-sharing institution built around women’s labour supply.
{"title":"Labour market and intra-household dynamics in urban Tanzania","authors":"Sarah Bridges, A. Gaggero, T. Owens","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.274733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.274733","url":null,"abstract":"While a large body of literature documents the existence of informal arrangements to share risk across and within households, there has been little research on the various coping strategies through which risk sharing takes place, and how these strategies function. This study attempts to fill this gap in the literature and examine whether, and to what extent, individual labour-supply behaviour is one of such coping strategies used by households facing risk. Our hypothesis is that, as with a small business, individuals adjust their employment behaviour in the event that one of their household members experiences a variation in their labour supply, that is, either gains or loses a job. Using a unique dataset that collects employment histories for each family member in Tanzania, our results confirm our hypothesis and show that the labour supply of the household members is an important determinant of employment transitions, and that these effects are greater for women than for men. In the context of low-income countries, we interpret these findings as evidence that the household works as a risk-sharing institution built around women’s labour supply.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44379890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many governments adopt agricultural policies that affect production incentives across commodities. In addition, severe market failures in the form of high marketing margins often lower the prices that farmers receive. Yet the impacts of excessive market-access costs for farmers has not been sufficiently analysed, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using the newly available FAO/MAFAP dataset, we augment the GTAP model with domestic support and border protection, as well as data on market development gaps (MDGs) in selected SSA countries. We undertake several policy simulations to explore the impacts of changes in excessively high marketing costs. Our findings indicate that addressing MDGs can bring positive overall benefits, with particularly strong gains accruing to sectors and countries with very negative MDGs, such as the non-traditional crops in Ethiopia. In other cases, reducing positive MDGs, which operate as protection of certain sectors from imports, is projected to lead to a decline in exports and output, such as in the case of Ethiopian oilseeds.
{"title":"Infrastructure investments for improved market access in subSaharan Africa: A CGE analysis","authors":"J. Balié, Anna Strutt, S. Nelgen, Narayanan","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.274736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.274736","url":null,"abstract":"Many governments adopt agricultural policies that affect production incentives across commodities. In addition, severe market failures in the form of high marketing margins often lower the prices that farmers receive. Yet the impacts of excessive market-access costs for farmers has not been sufficiently analysed, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using the newly available FAO/MAFAP dataset, we augment the GTAP model with domestic support and border protection, as well as data on market development gaps (MDGs) in selected SSA countries. We undertake several policy simulations to explore the impacts of changes in excessively high marketing costs. Our findings indicate that addressing MDGs can bring positive overall benefits, with particularly strong gains accruing to sectors and countries with very negative MDGs, such as the non-traditional crops in Ethiopia. In other cases, reducing positive MDGs, which operate as protection of certain sectors from imports, is projected to lead to a decline in exports and output, such as in the case of Ethiopian oilseeds.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46120648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to analyse the extent to which land- and water-use rights enable/deter the productive use of irrigation water. Data was collected from 242 sampled smallholders in three study areas in KwaZulu-Natal. The findings indicate that the productive use of irrigation water is positively influenced by land- and water-use rights, with scheme committees being the first point of contact for smallholders when they need access to land and water. A provincial body of scheme committees is needed through which smallholders can capacitate each other in how they can improve access, appreciate the role of collective action and deal with challenges related to water, land and markets by applying their experiences. This body can be represented in policy formulation and aid in policy implementation. This paper shows that land and water policy alone cannot improve smallholder productivity, and that enhancing the productive use of irrigation water requires a holistic approach that considers the accessibility of input and output markets.
{"title":"The role of land- and water-use rights in smallholders’ productive use of irrigation water in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","authors":"Lungelo Cele, E. Wale","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.284995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.284995","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyse the extent to which land- and water-use rights enable/deter the productive use of irrigation water. Data was collected from 242 sampled smallholders in three study areas in KwaZulu-Natal. The findings indicate that the productive use of irrigation water is positively influenced by land- and water-use rights, with scheme committees being the first point of contact for smallholders when they need access to land and water. A provincial body of scheme committees is needed through which smallholders can capacitate each other in how they can improve access, appreciate the role of collective action and deal with challenges related to water, land and markets by applying their experiences. This body can be represented in policy formulation and aid in policy implementation. This paper shows that land and water policy alone cannot improve smallholder productivity, and that enhancing the productive use of irrigation water requires a holistic approach that considers the accessibility of input and output markets.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68535035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L’Afrique Subsaharienne n'a pas assez beneficie des grandes revolutions connues du monde agricole qui ont permis d’accroitre les productivites. Malgre l’existence des nouvelles technologies, les niveaux des productivites agricoles demeurent faibles et inferieurs a ceux d’autres regions en developpement. Un certain nombre de facteurs, dont les contraintes a l’adoption des nouvelles technologies, pourraient expliquer ces faibles productivites. En effet, l’adoption des nouvelles technologies en agriculture en Afrique Subsaharienne connait l'influence de plusieurs facteurs dont les caracteristiques socioeconomiques des menages, le mode de fonctionnement et de gestion des productions, les pratiques marchandes, les caracteristiques de transformation, le degre de sensibilisation et les reseaux sociaux. La prise en compte de ces facteurs est primordiale pour la reussite des nouveaux programmes et projets d’introduction et de diffusion des nouvelles technologies. Ce qui contribuerait a accroitre les productivites et reduire la pauvrete et l’insecurite alimentaire a l’echelle du continent. / / / Sub-Saharan Africa has not benefited sufficiently from the great revolutions in the agricultural world that have made it possible to increase productivity. Despite the existence of new technologies, levels of agricultural productivity remain low, and lower than those of other developing regions. A number of factors, including constraints on the adoption of new technologies, could explain this low productivity. Indeed, the adoption of new technologies in agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is influenced by several factors, including the socio-economic characteristics of households, the mode of operation and management of production, market practices, processing characteristics, and the degree of awareness and social networks. It is essential to consider these factors if new programmes and projects for introducing and disseminating new technologies are to be successful. This would help increase productivity, and thereby reduce poverty and food insecurity across the continent.
撒哈拉以南非洲没有足够受益于世界知名的大时代的农业productivites得以增加。Malgre农业新技术的存在,各级productivites依然软弱和一级与其他发展地区的旅行了。在内的若干因素限制了新技术的采用,可以解释这些低productivites。。事实上,在撒哈拉以南非洲的农业新技术的采用渔业特色认识几个因素的影响,其家庭、运作模式和生产管理、加工、特色做法、商船的认识程度和社交网络。考虑这些因素对于成功的新方案和项目引进和传播新技术。从而增加了productivites和减少贫穷和粮食l’insecurite大陆的阐述。/ /撒哈拉以南非洲has点上,不知道from the great时代可能in the agricultural world that have made it to increase生产力。Despite the of new technologies生存、low level of agricultural生产力仍将与其他发展中区域的下城than话》。A楼of factors),包括通过of new technologies的制约,可以解释一下这个low的生产力。Indeed, in agriculture in the of new technologies)通过撒哈拉以南非洲是一用的几个因素,其中包括家庭的社会经济特征》,the mode of operation and management of生产、市场惯例,加工特征,发现and the degree of awareness and social networks)。if It is essential to联同these factors and projects for introducing new方案和传播新技术are to be成功。help This would increase生产力,and thereby reduce跨越大陆的贫困和粮食安全。
{"title":"Les facteurs de l’adoption des nouvelles technologies en agriculture en Afrique Subsaharienne: une revue de la littérature","authors":"G. Teno, Kim Lehrer, Abdoulaye Koné","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.274735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.274735","url":null,"abstract":"L’Afrique Subsaharienne n'a pas assez beneficie des grandes revolutions connues du monde agricole qui ont permis d’accroitre les productivites. Malgre l’existence des nouvelles technologies, les niveaux des productivites agricoles demeurent faibles et inferieurs a ceux d’autres regions en developpement. Un certain nombre de facteurs, dont les contraintes a l’adoption des nouvelles technologies, pourraient expliquer ces faibles productivites. En effet, l’adoption des nouvelles technologies en agriculture en Afrique Subsaharienne connait l'influence de plusieurs facteurs dont les caracteristiques socioeconomiques des menages, le mode de fonctionnement et de gestion des productions, les pratiques marchandes, les caracteristiques de transformation, le degre de sensibilisation et les reseaux sociaux. La prise en compte de ces facteurs est primordiale pour la reussite des nouveaux programmes et projets d’introduction et de diffusion des nouvelles technologies. Ce qui contribuerait a accroitre les productivites et reduire la pauvrete et l’insecurite alimentaire a l’echelle du continent. / / / Sub-Saharan Africa has not benefited sufficiently from the great revolutions in the agricultural world that have made it possible to increase productivity. Despite the existence of new technologies, levels of agricultural productivity remain low, and lower than those of other developing regions. A number of factors, including constraints on the adoption of new technologies, could explain this low productivity. Indeed, the adoption of new technologies in agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is influenced by several factors, including the socio-economic characteristics of households, the mode of operation and management of production, market practices, processing characteristics, and the degree of awareness and social networks. It is essential to consider these factors if new programmes and projects for introducing and disseminating new technologies are to be successful. This would help increase productivity, and thereby reduce poverty and food insecurity across the continent.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68533498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Adly, Shereen Noiser, N. Kassem, M. Mahrous, Reham Salah
Climate change and heat stress are expected to worsen the issue of water scarcity that is affecting the agricultural sector, among others through increased crop prices and costs, in addition to changes in yields. A crop-mix optimisation model was developed that maximises Egypt’s net revenue while lightening the impacts of climatic change throughout the study period – from 2013 to 2030. The optimal cropping pattern was obtained through iteration of the model on an annual basis using the projected values of the following variables: yield, arable land, costs, prices and consumptive water use. The model is restricted by sets of constraints concerning water and land availability. These variables were projected under different climate-change scenarios using various modelling techniques. The model improves the cropping pattern in Egypt by favouring crops that achieve high profitability while using a small amount of water for irrigation and crops that have a comparative advantage in the above-mentioned variables, while decreasing all crops that are nonprofitable, that use a large amount of water for irrigation, and that are heat intolerant. As a result, the total net revenue is expected to double at the end of the term. The system of models integrated in this study establishes a platform for decision makers to examine different strategies and policies.
{"title":"Modelling the optimal cropping pattern to 2030 under different climate change scenarios: A study on Egypt","authors":"N. Adly, Shereen Noiser, N. Kassem, M. Mahrous, Reham Salah","doi":"10.22004/ag.econ.284987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.284987","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and heat stress are expected to worsen the issue of water scarcity that is affecting the agricultural sector, among others through increased crop prices and costs, in addition to changes in yields. A crop-mix optimisation model was developed that maximises Egypt’s net revenue while lightening the impacts of climatic change throughout the study period – from 2013 to 2030. The optimal cropping pattern was obtained through iteration of the model on an annual basis using the projected values of the following variables: yield, arable land, costs, prices and consumptive water use. The model is restricted by sets of constraints concerning water and land availability. These variables were projected under different climate-change scenarios using various modelling techniques. The model improves the cropping pattern in Egypt by favouring crops that achieve high profitability while using a small amount of water for irrigation and crops that have a comparative advantage in the above-mentioned variables, while decreasing all crops that are nonprofitable, that use a large amount of water for irrigation, and that are heat intolerant. As a result, the total net revenue is expected to double at the end of the term. The system of models integrated in this study establishes a platform for decision makers to examine different strategies and policies.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68535269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of climate change on smallholder agriculture under different crop technologies, namely conservation agriculture, Falbedia albida, optimal fertilisation and intensive farming, were analysed against the conventional subsistence farming in Malawi. A biophysical economic modelling approach was used over a 60-year period to assess changes in crop productivity, total welfare and land-use options. The results indicate varying decreases in crop yield. For instance, when compared to the crop yield in 2010, maize yield decreased by -20% under subsistence farming and -0.1% under intensive farming in the seventh decade (2061 to 2070). Adaptation to climate change effects increased total welfare by 24% and producer revenues by 44% when compared to no adaptation. To optimise the welfare of smallholder farmers in Malawi, the study recommends increasing the adoption of intensive farming, conservation agriculture and Falbedia albida to at least 9.5%, 12% and 10% of total cultivated area in the 7th decade respectively. The study also reveals that farmers’ inability to optimise land use has a higher negative impact on welfare when compared to the effect from climate change. This means that the optimisation of crop and technology choices may play a more vital role in improving farmers’ welfare than mere adaptation to climate change.
{"title":"Climate change effects on crop productivity and welfare sensitivity analysis for smallholder farmers in Malawi","authors":"Mutisungilire Kachulu","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.273137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.273137","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of climate change on smallholder agriculture under different crop technologies, namely conservation agriculture, Falbedia albida, optimal fertilisation and intensive farming, were analysed against the conventional subsistence farming in Malawi. A biophysical economic modelling approach was used over a 60-year period to assess changes in crop productivity, total welfare and land-use options. The results indicate varying decreases in crop yield. For instance, when compared to the crop yield in 2010, maize yield decreased by -20% under subsistence farming and -0.1% under intensive farming in the seventh decade (2061 to 2070). Adaptation to climate change effects increased total welfare by 24% and producer revenues by 44% when compared to no adaptation. To optimise the welfare of smallholder farmers in Malawi, the study recommends increasing the adoption of intensive farming, conservation agriculture and Falbedia albida to at least 9.5%, 12% and 10% of total cultivated area in the 7th decade respectively. The study also reveals that farmers’ inability to optimise land use has a higher negative impact on welfare when compared to the effect from climate change. This means that the optimisation of crop and technology choices may play a more vital role in improving farmers’ welfare than mere adaptation to climate change.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68533880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper evaluates the impact of variety awareness and nutrition knowledge on the adoption of biofortified crop varieties using a sample of 661 households from Kisii and Nyamira counties in Kenya. The study employs the average treatment effect (ATE) framework to control for information on the KK15 bean variety and knowledge of its nutritional attributes among small-scale farmers. The results show that farmers who had knowledge of the nutritional attributes of KK15 beans were more likely to adopt relative to those who were only aware of the variety. A nutrition attribute knowledge gap of 8% was estimated, which represents the potential adoption loss due to a lack of knowledge of the nutritional benefits. Adoption of biofortified crops can therefore be improved by disseminating information on the varieties and their nutritional attributes. This can be achieved by entrenching nutrition information in extension packages disseminated to farmers.
{"title":"Variety awareness, nutrition knowledge and adoption of nutritionally enhanced crop varieties: Evidence from Kenya","authors":"D. Muthini, J. Nzuma, R. Nyikal","doi":"10.22004/ag.econ.277135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.277135","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the impact of variety awareness and nutrition knowledge on the adoption of biofortified crop varieties using a sample of 661 households from Kisii and Nyamira counties in Kenya. The study employs the average treatment effect (ATE) framework to control for information on the KK15 bean variety and knowledge of its nutritional attributes among small-scale farmers. The results show that farmers who had knowledge of the nutritional attributes of KK15 beans were more likely to adopt relative to those who were only aware of the variety. A nutrition attribute knowledge gap of 8% was estimated, which represents the potential adoption loss due to a lack of knowledge of the nutritional benefits. Adoption of biofortified crops can therefore be improved by disseminating information on the varieties and their nutritional attributes. This can be achieved by entrenching nutrition information in extension packages disseminated to farmers.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68534576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harrison Danai Manyumwa, S. Siziba, L. Unganai, P. Mapfumo, F. Mtambanengwe
Smallholder rural farmers are exposed to diverse idiosyncratic and covariate shocks that lead to high income and consumption volatility. Formal cash management tools, which are important for managing risk and volatility, often break down due to high information asymmetries and the transaction costs of operating in rural areas. Given this, community-based cash management tools have continued to be a dominant means of managing risk in rural areas. Community-based cash management tools can be home grown or externally induced, e.g. NGO-initiated savings groups. This study finds that participation in such savings groups significantly expands access to the financial resources that can be used to purchase goods and services, as well as to the social networks that are needed to support smallholder farmer livelihoods. However, the impact on access to physical and natural capital (at least in the short to medium term) is not significant, thus calling for complementary development interventions to reduce smallholder farmers’ vulnerability.
{"title":"The impacts of community-based cash management tools on smallholder rural farmers’ access to livelihood assets","authors":"Harrison Danai Manyumwa, S. Siziba, L. Unganai, P. Mapfumo, F. Mtambanengwe","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.274738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.274738","url":null,"abstract":"Smallholder rural farmers are exposed to diverse idiosyncratic and covariate shocks that lead to high income and consumption volatility. Formal cash management tools, which are important for managing risk and volatility, often break down due to high information asymmetries and the transaction costs of operating in rural areas. Given this, community-based cash management tools have continued to be a dominant means of managing risk in rural areas. Community-based cash management tools can be home grown or externally induced, e.g. NGO-initiated savings groups. This study finds that participation in such savings groups significantly expands access to the financial resources that can be used to purchase goods and services, as well as to the social networks that are needed to support smallholder farmer livelihoods. However, the impact on access to physical and natural capital (at least in the short to medium term) is not significant, thus calling for complementary development interventions to reduce smallholder farmers’ vulnerability.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68533687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using an original database from French archives on French trade statistics, this article undertakes a comprehensive study of the nature and dynamic of French sectoral trade for the period 1880 to 1912. The results highlight a common trend regarding Franco-colonial trade compared to French trade with non-French colonies. In particular, we found that French trade with its colonies was based mainly on imports of primary products and exports of manufactured goods, meaning that the Empire was used as the main dispenser of French exports and the country’s main provider of natural resources. Statistics also emphasise that the event of colonisation was followed by an increase in trade between France and its own colonies, while colonisation by Britain and other colonising countries did not affect trade between France and non-French colonies. The article finally reveals that trade with French colonies was unbalanced and unidirectional, without any advantage in favour of those colonies.
{"title":"French colonial trade patterns: facts and impacts","authors":"Tania El Kallab","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.273134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.273134","url":null,"abstract":"Using an original database from French archives on French trade statistics, this article undertakes a comprehensive study of the nature and dynamic of French sectoral trade for the period 1880 to 1912. The results highlight a common trend regarding Franco-colonial trade compared to French trade with non-French colonies. In particular, we found that French trade with its colonies was based mainly on imports of primary products and exports of manufactured goods, meaning that the Empire was used as the main dispenser of French exports and the country’s main provider of natural resources. Statistics also emphasise that the event of colonisation was followed by an increase in trade between France and its own colonies, while colonisation by Britain and other colonising countries did not affect trade between France and non-French colonies. The article finally reveals that trade with French colonies was unbalanced and unidirectional, without any advantage in favour of those colonies.","PeriodicalId":45228,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics-AFJARE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68533184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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