Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/21533687241264766
Ariel L. Roddy
Seminal work on spatial mismatch has shown that geographic isolation from job-rich areas resulted in unemployment for low-income women of color. Though social capital is a critical component of the job search for justice-involved individuals, justice-involved women of color may have unique barriers to accessing social capital related to spatial mismatch. This concurrent mixed-methods study addresses the interconnections of race, economic opportunity, social capital, and employment for a sample of 56 women returning from jail contexts. Results reveal racialized differences in the mobilization of social capital to address the spatial mismatch problem, identifying a source of inequity for women of color leaving carceral settings.
{"title":"The Social and Spatial Mismatch of Women Returning From Jail Contexts: An Intersectional Mixed-Methods Analysis","authors":"Ariel L. Roddy","doi":"10.1177/21533687241264766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687241264766","url":null,"abstract":"Seminal work on spatial mismatch has shown that geographic isolation from job-rich areas resulted in unemployment for low-income women of color. Though social capital is a critical component of the job search for justice-involved individuals, justice-involved women of color may have unique barriers to accessing social capital related to spatial mismatch. This concurrent mixed-methods study addresses the interconnections of race, economic opportunity, social capital, and employment for a sample of 56 women returning from jail contexts. Results reveal racialized differences in the mobilization of social capital to address the spatial mismatch problem, identifying a source of inequity for women of color leaving carceral settings.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2021-10-19DOI: 10.1177/21533687211047943
Reed T DeAngelis
This research note provides new evidence consistent with systemic anti-Black racism in police killings across the United States. Data come from the Mapping Police Violence Database (2013-2021). I calculate race-specific odds and probabilities that victims of police killings exhibited mental illness, were armed with a weapon, or attempted to flee the scene at the time of their killing. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression techniques are applied to further account for the victim's age, gender, year of killing, and geographical clustering. I find that White victims are underrepresented, and Black victims overrepresented in the database. Relative to White victims, Black victims also have 60% lower odds of exhibiting signs of mental illness, 23% lower odds of being armed, and 28% higher odds of fleeing. Hispanic victims exhibit 45% lower odds of being armed relative to their White peers but are otherwise comparable. These patterns persist regardless of the victim's age, gender, year of killing, or geographical location (zip code, state, and neighborhood type). Thus, the threshold for being perceived as dangerous, and thereby falling victim to lethal police force, appears to be higher for White civilians relative to their Black or Hispanic peers. Current findings provide empirical support for political initiatives to curb lethal police force, as such efforts could help to reduce racial disparities in deaths by police nationwide.
{"title":"Systemic Racism in Police Killings: New Evidence from the Mapping Police Violence Database, 2013-2021.","authors":"Reed T DeAngelis","doi":"10.1177/21533687211047943","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21533687211047943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research note provides new evidence consistent with systemic anti-Black racism in police killings across the United States. Data come from the Mapping Police Violence Database (2013-2021). I calculate race-specific odds and probabilities that victims of police killings exhibited mental illness, were armed with a weapon, or attempted to flee the scene at the time of their killing. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression techniques are applied to further account for the victim's age, gender, year of killing, and geographical clustering. I find that White victims are underrepresented, and Black victims overrepresented in the database. Relative to White victims, Black victims also have 60% lower odds of exhibiting signs of mental illness, 23% lower odds of being armed, and 28% higher odds of fleeing. Hispanic victims exhibit 45% lower odds of being armed relative to their White peers but are otherwise comparable. These patterns persist regardless of the victim's age, gender, year of killing, or geographical location (zip code, state, and neighborhood type). Thus, the threshold for being perceived as dangerous, and thereby falling victim to lethal police force, appears to be higher for White civilians relative to their Black or Hispanic peers. Current findings provide empirical support for political initiatives to curb lethal police force, as such efforts could help to reduce racial disparities in deaths by police nationwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11343075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43635210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1177/21533687241237595
Roni Factor
The social resistance framework offers an explanation for high-risk and criminal behaviors among non-dominant minority groups. The study explores the generalizability of the framework to minority groups which are marginalized for different reasons, such as immigration, and deep historical national conflicts, and across several criminal behaviors, by surveying a representative sample of more than 1,000 participants from Israel's majority population and four minority groups—Muslims, Jews of Ethiopian origin, immigrants from the former Soviet Union, and ultra-Orthodox Jews. Negative binomial regressions show that social resistance is positively associated with criminal behaviors, controlling for exposure, demographic characteristics, and previous explanations. Additionally, both levels of social resistance and its association with criminal behaviors vary between the different non-dominant minority groups. The study supports the premises of the framework, showing that social resistance plays a role in criminal behaviors among minority groups which are marginalized for different historical reasons.
{"title":"Criminal Behaviors Among Minorities: A Social Resistance Perspective","authors":"Roni Factor","doi":"10.1177/21533687241237595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687241237595","url":null,"abstract":"The social resistance framework offers an explanation for high-risk and criminal behaviors among non-dominant minority groups. The study explores the generalizability of the framework to minority groups which are marginalized for different reasons, such as immigration, and deep historical national conflicts, and across several criminal behaviors, by surveying a representative sample of more than 1,000 participants from Israel's majority population and four minority groups—Muslims, Jews of Ethiopian origin, immigrants from the former Soviet Union, and ultra-Orthodox Jews. Negative binomial regressions show that social resistance is positively associated with criminal behaviors, controlling for exposure, demographic characteristics, and previous explanations. Additionally, both levels of social resistance and its association with criminal behaviors vary between the different non-dominant minority groups. The study supports the premises of the framework, showing that social resistance plays a role in criminal behaviors among minority groups which are marginalized for different historical reasons.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140261143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.1177/21533687241233408
Deena A. Isom
{"title":"Issue Introduction 14(2)","authors":"Deena A. Isom","doi":"10.1177/21533687241233408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687241233408","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140439440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1177/21533687241231622
Jennifer E. Cobbina-Dungy, Caroline M. Bailey
Decades of research on race and policing have offered much insight into the demographic and ecological patterns of these phenomena. African Americans experience significantly more contact with police than do whites. However, few researchers have examined in detail how gender intersects with race and place in determining whether and why Black women are suspicious of the police. Using in-depth interviews, this study compares Black women's and men's accounts to examine whether and why Black participants are suspicious of the police and how these suspicions may vary by gender. Policy implications are discussed, along with concrete recommendations for reducing anti-Black racism in police policy and practice.
{"title":"Black Women Perceptions Matter: The Role That Gender Plays in the Assessments of Law Enforcement in Ferguson and Baltimore","authors":"Jennifer E. Cobbina-Dungy, Caroline M. Bailey","doi":"10.1177/21533687241231622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687241231622","url":null,"abstract":"Decades of research on race and policing have offered much insight into the demographic and ecological patterns of these phenomena. African Americans experience significantly more contact with police than do whites. However, few researchers have examined in detail how gender intersects with race and place in determining whether and why Black women are suspicious of the police. Using in-depth interviews, this study compares Black women's and men's accounts to examine whether and why Black participants are suspicious of the police and how these suspicions may vary by gender. Policy implications are discussed, along with concrete recommendations for reducing anti-Black racism in police policy and practice.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140449988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1177/21533687241227176
Richard O. Welsh
Racial disparities in disciplinary outcomes are a salient educational policy and equity issue. Most of the research on school discipline focuses on teachers rather than school leaders and prior studies have largely examined principals’ attitudes. This study uses data from a mid-sized urban district to examine how student-school leader race interactions influence the likelihood of receiving suspensions conditional on receiving an infraction, with specific focus on Black, Latinx and White students and both principals and assistant principals (APs). The results indicate that the prevalence of exclusionary discipline is similar for schools with Black and White principals, but slightly higher in schools with White principals (this is the case for both elementary and high schools, but not middle schools). Black-White discipline disparities are higher in schools with White principals and APs, compared to schools with Black principals and APs. But there are no clear patterns for Latinx-White disparities. The probability of students receiving suspensions varies substantially across infraction type, principal race, AP race, and schooling level. The findings illustrate the nuances between the overall and discriminatory use of suspensions and highlight the need for closer attention to the types of suspensions and infractions. States and districts should also invest in initiatives that diversify school leadership given the importance of diversity for students’ disciplinary experiences.
{"title":"School Leadership, Race, and School Discipline: Examining the Relationship Between School Leader-Student Racial Congruence and the Likelihood of Exclusionary Discipline","authors":"Richard O. Welsh","doi":"10.1177/21533687241227176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687241227176","url":null,"abstract":"Racial disparities in disciplinary outcomes are a salient educational policy and equity issue. Most of the research on school discipline focuses on teachers rather than school leaders and prior studies have largely examined principals’ attitudes. This study uses data from a mid-sized urban district to examine how student-school leader race interactions influence the likelihood of receiving suspensions conditional on receiving an infraction, with specific focus on Black, Latinx and White students and both principals and assistant principals (APs). The results indicate that the prevalence of exclusionary discipline is similar for schools with Black and White principals, but slightly higher in schools with White principals (this is the case for both elementary and high schools, but not middle schools). Black-White discipline disparities are higher in schools with White principals and APs, compared to schools with Black principals and APs. But there are no clear patterns for Latinx-White disparities. The probability of students receiving suspensions varies substantially across infraction type, principal race, AP race, and schooling level. The findings illustrate the nuances between the overall and discriminatory use of suspensions and highlight the need for closer attention to the types of suspensions and infractions. States and districts should also invest in initiatives that diversify school leadership given the importance of diversity for students’ disciplinary experiences.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139851882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1177/21533687241227176
Richard O. Welsh
Racial disparities in disciplinary outcomes are a salient educational policy and equity issue. Most of the research on school discipline focuses on teachers rather than school leaders and prior studies have largely examined principals’ attitudes. This study uses data from a mid-sized urban district to examine how student-school leader race interactions influence the likelihood of receiving suspensions conditional on receiving an infraction, with specific focus on Black, Latinx and White students and both principals and assistant principals (APs). The results indicate that the prevalence of exclusionary discipline is similar for schools with Black and White principals, but slightly higher in schools with White principals (this is the case for both elementary and high schools, but not middle schools). Black-White discipline disparities are higher in schools with White principals and APs, compared to schools with Black principals and APs. But there are no clear patterns for Latinx-White disparities. The probability of students receiving suspensions varies substantially across infraction type, principal race, AP race, and schooling level. The findings illustrate the nuances between the overall and discriminatory use of suspensions and highlight the need for closer attention to the types of suspensions and infractions. States and districts should also invest in initiatives that diversify school leadership given the importance of diversity for students’ disciplinary experiences.
{"title":"School Leadership, Race, and School Discipline: Examining the Relationship Between School Leader-Student Racial Congruence and the Likelihood of Exclusionary Discipline","authors":"Richard O. Welsh","doi":"10.1177/21533687241227176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687241227176","url":null,"abstract":"Racial disparities in disciplinary outcomes are a salient educational policy and equity issue. Most of the research on school discipline focuses on teachers rather than school leaders and prior studies have largely examined principals’ attitudes. This study uses data from a mid-sized urban district to examine how student-school leader race interactions influence the likelihood of receiving suspensions conditional on receiving an infraction, with specific focus on Black, Latinx and White students and both principals and assistant principals (APs). The results indicate that the prevalence of exclusionary discipline is similar for schools with Black and White principals, but slightly higher in schools with White principals (this is the case for both elementary and high schools, but not middle schools). Black-White discipline disparities are higher in schools with White principals and APs, compared to schools with Black principals and APs. But there are no clear patterns for Latinx-White disparities. The probability of students receiving suspensions varies substantially across infraction type, principal race, AP race, and schooling level. The findings illustrate the nuances between the overall and discriminatory use of suspensions and highlight the need for closer attention to the types of suspensions and infractions. States and districts should also invest in initiatives that diversify school leadership given the importance of diversity for students’ disciplinary experiences.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139791835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1177/21533687231222459
Maria J. Valgoi, Helen A. Neville, Michael Schlosser, S. Cha-Jua
We used a practical–participatory evaluation method to develop and critically evaluate a racial literacy education program for police recruits. The 10-h Racial Literacy Project (RLP) education was developed over the course of a year and across two training cohorts. The programming was informed by the literature and using the input of a core academic team, veteran police officers, and community members. A quasi-experimental design was used to assess the influence of the RLP intervention on a third cohort. Recruits participated in either the RLP intervention ( n = 34) or a Nonracial Diversity intervention ( n = 37). Participants’ pre- and posttest scores were compared on racial colorblind beliefs (or denial and minimization of racism) and ethnocultural empathic feelings. There were no significant differences on posttest racial colorblindness scores across the two intervention groups. Also, surprisingly, recruits in the RLP intervention group displayed statistically significant lower levels of empathetic feeling towards People of Color at posttest compared to their Nonracial Diversity intervention group counterparts. These findings suggest that 10 h of exposure to racial literacy education is insufficient to produce targeted desired changes. Several recommendations for future development of the RLP are included.
{"title":"A Critical Evaluation of a Racial Literacy Education Program for Police Recruits","authors":"Maria J. Valgoi, Helen A. Neville, Michael Schlosser, S. Cha-Jua","doi":"10.1177/21533687231222459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231222459","url":null,"abstract":"We used a practical–participatory evaluation method to develop and critically evaluate a racial literacy education program for police recruits. The 10-h Racial Literacy Project (RLP) education was developed over the course of a year and across two training cohorts. The programming was informed by the literature and using the input of a core academic team, veteran police officers, and community members. A quasi-experimental design was used to assess the influence of the RLP intervention on a third cohort. Recruits participated in either the RLP intervention ( n = 34) or a Nonracial Diversity intervention ( n = 37). Participants’ pre- and posttest scores were compared on racial colorblind beliefs (or denial and minimization of racism) and ethnocultural empathic feelings. There were no significant differences on posttest racial colorblindness scores across the two intervention groups. Also, surprisingly, recruits in the RLP intervention group displayed statistically significant lower levels of empathetic feeling towards People of Color at posttest compared to their Nonracial Diversity intervention group counterparts. These findings suggest that 10 h of exposure to racial literacy education is insufficient to produce targeted desired changes. Several recommendations for future development of the RLP are included.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139607461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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