Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1177/21533687231223720
Michael F. TenEyck, Sarah A. El Sayed, Clay M. Driscoll, Krysta N. Knox
Racial inequality in arrest is a social problem that has challenged the United States for as long as police records have been kept. Prior work documents the extent of the disparity and observational studies have attempted to sort out the mechanisms that explain why the disparity exists. Building on the “constructivist” perspective of race, the current study draws on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to assess the degree to which race and skin color explain the observed racial disparity in criminal justice contact and arrest. Results revealed that controlling for criminal behavior and a host of covariates, neither race nor skin color increased the likelihood of police contact. Race, however, was predictive of an increase in the odds of arrest—with Black respondents being 92% more likely to experience arrest than White respondents—and this relationship remained controlling for the effects of skin color, police contact, and prior criminal behavior. These findings suggest that the “race effect” may be due to unobserved biases not related to skin color.
{"title":"The Impact of Race and Skin Color on Police Contact and Arrest: Results From a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study","authors":"Michael F. TenEyck, Sarah A. El Sayed, Clay M. Driscoll, Krysta N. Knox","doi":"10.1177/21533687231223720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231223720","url":null,"abstract":"Racial inequality in arrest is a social problem that has challenged the United States for as long as police records have been kept. Prior work documents the extent of the disparity and observational studies have attempted to sort out the mechanisms that explain why the disparity exists. Building on the “constructivist” perspective of race, the current study draws on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to assess the degree to which race and skin color explain the observed racial disparity in criminal justice contact and arrest. Results revealed that controlling for criminal behavior and a host of covariates, neither race nor skin color increased the likelihood of police contact. Race, however, was predictive of an increase in the odds of arrest—with Black respondents being 92% more likely to experience arrest than White respondents—and this relationship remained controlling for the effects of skin color, police contact, and prior criminal behavior. These findings suggest that the “race effect” may be due to unobserved biases not related to skin color.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"68 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139390022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-03DOI: 10.1177/21533687231217799
Jacinta M. Gau
{"title":"Editorial Co-Introduction for 14(1)","authors":"Jacinta M. Gau","doi":"10.1177/21533687231217799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231217799","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"95 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138605669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1177/21533687231214325
Deena A. Isom
{"title":"Isom Front Matter for RAJ 14(1)—Editor's Note","authors":"Deena A. Isom","doi":"10.1177/21533687231214325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231214325","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"132 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136351568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1177/21533687231212678
Marin R. Wenger, Jacob T.N. Young, Corey Whichard
The United States is experiencing growth in racial and ethnic diversity, yet racial tensions remain high. Proponents of contact theory suggest that interracial contact should alleviate racial tensions when contact occurs under the right conditions. The current study uses a network approach to examine the relationship between race, racial attitudes, and friendship within a novel setting satisfying the “right” conditions: a good behavior prison unit. Using social network data from 133 men and Exponential Random Graph Models, we examine whether racial attitudes influence the patterns of intraracial versus interracial ties. Results reveal that negative racial attitudes do not differentially impact the sending of intraracial versus interracial ties, but reduce the odds of receiving interracial ties from other participants. We discuss the implications of these findings for contact theory as well as for research on race relations both within and outside of prison.
{"title":"An Unbridgeable Gap? Racial Attitudes and Friendship in Prison","authors":"Marin R. Wenger, Jacob T.N. Young, Corey Whichard","doi":"10.1177/21533687231212678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231212678","url":null,"abstract":"The United States is experiencing growth in racial and ethnic diversity, yet racial tensions remain high. Proponents of contact theory suggest that interracial contact should alleviate racial tensions when contact occurs under the right conditions. The current study uses a network approach to examine the relationship between race, racial attitudes, and friendship within a novel setting satisfying the “right” conditions: a good behavior prison unit. Using social network data from 133 men and Exponential Random Graph Models, we examine whether racial attitudes influence the patterns of intraracial versus interracial ties. Results reveal that negative racial attitudes do not differentially impact the sending of intraracial versus interracial ties, but reduce the odds of receiving interracial ties from other participants. We discuss the implications of these findings for contact theory as well as for research on race relations both within and outside of prison.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"131 46","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136351412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.1177/21533687231202051
Javier Ramos, Sylwia J. Piatkowska, Cristal N. Hernandez
The current study investigates how immigrants cope and adapt to the “pains of imprisonment” by examining a specific maladjustment outcome—disciplinary infractions. Like other groups (e.g., females, LGBTQ, elderly), immigrants are regarded as a special population in prison considering that they encounter a unique set of challenges that the typical incarcerated person does not. At the same time, immigrants are not a monolithic group, and there are reasons why misconduct may differ when we separate them by country of birth. To this end, we explore whether the frequency and probability for institutional misconduct varies across Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Haitians, Jamaicans, Mexicans, as well as immigrants from other countries. We also consider whether any nationality group exhibits a higher (or lower or similar) propensity for in-prison offending than the native-born. Our results reveal there are greater differences in disciplinary infractions among our foreign-born groups than between them and natives, a finding that is obscured when immigrants are lumped into a single measure (i.e., all foreign-born).
{"title":"An Empirical Examination of the In-Prison Behaviors of Foreign-Born Individuals: Does Nationality Predict Misconduct?","authors":"Javier Ramos, Sylwia J. Piatkowska, Cristal N. Hernandez","doi":"10.1177/21533687231202051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231202051","url":null,"abstract":"The current study investigates how immigrants cope and adapt to the “pains of imprisonment” by examining a specific maladjustment outcome—disciplinary infractions. Like other groups (e.g., females, LGBTQ, elderly), immigrants are regarded as a special population in prison considering that they encounter a unique set of challenges that the typical incarcerated person does not. At the same time, immigrants are not a monolithic group, and there are reasons why misconduct may differ when we separate them by country of birth. To this end, we explore whether the frequency and probability for institutional misconduct varies across Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Haitians, Jamaicans, Mexicans, as well as immigrants from other countries. We also consider whether any nationality group exhibits a higher (or lower or similar) propensity for in-prison offending than the native-born. Our results reveal there are greater differences in disciplinary infractions among our foreign-born groups than between them and natives, a finding that is obscured when immigrants are lumped into a single measure (i.e., all foreign-born).","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136236811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.1177/21533687231202049
Amy M. Alberton, Grace K. Hawks, Naomi G. Williams, Kevin M. Gorey
Evidence suggests that Indigenous Peoples have the highest rate of death by homicide compared to other ethnic groups in the USA. Despite this alarming disparity and its fatal implications, there seems little attention paid to this crisis outside of Indigenous communities, and literature on the violence perpetrated against this population is comparatively scarce. Among the 574 federally recognized tribes and 326 reservations across the USA, there is great diversity. Yet, Indigenous Peoples share similar experiences of colonialism, genocide, oppression, and marginalization. These experiences highlight how existing social structures and systems continue to function as oppressive forces against Indigenous Peoples. The current study meta-analytically synthesized the existing body of knowledge to summarize current understandings of the relative risk of homicide faced by Indigenous Peoples. Following systematic searches of published and gray literature, data were extracted from 38 eligible studies. As hypothesized, Indigenous Peoples’ risk of homicide was consistently about three times greater than that of others in the USA over the past generation, but counter-hypothetically no gender divide was observed. These findings suggest prevalent, grave and longstanding social-structural and ultimately, health inequities among Indigenous Peoples in the USA. Future research needs and policy implications are discussed.
{"title":"Indigenous Peoples’ Relative Risk of Homicide in the USA: A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Review","authors":"Amy M. Alberton, Grace K. Hawks, Naomi G. Williams, Kevin M. Gorey","doi":"10.1177/21533687231202049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231202049","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence suggests that Indigenous Peoples have the highest rate of death by homicide compared to other ethnic groups in the USA. Despite this alarming disparity and its fatal implications, there seems little attention paid to this crisis outside of Indigenous communities, and literature on the violence perpetrated against this population is comparatively scarce. Among the 574 federally recognized tribes and 326 reservations across the USA, there is great diversity. Yet, Indigenous Peoples share similar experiences of colonialism, genocide, oppression, and marginalization. These experiences highlight how existing social structures and systems continue to function as oppressive forces against Indigenous Peoples. The current study meta-analytically synthesized the existing body of knowledge to summarize current understandings of the relative risk of homicide faced by Indigenous Peoples. Following systematic searches of published and gray literature, data were extracted from 38 eligible studies. As hypothesized, Indigenous Peoples’ risk of homicide was consistently about three times greater than that of others in the USA over the past generation, but counter-hypothetically no gender divide was observed. These findings suggest prevalent, grave and longstanding social-structural and ultimately, health inequities among Indigenous Peoples in the USA. Future research needs and policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135148653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.1177/21533687231198855
Aki Roberts
Based on the theoretical notion that racial hierarchy influences inequality in criminal justice outcomes, previous crime clearance studies have included victims’ race as a salient predictor of clearance. However, Asian American victims are seldom studied, often dropped from the analysis or combined as “other” with smaller racial groups. The unique and dialectical position of Asian Americans in the U.S. racial stratification system, simultaneously considered as “honorary White” and stigmatized as “perpetual foreigner” and “yellow peril,” should attract more research interest in the area of racial inequality in criminal justice outcomes. Using National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data, the current study examines racial/ethnic differences in crime clearance by arrest, with special attention given to Asian victims in comparison to White, Black, Hispanic, and Native American victims. The survival analysis found no statistically significant difference in crime clearance between White and Asian victims, with their clearance likelihood higher than for victims from other minority groups. The current analysis also found that the use of a simpler White/non-White dichotomy or placement of Asians in a broad “other” category risks obscuring important differences in crime clearance between Asians and other minority groups.
{"title":"Solving Crime for America's “Others”: Crime Clearance and Asian American Victims","authors":"Aki Roberts","doi":"10.1177/21533687231198855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231198855","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the theoretical notion that racial hierarchy influences inequality in criminal justice outcomes, previous crime clearance studies have included victims’ race as a salient predictor of clearance. However, Asian American victims are seldom studied, often dropped from the analysis or combined as “other” with smaller racial groups. The unique and dialectical position of Asian Americans in the U.S. racial stratification system, simultaneously considered as “honorary White” and stigmatized as “perpetual foreigner” and “yellow peril,” should attract more research interest in the area of racial inequality in criminal justice outcomes. Using National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data, the current study examines racial/ethnic differences in crime clearance by arrest, with special attention given to Asian victims in comparison to White, Black, Hispanic, and Native American victims. The survival analysis found no statistically significant difference in crime clearance between White and Asian victims, with their clearance likelihood higher than for victims from other minority groups. The current analysis also found that the use of a simpler White/non-White dichotomy or placement of Asians in a broad “other” category risks obscuring important differences in crime clearance between Asians and other minority groups.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42332390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.1177/21533687231199271
Danielle C. Slakoff, Destiny Duran
True crime podcasts are a newer addition to the media and true crime landscape, and listenership is steadily growing. While other forms of true crime have been shown to overrepresent harm against White women and children, no study to date has examined whether White missing women/girls are overrepresented in true crime podcasts compared to women/girls of color. In this study, the researchers examined data from four of the top listened-to podcasts in the United States with two goals in mind: (1) to determine whether White women and girls are overrepresented in true crime podcasts about missing women/girls and (2) to report on the overarching themes, if any, found in podcast episode titles and descriptions for episodes that feature missing women/girls. Based on data gleaned from podcast titles and descriptions, descriptive results show that White women and girls were overrepresented in episodes about missing women/girls compared to missing women and girls of color. Further, an inductive qualitative content analysis of episode descriptions revealed that some were written in casual/friendly tones, which signified an affable relationship between the hosts and the listeners. Areas of further inquiry are discussed, as is the need to uplift podcasts that feature stories about people of color.
{"title":"A New Media Frontier, or More of the Same? A Descriptive Analysis of the “Missing White Woman Syndrome” in Top True Crime Podcasts","authors":"Danielle C. Slakoff, Destiny Duran","doi":"10.1177/21533687231199271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231199271","url":null,"abstract":"True crime podcasts are a newer addition to the media and true crime landscape, and listenership is steadily growing. While other forms of true crime have been shown to overrepresent harm against White women and children, no study to date has examined whether White missing women/girls are overrepresented in true crime podcasts compared to women/girls of color. In this study, the researchers examined data from four of the top listened-to podcasts in the United States with two goals in mind: (1) to determine whether White women and girls are overrepresented in true crime podcasts about missing women/girls and (2) to report on the overarching themes, if any, found in podcast episode titles and descriptions for episodes that feature missing women/girls. Based on data gleaned from podcast titles and descriptions, descriptive results show that White women and girls were overrepresented in episodes about missing women/girls compared to missing women and girls of color. Further, an inductive qualitative content analysis of episode descriptions revealed that some were written in casual/friendly tones, which signified an affable relationship between the hosts and the listeners. Areas of further inquiry are discussed, as is the need to uplift podcasts that feature stories about people of color.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43648731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-15DOI: 10.1177/21533687231193134
Lin Liu, Jamie L. Flexon
Numerous studies have examined the relationship between racial minorities and police use of force, with many of these studies indicating a direct and positive relationship. However, few studies have assessed the moderation effect of race—how race may amplify the impact of noncompliant behaviors to affect police officers’ decision to use non-lethal force. This study examines this element of amplified influence using insights from the deference norms and focal concerns perspectives to nest the work. While findings suggest that citizens’ noncompliant reactions such as verbal and physical resistance trigger an increase in the likelihood of police use of force, the results indicate that race and ethnicity further condition the effect. Specifically, the influence of citizen demeanor is augmented for minorities when predicting police use of non-lethal force compared to noncompliant Whites. The implications of these findings for police training and equitable administration of justice are discussed.
{"title":"The Minority Penalty: Disparate Policing Across Noncompliant Minorities and Whites","authors":"Lin Liu, Jamie L. Flexon","doi":"10.1177/21533687231193134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231193134","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous studies have examined the relationship between racial minorities and police use of force, with many of these studies indicating a direct and positive relationship. However, few studies have assessed the moderation effect of race—how race may amplify the impact of noncompliant behaviors to affect police officers’ decision to use non-lethal force. This study examines this element of amplified influence using insights from the deference norms and focal concerns perspectives to nest the work. While findings suggest that citizens’ noncompliant reactions such as verbal and physical resistance trigger an increase in the likelihood of police use of force, the results indicate that race and ethnicity further condition the effect. Specifically, the influence of citizen demeanor is augmented for minorities when predicting police use of non-lethal force compared to noncompliant Whites. The implications of these findings for police training and equitable administration of justice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44176574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.1177/21533687231189854
Jung-Kyu Bae, Soyoung Kang, M. Lynch
This study assessed regulatory enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) within the political-economic context that examined the impacts of community characteristics on length of time a water system remains in noncompliance with SDWA regulations. Our findings indicate that noncompliant water systems in counties with higher proportion of both Black and Hispanic residents take longer to be returned to compliance with the SDWA. Conversely, water systems serving a larger percentage of White residents are in noncompliance for shorter time period, and as the percent White in an area increases, time to compliance decreases. The findings indicate that minority communities are not given equal attention with respect to managing compliance with the SDWA. This study suggests that the legacy of racialized urban planning and long-term disinvestment in water infrastructure are responsible for the longer duration of water system noncompliance in areas with higher percentage of minority population.
{"title":"Drinking Water Injustice: Racial Disparity in Regulatory Enforcement of Safe Drinking Water Act Violations","authors":"Jung-Kyu Bae, Soyoung Kang, M. Lynch","doi":"10.1177/21533687231189854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231189854","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed regulatory enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) within the political-economic context that examined the impacts of community characteristics on length of time a water system remains in noncompliance with SDWA regulations. Our findings indicate that noncompliant water systems in counties with higher proportion of both Black and Hispanic residents take longer to be returned to compliance with the SDWA. Conversely, water systems serving a larger percentage of White residents are in noncompliance for shorter time period, and as the percent White in an area increases, time to compliance decreases. The findings indicate that minority communities are not given equal attention with respect to managing compliance with the SDWA. This study suggests that the legacy of racialized urban planning and long-term disinvestment in water infrastructure are responsible for the longer duration of water system noncompliance in areas with higher percentage of minority population.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43065430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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