Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/2153368720988892
Henrika McCoy
The 16-year journey from being a doctoral student to a tenured Associate Professor as a Black woman has been eventful. This essay provides a peek into some of the unforgettable moments experienced by one Black female PhD during that journey. It highlights how having a PhD as a Black woman has not resulted in the same respect and reverence generally afforded to those who are White. It reminds us of the work that still needs to be done if we are ever going to be able to honestly say that the playing field is even. It is also a story of resolve and commitment, and how it can be possible to find new ways to contribute to improving outcomes for Black people, even when current events make doing so seem impossible.
{"title":"What Do You Call a Black Woman With a PhD? A N*****: How Race Trumps Education No Matter What","authors":"Henrika McCoy","doi":"10.1177/2153368720988892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368720988892","url":null,"abstract":"The 16-year journey from being a doctoral student to a tenured Associate Professor as a Black woman has been eventful. This essay provides a peek into some of the unforgettable moments experienced by one Black female PhD during that journey. It highlights how having a PhD as a Black woman has not resulted in the same respect and reverence generally afforded to those who are White. It reminds us of the work that still needs to be done if we are ever going to be able to honestly say that the playing field is even. It is also a story of resolve and commitment, and how it can be possible to find new ways to contribute to improving outcomes for Black people, even when current events make doing so seem impossible.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"318 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368720988892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48774608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-29DOI: 10.1177/2153368720983436
Katheryn Russell-Brown
This essay examines the the academic journey—graduate school to full professor—of an African American professor of criminology and criminal justice. The essay discusses the how criminology and criminologists address race issues and offers a wish list of strategies designed to address problematic practices and racial pitfalls within criminology programs.
{"title":"Black Lives Matter in Criminology? Let’s Prove It","authors":"Katheryn Russell-Brown","doi":"10.1177/2153368720983436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368720983436","url":null,"abstract":"This essay examines the the academic journey—graduate school to full professor—of an African American professor of criminology and criminal justice. The essay discusses the how criminology and criminologists address race issues and offers a wish list of strategies designed to address problematic practices and racial pitfalls within criminology programs.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"328 - 337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368720983436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44140421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2153368718767495
M. M. Holland, Ariane Prohaska
Previous empirical research has indicated that women receive less punitive sentencing outcomes, compared to their male counterparts, while controlling for legally relevant case characteristics. This advantage persists at the federal level, despite the implementation of sentencing guidelines. However, drawing from the “intersectionalities” literature, it does not appear as though all women are equal beneficiaries of this courtroom leniency. Specifically, women of color are less inclined to receive sentencing benefits in response to the differential stereotyping of this demographic. Furthermore, due to differing sociohistorical contexts and gender ideologies, the influence of gender on sentencing outcomes will likely vary across place. This study contributes to the existing sentencing literature by examining whether, and to what extent, gender leniency is moderated by race/ethnicity and geographic region. Using data from the 2015 Monitoring of Federal Criminal Sentences, this study finds that women receive shorter sentence lengths than men. However, contrary to expectation, women of color receive shorter sentences than White women. Additionally, women who are adjudicated in the southern and border districts receive significantly longer sentences. These findings demonstrate the importance of contextualizing and disaggregating female criminal justice outcomes as well as the need to limit research and discourse that imply a singular shared experience among all women.
{"title":"Gender Effects Across Place: A Multilevel Investigation of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Region in Sentencing","authors":"M. M. Holland, Ariane Prohaska","doi":"10.1177/2153368718767495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368718767495","url":null,"abstract":"Previous empirical research has indicated that women receive less punitive sentencing outcomes, compared to their male counterparts, while controlling for legally relevant case characteristics. This advantage persists at the federal level, despite the implementation of sentencing guidelines. However, drawing from the “intersectionalities” literature, it does not appear as though all women are equal beneficiaries of this courtroom leniency. Specifically, women of color are less inclined to receive sentencing benefits in response to the differential stereotyping of this demographic. Furthermore, due to differing sociohistorical contexts and gender ideologies, the influence of gender on sentencing outcomes will likely vary across place. This study contributes to the existing sentencing literature by examining whether, and to what extent, gender leniency is moderated by race/ethnicity and geographic region. Using data from the 2015 Monitoring of Federal Criminal Sentences, this study finds that women receive shorter sentence lengths than men. However, contrary to expectation, women of color receive shorter sentences than White women. Additionally, women who are adjudicated in the southern and border districts receive significantly longer sentences. These findings demonstrate the importance of contextualizing and disaggregating female criminal justice outcomes as well as the need to limit research and discourse that imply a singular shared experience among all women.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"91 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368718767495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44839011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2153368718776056
R. Vargas, Leonard Scrivener
Latinos have been remarkably absent from research on the degree to which citizens notify police about violent crimes. This article takes a few small steps toward filling this knowledge gap through a case study of Mexican American youth in Little Village, the largest Mexican neighborhood in the Midwest. We ask: Why do some Latino youth notify police about violent crimes more than others? Using a unique survey data set of neighborhood youth (N = 292), we find that (1) the majority of youth in the sample do, in fact, notify police about violent crimes and (2) logistic regression models reveal the importance of social ties with gang members, negative past encounters with police, and immigration status as significant correlates of willingness to notify police about violent crimes. We conclude by discussing implications for research on Latino police notification and policy efforts to improve Latino community–police relations.
{"title":"Why Latino Youth (Don’t) Call Police","authors":"R. Vargas, Leonard Scrivener","doi":"10.1177/2153368718776056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368718776056","url":null,"abstract":"Latinos have been remarkably absent from research on the degree to which citizens notify police about violent crimes. This article takes a few small steps toward filling this knowledge gap through a case study of Mexican American youth in Little Village, the largest Mexican neighborhood in the Midwest. We ask: Why do some Latino youth notify police about violent crimes more than others? Using a unique survey data set of neighborhood youth (N = 292), we find that (1) the majority of youth in the sample do, in fact, notify police about violent crimes and (2) logistic regression models reveal the importance of social ties with gang members, negative past encounters with police, and immigration status as significant correlates of willingness to notify police about violent crimes. We conclude by discussing implications for research on Latino police notification and policy efforts to improve Latino community–police relations.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"47 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368718776056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45936342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2153368718772330
Christopher R. Dennison
Increases in postsecondary enrollment among minorities, decreases among Whites, and the growing concern of downward intergenerational mobility in the United States suggest potentially meaningful variation in the role of education on well-being across the life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the present study examines the relationship between intergenerational educational mobility (i.e., a comparison of one’s educational achievements to those of one’s parents’) and crime, as well as the degree to which this association is moderated by race and ethnicity. Results suggest that upward mobility particularly when one completes a 4-year degree is associated with decreases in crime. Downward mobility, however, is associated with increases in crime only among Whites. Moreover, and consistent with theories of social mobility, strain, and social control, these associations are partially mediated by familial and socioeconomic attainments as well as social–psychological measures. Findings are discussed as they relate to the subjective and objective meaning of education across generations for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics.
{"title":"Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Relationship Between Educational Mobility and Crime","authors":"Christopher R. Dennison","doi":"10.1177/2153368718772330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368718772330","url":null,"abstract":"Increases in postsecondary enrollment among minorities, decreases among Whites, and the growing concern of downward intergenerational mobility in the United States suggest potentially meaningful variation in the role of education on well-being across the life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the present study examines the relationship between intergenerational educational mobility (i.e., a comparison of one’s educational achievements to those of one’s parents’) and crime, as well as the degree to which this association is moderated by race and ethnicity. Results suggest that upward mobility particularly when one completes a 4-year degree is associated with decreases in crime. Downward mobility, however, is associated with increases in crime only among Whites. Moreover, and consistent with theories of social mobility, strain, and social control, these associations are partially mediated by familial and socioeconomic attainments as well as social–psychological measures. Findings are discussed as they relate to the subjective and objective meaning of education across generations for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"65 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368718772330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44745637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2153368718777278
Joselyne L. Chenane, E. Wright
Few studies have examined the role of city police officer racial/ethnic representation on violent crime in immigrant neighborhoods. Yet police officer race/ethnicity might play a significant role in bolstering or weakening the relationship between immigration and violent crime rates. Researchers have posited that increasing the representation of minority officer would be an important avenue for making police departments more accountable to the communities they serve. The current study contributes to existing research by using national (i.e., 89 cities and 8,980 neighborhoods) data on violent crime from large U.S. cities. We examine the relationship between immigration, violent crime rates, and minority police officer representation using multilevel modeling techniques. Results indicate that neighborhood immigrant concentration is associated with lower robbery and homicide rates. Moreover, the negative relationship between immigrant concentration and violent crime rates is strengthened by city African American and Hispanic officer representation. Policy implications for law enforcement are discussed.
{"title":"The Role of Police Officer Race/Ethnicity on Crime Rates in Immigrant Communities","authors":"Joselyne L. Chenane, E. Wright","doi":"10.1177/2153368718777278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368718777278","url":null,"abstract":"Few studies have examined the role of city police officer racial/ethnic representation on violent crime in immigrant neighborhoods. Yet police officer race/ethnicity might play a significant role in bolstering or weakening the relationship between immigration and violent crime rates. Researchers have posited that increasing the representation of minority officer would be an important avenue for making police departments more accountable to the communities they serve. The current study contributes to existing research by using national (i.e., 89 cities and 8,980 neighborhoods) data on violent crime from large U.S. cities. We examine the relationship between immigration, violent crime rates, and minority police officer representation using multilevel modeling techniques. Results indicate that neighborhood immigrant concentration is associated with lower robbery and homicide rates. Moreover, the negative relationship between immigrant concentration and violent crime rates is strengthened by city African American and Hispanic officer representation. Policy implications for law enforcement are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"3 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368718777278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48448986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2153368718776052
R. Fix, Janice E. Clifford, B. Burkhart
Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime indicates that low levels of self-control leads to subsequent delinquency. Multiple studies suggest an indirect effect of parent and family factors on delinquency through self-control. Furthermore, evidence exists that race/ethnicity may affect the mediated relationship between parenting and delinquency. The present study collected information on demographics, parent–child attachment, self-control, and delinquency from 350 confined male adolescents. Models were run to test whether self-control mediated the relationship between total parent–child attachment and facets of parent–child attachment on delinquency. Results indicated self-control mediated the relationship between parent attachment and delinquent behavior. Follow-up models indicated uniquely influential pathways to delinquency depending on aspects of parent-child attachment and the race/ethnicity of the participant. Select aspects of parent–child attachment were more meaningfully predictive of self-control and delinquency among African American youth compared with European American youth. Furthermore, while models run with European American adolescents support previous theories and study outcomes on the link between self-control and delinquency, self-control levels did not predict delinquency within models rung with African American adolescents, identifying a possible limitation of self-control theory. Implications from the present study are discussed alongside future directions for continuing research on culturally informed models of self-control and delinquency.
{"title":"Parent–Child Relations and Delinquency Among African American and European American Juvenile Offenders: An Expanded Examination of Self-Control Theory","authors":"R. Fix, Janice E. Clifford, B. Burkhart","doi":"10.1177/2153368718776052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368718776052","url":null,"abstract":"Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime indicates that low levels of self-control leads to subsequent delinquency. Multiple studies suggest an indirect effect of parent and family factors on delinquency through self-control. Furthermore, evidence exists that race/ethnicity may affect the mediated relationship between parenting and delinquency. The present study collected information on demographics, parent–child attachment, self-control, and delinquency from 350 confined male adolescents. Models were run to test whether self-control mediated the relationship between total parent–child attachment and facets of parent–child attachment on delinquency. Results indicated self-control mediated the relationship between parent attachment and delinquent behavior. Follow-up models indicated uniquely influential pathways to delinquency depending on aspects of parent-child attachment and the race/ethnicity of the participant. Select aspects of parent–child attachment were more meaningfully predictive of self-control and delinquency among African American youth compared with European American youth. Furthermore, while models run with European American adolescents support previous theories and study outcomes on the link between self-control and delinquency, self-control levels did not predict delinquency within models rung with African American adolescents, identifying a possible limitation of self-control theory. Implications from the present study are discussed alongside future directions for continuing research on culturally informed models of self-control and delinquency.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"28 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368718776052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44311559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2153368720909166
Xiaochen Hu, Zahra Shekarkhar
Baer, J., & Chambliss, W. J. (1997). Generating fear: The politics of crime reporting. Crime, Law & Social Change, 27(2), 87–107. Cain, C. M. (2017). Child savers. In C. J. Schreck, M. J. Leiber, H. V. Miller, & K. Welch (Eds.), The encyclopedia of juvenile delinquency and justice. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 9781118524275.ejdj0183 Forman, J. Jr. (2017). Locking up our own: Crime and punishment in Black America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Michalowski, R. J. (2016). What is crime? Critical Criminology, 24(2), 181–199. Muhammad, K. G. (2011). Where did all the white criminals go? Reconfiguring race and crime on the road to mass incarceration. Souls, 13(1), 72–90. Pickett, R. S. (1969). The society for the prevention of pauperism (1815–23). In House of refuge, origins of juvenile reform in New York state, 1815-1857 (pp. 21–49). Syracuse University Press. Torres, L. (2018). Latinx? Latino Studies, 16(3), 283–285. Ward, G. (2014). The slow violence of state organized race crime. Theoretical Criminology, 19(3), 299–314.
{"title":"No surrender: The land remains indigenous","authors":"Xiaochen Hu, Zahra Shekarkhar","doi":"10.1177/2153368720909166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368720909166","url":null,"abstract":"Baer, J., & Chambliss, W. J. (1997). Generating fear: The politics of crime reporting. Crime, Law & Social Change, 27(2), 87–107. Cain, C. M. (2017). Child savers. In C. J. Schreck, M. J. Leiber, H. V. Miller, & K. Welch (Eds.), The encyclopedia of juvenile delinquency and justice. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 9781118524275.ejdj0183 Forman, J. Jr. (2017). Locking up our own: Crime and punishment in Black America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Michalowski, R. J. (2016). What is crime? Critical Criminology, 24(2), 181–199. Muhammad, K. G. (2011). Where did all the white criminals go? Reconfiguring race and crime on the road to mass incarceration. Souls, 13(1), 72–90. Pickett, R. S. (1969). The society for the prevention of pauperism (1815–23). In House of refuge, origins of juvenile reform in New York state, 1815-1857 (pp. 21–49). Syracuse University Press. Torres, L. (2018). Latinx? Latino Studies, 16(3), 283–285. Ward, G. (2014). The slow violence of state organized race crime. Theoretical Criminology, 19(3), 299–314.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"118 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368720909166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42566960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-03DOI: 10.1177/2153368720976764
Ojmarrh Mitchell
In this article, I argue that criminology and criminal justice programs exhibit racial “tokenism,” in that the majority of such programs employ no more than one Black tenured/tenure track professor. This tokenism creates a plethora of problems that undermine the contributions of Black faculty and prevent them from achieving their full potential. I use my own experiences to illustrate these issues. I conclude with potential solutions to the problems identified.
{"title":"Tokenism in Criminology and Criminal Justice Departments: Problems and Solutions","authors":"Ojmarrh Mitchell","doi":"10.1177/2153368720976764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368720976764","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I argue that criminology and criminal justice programs exhibit racial “tokenism,” in that the majority of such programs employ no more than one Black tenured/tenure track professor. This tokenism creates a plethora of problems that undermine the contributions of Black faculty and prevent them from achieving their full potential. I use my own experiences to illustrate these issues. I conclude with potential solutions to the problems identified.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"338 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368720976764","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44080361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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