Pub Date : 2022-05-13DOI: 10.1177/21533687221101208
Meghan Maree Ballard
{"title":"Book Review: Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice: An International Dilemma by A. Owusu-Bempah & S.L. Gabbidon","authors":"Meghan Maree Ballard","doi":"10.1177/21533687221101208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221101208","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42909165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.1177/21533687221101207
Lauren N. Moton, Kwan-Lamar Blount-Hill
Dearest Prof. hooks, Once upon a time, our stories were hushed and hidden, just whispers in the dark. Too soft to be heroic, too dusky to be pure, too queer and too unnerving, too shabby and too poor. You told our stories in the light – the stories of women complicating conceptions of Blackness, Black folk complicating conceptions of the feminine, gay folk, poor folk, rural folk, complication. Interwoven in the great American tale, you told a story of complexity, of multitudinous hurt, and of multiple resiliencies, stories of dominance, subjugation, rebellion, and resistance. You told us there were things we had to say. You taught us to Talk Back. You helped us transcend the White middle-class feminist gaze and demanded introduction of the Black working-class woman. From margin to center, you said, and the light bulb flickered in our minds. Finally, acknowledgement of Black feminine devaluation put to page; our perspectives foregrounded. Drawing the historical line from the transatlantic slave trade to present day, your dedication to exploring the ways in which our various social locations impact our everyday experience was, and has been, imperative to our liberation. You inspired Black women to feel comfortable reclaiming the term “feminist” after long being intentionally excluded in the movement. Your boldness stimulated so many of us to find comfort, home, and community within your writing, and, importantly, you taught us to Talk Back. Does Lauren come to mind when someone says “scholar”? I was once an undergraduate college dropout, subsisting as a bartender for the greater part of my twenties. I have been arrested, twice. I am Black. I am Queer. I am a Woman. These experiences have profoundly shaped the evolution of my identity as a scholar. I complicate. In 2016, when I entered my criminal justice master’s program, situated in a rural Ohio farm town, I soon realized that I was not like my peers or my professors—not like the cisgender heterosexual White men majority. I knew at this point that I moved through the world and academia in a way that was dissimilar to that of my colleagues. The feeling of being siloed within my institution stimulated my motivation to find testimony of lived experience that matched my own. It was a feminist theory class outside of my department that exposed me to Black feminist thought, with you among the brilliant scholars I read. Ain’t I a woman? (1981) was my first introduction to you. Article
{"title":"How bell hooks Taught us to Talk Back: A Love Letter","authors":"Lauren N. Moton, Kwan-Lamar Blount-Hill","doi":"10.1177/21533687221101207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221101207","url":null,"abstract":"Dearest Prof. hooks, Once upon a time, our stories were hushed and hidden, just whispers in the dark. Too soft to be heroic, too dusky to be pure, too queer and too unnerving, too shabby and too poor. You told our stories in the light – the stories of women complicating conceptions of Blackness, Black folk complicating conceptions of the feminine, gay folk, poor folk, rural folk, complication. Interwoven in the great American tale, you told a story of complexity, of multitudinous hurt, and of multiple resiliencies, stories of dominance, subjugation, rebellion, and resistance. You told us there were things we had to say. You taught us to Talk Back. You helped us transcend the White middle-class feminist gaze and demanded introduction of the Black working-class woman. From margin to center, you said, and the light bulb flickered in our minds. Finally, acknowledgement of Black feminine devaluation put to page; our perspectives foregrounded. Drawing the historical line from the transatlantic slave trade to present day, your dedication to exploring the ways in which our various social locations impact our everyday experience was, and has been, imperative to our liberation. You inspired Black women to feel comfortable reclaiming the term “feminist” after long being intentionally excluded in the movement. Your boldness stimulated so many of us to find comfort, home, and community within your writing, and, importantly, you taught us to Talk Back. Does Lauren come to mind when someone says “scholar”? I was once an undergraduate college dropout, subsisting as a bartender for the greater part of my twenties. I have been arrested, twice. I am Black. I am Queer. I am a Woman. These experiences have profoundly shaped the evolution of my identity as a scholar. I complicate. In 2016, when I entered my criminal justice master’s program, situated in a rural Ohio farm town, I soon realized that I was not like my peers or my professors—not like the cisgender heterosexual White men majority. I knew at this point that I moved through the world and academia in a way that was dissimilar to that of my colleagues. The feeling of being siloed within my institution stimulated my motivation to find testimony of lived experience that matched my own. It was a feminist theory class outside of my department that exposed me to Black feminist thought, with you among the brilliant scholars I read. Ain’t I a woman? (1981) was my first introduction to you. Article","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"12 1","pages":"618 - 619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46638831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-02DOI: 10.1177/21533687221098132
C. Gonzalez
bell hooks was a tour-de-force in feminist studies and cultural studies, two disciplines that are seemingly separate from criminal justice and criminology. That distance is what first illuminated for me a critical need, an emptiness in how to connect and understand community and scholarship as a Black woman researching race, gender, and “justice.” Love, according to hooks, is a source of transformation for individuals and for society. It is that same principal of love and transformation that should be necessary for criminologists who purport to study inequalities and the criminal legal system yet is often absent. Love is also necessary to inspire evolution of academics and of scholarship.
{"title":"The Necessity of Love","authors":"C. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1177/21533687221098132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221098132","url":null,"abstract":"bell hooks was a tour-de-force in feminist studies and cultural studies, two disciplines that are seemingly separate from criminal justice and criminology. That distance is what first illuminated for me a critical need, an emptiness in how to connect and understand community and scholarship as a Black woman researching race, gender, and “justice.” Love, according to hooks, is a source of transformation for individuals and for society. It is that same principal of love and transformation that should be necessary for criminologists who purport to study inequalities and the criminal legal system yet is often absent. Love is also necessary to inspire evolution of academics and of scholarship.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"12 1","pages":"614 - 617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49466642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1177/21533687221087373
Angela J. Hattery, Earl H. Smith, Shannon Magnuson, Allison E. Monterrosa, Katherine Kafonek, C. Shaw, Rochelle Davidson Mhonde, L. C. Kanewske
Since the murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, and the racial justice protests that followed, many institutions, including the academy, pledged their support for policies and practices that combat on-going racial injustice. Social justice and anti-racism initiatives abound on college campuses, including programming, hosting speakers, and proposing required ‘diversity’ classes for all students. For all this rhetoric, college and university administrators have remained silent when it comes to diversity, equity, and inclusion practices as they relate to research. And yet, extant research documents the ways in which racial and gender biases have consistently shaped every level of research from the development of the research question, to the diversity (or not) of the sample, the availability of funding, and the probability of publishing. In this paper we focus on one aspect of the research process: the assembling (or not) of diverse research teams. We explore the benefits that diversity in research teams brings to the integrity of the data as well as the obstacles to both assembling a diverse research team and managing it successfully. Specifically, this paper focuses on the myriad ways in which diversity in research teams is treated as a set of boxes to check, rather than an epistemology that underscores positionality and power. We present a series of case examples that highlight the ways in which diversity, equity, and inclusion are successfully and unsuccessfully achieved in research teams, both in terms of outcomes and experiences. These case examples focus specifically on power relations along all forms of diversity, including race and gender as well as rank. The case examples also serve to unpack the ways in which research teams can rely on positionality as a tool for addressing power at three distinct levels: in conducting social science research generally, between the researcher and the “researched,” and among the research team itself.
{"title":"Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Research Teams: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly","authors":"Angela J. Hattery, Earl H. Smith, Shannon Magnuson, Allison E. Monterrosa, Katherine Kafonek, C. Shaw, Rochelle Davidson Mhonde, L. C. Kanewske","doi":"10.1177/21533687221087373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221087373","url":null,"abstract":"Since the murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, and the racial justice protests that followed, many institutions, including the academy, pledged their support for policies and practices that combat on-going racial injustice. Social justice and anti-racism initiatives abound on college campuses, including programming, hosting speakers, and proposing required ‘diversity’ classes for all students. For all this rhetoric, college and university administrators have remained silent when it comes to diversity, equity, and inclusion practices as they relate to research. And yet, extant research documents the ways in which racial and gender biases have consistently shaped every level of research from the development of the research question, to the diversity (or not) of the sample, the availability of funding, and the probability of publishing. In this paper we focus on one aspect of the research process: the assembling (or not) of diverse research teams. We explore the benefits that diversity in research teams brings to the integrity of the data as well as the obstacles to both assembling a diverse research team and managing it successfully. Specifically, this paper focuses on the myriad ways in which diversity in research teams is treated as a set of boxes to check, rather than an epistemology that underscores positionality and power. We present a series of case examples that highlight the ways in which diversity, equity, and inclusion are successfully and unsuccessfully achieved in research teams, both in terms of outcomes and experiences. These case examples focus specifically on power relations along all forms of diversity, including race and gender as well as rank. The case examples also serve to unpack the ways in which research teams can rely on positionality as a tool for addressing power at three distinct levels: in conducting social science research generally, between the researcher and the “researched,” and among the research team itself.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"12 1","pages":"505 - 530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43351613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1177/21533687221087352
Kwan-Lamar Blount-Hill, Victor J. St. John, Lauren N. Moton, A. Ajil
Feminist criminologists were pioneers in highlighting that academics’ standpoints (i.e., their social and societal positionalities) influence which “objective” truth they tell. Testimonies, the sharing of one's story, can provide important angles to our understandings of social phenomenon, including of life in the academic sphere. In the present work, we introduce our conceptualization of “inclusive criminology” as a framework for integrating criminological inquiry into a cohesive whole which asserts societies’ rights to valid and complete knowledge as requiring inclusion of previously marginalized identities. In response to this requisite, we conduct a review of published testimonial narratives within criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) as well as a sample of works from other social sciences to inform recommendations on how to meet this inclusive aim.
{"title":"In Their Experience: A Review of Racial and Sexual Minority Experience in Academe and Proposals for Building an Inclusive Criminology","authors":"Kwan-Lamar Blount-Hill, Victor J. St. John, Lauren N. Moton, A. Ajil","doi":"10.1177/21533687221087352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221087352","url":null,"abstract":"Feminist criminologists were pioneers in highlighting that academics’ standpoints (i.e., their social and societal positionalities) influence which “objective” truth they tell. Testimonies, the sharing of one's story, can provide important angles to our understandings of social phenomenon, including of life in the academic sphere. In the present work, we introduce our conceptualization of “inclusive criminology” as a framework for integrating criminological inquiry into a cohesive whole which asserts societies’ rights to valid and complete knowledge as requiring inclusion of previously marginalized identities. In response to this requisite, we conduct a review of published testimonial narratives within criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) as well as a sample of works from other social sciences to inform recommendations on how to meet this inclusive aim.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"12 1","pages":"457 - 480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44647331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1177/21533687221087366
Talisa J. Carter, M. Craig
Racial disparities in tenure and promotion outcomes are well known in the existing research literature. Scholarship establishes that Black and Brown faculty experience unique challenges when navigating the tenure and promotion process, such as lack of diverse mentorship, biased student/peer evaluations, and disproportionately high service demands. However, the public has entered this discourse due to recent media attention involving the tenure cases of Nikole Hannah-Jones and Cornel West, and this has prompted minoritized faculty nationwide to reflect on the implications of these incidents on their own careers. This study relies on theoretical and conceptual literature to discuss the professional realities Black faculty face on the job. We make the theoretical claim that the racial threat hypothesis can facilitate understanding of how Black faculty pursuing tenure is a political threat to white hegemony in the academy resulting in an increase of social control. We conclude with concrete recommendations on how Black scholars can wield the label of “threat” to successfully navigate the academy.
{"title":"It Could Be Us: Black Faculty as “Threats” on the Path to Tenure","authors":"Talisa J. Carter, M. Craig","doi":"10.1177/21533687221087366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221087366","url":null,"abstract":"Racial disparities in tenure and promotion outcomes are well known in the existing research literature. Scholarship establishes that Black and Brown faculty experience unique challenges when navigating the tenure and promotion process, such as lack of diverse mentorship, biased student/peer evaluations, and disproportionately high service demands. However, the public has entered this discourse due to recent media attention involving the tenure cases of Nikole Hannah-Jones and Cornel West, and this has prompted minoritized faculty nationwide to reflect on the implications of these incidents on their own careers. This study relies on theoretical and conceptual literature to discuss the professional realities Black faculty face on the job. We make the theoretical claim that the racial threat hypothesis can facilitate understanding of how Black faculty pursuing tenure is a political threat to white hegemony in the academy resulting in an increase of social control. We conclude with concrete recommendations on how Black scholars can wield the label of “threat” to successfully navigate the academy.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":"12 1","pages":"569 - 587"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65515067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1177/21533687221087355
Dale W. Willits, Brittany Solensten, Mikala Meize, Mary K. Stohr, David A. Makin, Craig Hemmens, Duane L. Stanton, N. Lovrich
One of the arguments in support of the legalization of cannabis is that it would help alleviate racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Using UCR data from Colorado and Washington, we explore trends in cannabis arrests disaggregated by rates using interrupted time-series analysis, linear mixed models, and data visualizations. The results demonstrate a general decline in cannabis arrests for nearly all racial groups, yet these declines were not consistent across racial groups or even across states. Moreover, substantial racial disparities persist following legalization, especially in Colorado. Overall, evidence suggests that while legalization has likely had a net positive effect on overrepresented populations by decreasing criminal justice contact, it is not a panacea and may only be minimally important for addressing disparities.
{"title":"Racial Disparities in the Wake of Cannabis Legalization: Documenting Persistence and Change","authors":"Dale W. Willits, Brittany Solensten, Mikala Meize, Mary K. Stohr, David A. Makin, Craig Hemmens, Duane L. Stanton, N. Lovrich","doi":"10.1177/21533687221087355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221087355","url":null,"abstract":"One of the arguments in support of the legalization of cannabis is that it would help alleviate racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Using UCR data from Colorado and Washington, we explore trends in cannabis arrests disaggregated by rates using interrupted time-series analysis, linear mixed models, and data visualizations. The results demonstrate a general decline in cannabis arrests for nearly all racial groups, yet these declines were not consistent across racial groups or even across states. Moreover, substantial racial disparities persist following legalization, especially in Colorado. Overall, evidence suggests that while legalization has likely had a net positive effect on overrepresented populations by decreasing criminal justice contact, it is not a panacea and may only be minimally important for addressing disparities.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47770499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1177/21533687221087388
Mia Abboud Holbrook, Adam Dunbar, Monica K. Miller
Recognition of the causes and consequences of systemic racism, particularly related to the criminal justice system, has increased in recent years, in part because of the Black Lives Matter movement. Awareness of racism and how it intersects with the justice system is a first step to addressing it; thus, it is critical to understand the sentiment of justice employees regarding systemic racism. This content analysis assessed the sentiment of 632 judges who responded to The National Judicial College's Question of the Month. Approximately 65% believed that systemic racism exists in the criminal justice system. Assessment of open-ended responses revealed many themes. Some judges pointed toward disparate treatment, while others denied racism exists. Some claimed that racism occurs but is not systemic. Many said that disparities are not a result of racism, but a result of SES, education, etc. Judges specified training and reforms (e.g., bail) that are needed. Suggested solutions included increasing accountability for police, prosecutors, and judges who display discriminatory behavior. These solutions indicated that judges are amenable to training and other reforms; such policy shifts should be pursued.
{"title":"Judges’ Perceptions of Systemic Racism in the Criminal Justice System","authors":"Mia Abboud Holbrook, Adam Dunbar, Monica K. Miller","doi":"10.1177/21533687221087388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221087388","url":null,"abstract":"Recognition of the causes and consequences of systemic racism, particularly related to the criminal justice system, has increased in recent years, in part because of the Black Lives Matter movement. Awareness of racism and how it intersects with the justice system is a first step to addressing it; thus, it is critical to understand the sentiment of justice employees regarding systemic racism. This content analysis assessed the sentiment of 632 judges who responded to The National Judicial College's Question of the Month. Approximately 65% believed that systemic racism exists in the criminal justice system. Assessment of open-ended responses revealed many themes. Some judges pointed toward disparate treatment, while others denied racism exists. Some claimed that racism occurs but is not systemic. Many said that disparities are not a result of racism, but a result of SES, education, etc. Judges specified training and reforms (e.g., bail) that are needed. Suggested solutions included increasing accountability for police, prosecutors, and judges who display discriminatory behavior. These solutions indicated that judges are amenable to training and other reforms; such policy shifts should be pursued.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42574943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1177/21533687221078967
M. Velazquez, Theresa Petray, Debra Miles
This paper examines the ways personal use of illicit substances and alcohol are constructed as either mitigating or aggravating factors to explain offending. We consider the differential constructions of these factors for people who appear in supreme and district courts in northern Queensland, Australia, for offences involving illicit substance use, alcohol use, drug-related offences, and violence. Qualitative analysis of courtroom observations is understood through the lens of Critical Race Theory (CRT). Our findings reveal that personal use of illicit substances was primarily constructed by legal practitioners as an indicator of disadvantaged circumstances when discussing non-Indigenous defendants. In these cases, drug use was connected to other disadvantages such as poor mental health, physical pain, and trauma. In contrast, alcohol use was primarily raised as an aggravating factor for First Nations defendants, constructed by legal practitioners as a personal flaw linked to violent offending, and overshadowed the interrelated disadvantages that many First Nations defendants experience. This reflects social attitudes about First Nations people, reinforces individualistic explanations for offending patterns, and points to the institutional racism embedded in the structural processes of Queensland's higher courts that continues to profoundly impact First Nations people.
{"title":"The Impacts of Drug and Alcohol use on Sentencing for First Nations and Non-Indigenous Defendants","authors":"M. Velazquez, Theresa Petray, Debra Miles","doi":"10.1177/21533687221078967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221078967","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the ways personal use of illicit substances and alcohol are constructed as either mitigating or aggravating factors to explain offending. We consider the differential constructions of these factors for people who appear in supreme and district courts in northern Queensland, Australia, for offences involving illicit substance use, alcohol use, drug-related offences, and violence. Qualitative analysis of courtroom observations is understood through the lens of Critical Race Theory (CRT). Our findings reveal that personal use of illicit substances was primarily constructed by legal practitioners as an indicator of disadvantaged circumstances when discussing non-Indigenous defendants. In these cases, drug use was connected to other disadvantages such as poor mental health, physical pain, and trauma. In contrast, alcohol use was primarily raised as an aggravating factor for First Nations defendants, constructed by legal practitioners as a personal flaw linked to violent offending, and overshadowed the interrelated disadvantages that many First Nations defendants experience. This reflects social attitudes about First Nations people, reinforces individualistic explanations for offending patterns, and points to the institutional racism embedded in the structural processes of Queensland's higher courts that continues to profoundly impact First Nations people.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42945867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.1177/21533687221078970
Chelsea Farrell
Literature on race and policing as well as place and policing has often neglected the role of gender. With an intersectional and ecological framework in mind, this study uses NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk data to examine how the intersections of gender, race, and place simultaneously shape stop and frisks. Specifically, this study examines if suspect identity and characteristics of the stop location impact whether an officer pursues further action such as a frisk, search, summons, or arrest. Investigatory stops are not gender-blind, not uniformly experienced by all women, and do no operate identically across place. Evidence indicates that characteristics of place (concentrated disadvantage, racial composition) along with suspect race and gender might shape officers’ evaluations of suspiciousness and dangerousness. Research on policing practices and changes to policing procedures should consider how intersections of gender, race, and place shape officers’ actions.
{"title":"Policing Gender, Race, and Place: A Multi-Level Assessment of Stop and Frisks","authors":"Chelsea Farrell","doi":"10.1177/21533687221078970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221078970","url":null,"abstract":"Literature on race and policing as well as place and policing has often neglected the role of gender. With an intersectional and ecological framework in mind, this study uses NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk data to examine how the intersections of gender, race, and place simultaneously shape stop and frisks. Specifically, this study examines if suspect identity and characteristics of the stop location impact whether an officer pursues further action such as a frisk, search, summons, or arrest. Investigatory stops are not gender-blind, not uniformly experienced by all women, and do no operate identically across place. Evidence indicates that characteristics of place (concentrated disadvantage, racial composition) along with suspect race and gender might shape officers’ evaluations of suspiciousness and dangerousness. Research on policing practices and changes to policing procedures should consider how intersections of gender, race, and place shape officers’ actions.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44350085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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